A disc jockey , often abbreviated as DJ , is the one who plays the existing recorded music for the live audience. The most common types of DJs include radio DJs, club DJs performing at nightclubs or music festivals, and turntabs that use record players, usually turntables, to manipulate sound on the record. Initially, "disc" in "disc jockey" refers to phonograph records, but now "DJ" is used as an all-encompassing term to describe a person mixing recorded music from multiple sources, including cassettes, CDs, or digital audio files on a CDJ or laptop. The title "DJ" is usually used by DJs in front of their real names or pseudonyms or adopted stage names.
DJs use equipment that can play at least two music sources recorded simultaneously and mix them together to create seamless transitions between recording and developing a unique mix of songs. Often, this involves aligning the beat of a music source so that their rhythm does not clash when played together, or to allow a seamless transition from one song to another. DJs often use special DJ mixers, small audio mixers with crossfader function and gestures to blend or transition from one song to another. Mixer is also used to listen to previous music sources recorded on headphones and adjust the upcoming tracks to combine with the music being played. DJ software can be used with DJ controller devices to mix audio files on computer instead of console mixer. DJs can also use a microphone to talk to the audience; effect units such as reverb to create sound effects; and electronic musical instruments such as drum machines and synthesizers.
Video Disc jockey
Description
Initially, "disc" in "disc jockey" refers to a record, but now "DJ" is used as a covering term to describe a person mixing recorded music from multiple sources, including cassettes, tapes, CDs, or digital audio files stored on a USB stick or laptop. DJs usually perform for a live audience at a nightclub or dance or TV club, radio broadcast audience, or in 2010, online radio viewers. The DJ also makes mixes, remixes, and songs recorded for sales and distribution later. In hip hop music, DJs can create taps, using percussion breaks, bass lines and other music content taken from pre-existing recordings. In hip hop, rapper and MC use this beat to do rap.
DJs use equipment that can play at least two music sources recorded simultaneously and mix them together. This allows DJs to make seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique song mixes. Often, this involves syncing taps from a music source so that their rhythm does not clash when they are played together, either so that two recordings can be played at the same time, or to allow the DJ to make a seamless transition from one song to another.. An important tool for DJs is a special DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with crossfader and gesture functions. Crossfader allows DJs to blend or transition from one song to another. Buttons or gesture buttons allow DJs to listen to music sources recorded on headphones before playing them for live clubs or broadcasted audiences. Previewing music in headphones helps DJ pick the next track they want to play, direct the track to their desired starting location, and align the tap of two tracks in a traditional situation where automatic sync technology is not used. This process ensures that the selected song mixes well with the music being played. DJs can also use a microphone to talk to the audience; effect units such as reverb to create sound effects; and electronic musical instruments such as drum machines and synthesizers.
The title "DJ" is also commonly used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as titles to show their profession (eg, DJ Jazzy Jeff, DJ Q-bert, DJ Shadow and DJ Yoda). Some DJs focus on creating a good mix of songs for club dancers or radio viewers. Other DJs use turntablism techniques like "scratching", where DJs or turntablists manipulate turntable record players to create new rhythms and sounds. DJs must have a mix of artistic and technical skills for their profession, as they have to understand the creative aspects of creating new rhythms and music tracks, and technical aspects using audio consoles, professional audio equipment, and, by 2010, Digital Audio Workstations and computer music equipments others. In many types of DJs, including club DJs and radio/DJ TV, a DJ should also have charisma and develop good relationships with the audience. Professional DJs often specialize in certain music genres, such as home music or hip hop music. DJs usually have a wide knowledge of the music they control. Many DJs are avid music collectors of classical, rare or obscure songs and recordings.
Maps Disc jockey
Type
DJ Radio
Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music broadcast on AM, FM, digital or Internet radio stations.
Club DJ
Club DJs, commonly referred to as DJs in general, play music on music shows, such as parties at music venues or bars, music festivals, corporate and personal events. Typically, club DJs mix music recordings from two or more sources using different mixing techniques to produce an endless stream of music. One of the key techniques used to transition indefinitely from one song to another is beatmatching. A DJ recording genre plays defining such DJ genres, for example, you can often see terms like Hip Hop DJ, House DJ, Techno DJ etc. The performance quality of DJs (often called DJ mix or DJ sets) consists of two main features: technical skills, or how well DJs operate the equipment and produce seamless transitions between two or more recordings and playlists, or the ability of a DJ to select the most recording suitably also known as "reading crowd".
Turntablists
Turntablists, also called battle DJs, use turntables and DJ mixers to manipulate voice recordings to produce new music. In essence, they use DJ equipment as a musical instrument. The best known turntablist technique is Scratching. Turntablists often participate in DJ contests such as the DMC World DJ Championships and Red Bull 3Style.
Citizen
A resident DJ performs somewhere on a regular or permanent basis. They will appear regularly (usually by agreement) at certain discos, certain clubs, special events, or certain broadcasting stations. The population has a decisive influence on the club or a series of events. In accordance with the agreement with the management or the company, the DJ must perform under agreed time and date. Usually, DJs appear as residents for two or three times a week, for example, on Fridays and Saturdays. Also, a DJ who gets a steady income from a place, is also considered a fixed DJ. Wynn Nightlife and Hakkasan are famous for hiring high-profile DJs as 'skyrocketing' residents.
DJ tamu terkemuka meliputi:
- Richie Hawtin - Amnesia, Ibiza
- Larry Levan - Paradise Garage, Kota New York
- Alfredo Fiorito - Amnesia, Ibiza
- Tama Sumo - Panorama Bar, Berlin
- David Mancuso - The Loft, New York
- Fish Go Deep - Cork, Irlandia
- TiÃÆ' «sto - Hakkasan, Las Vegas
- Avicii - Encore Beach Club, Las Vegas
- Deadmau5 - Hakkasan, Las Vegas
- Calvin Harris - Hakkasan, Las Vegas
- Kaskade - Encore Beach Club, Las Vegas
- Skrillex - Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas
- Martin Garrix - HÃÆ'¯ Ibiza
Deejays (dalam reggae)
In Jamaican music, deejay (DJ) is a reggae or dance-hall musician who sings and taps ("toast") to the instrumental riddim.
Other types
- Mobile DJ - is a DJ with their own portable audio sound system specializing in meetings like block parties, fairs, pubs, weddings, birthdays, parties, schools and corporate events. Mobile DJs can also offer lighting packages and video systems.
- DJanes - a term describing female DJs used in countries such as Germany that use grammatical gender in their language.
- Celebrity DJ - well-known celebrity featured as DJ.
- Bedroom DJ - a common term for DJs that appear at home, usually record sets and post them online.
Tools
Along with the development of music technology, DJ has adopted various types of equipment to play and mix music, which are all still commonly used. Traditionally, DJs use two turntables mounted to a DJ mixer to mix music on a record. As compact discs became a popular medium for music publishing, high-quality dedicated CD players known as CDJs were developed for DJs. The CDJ can take the place of turntables or be used in conjunction with turntables. Many CDJs can now play digital music files from USB flash drives or SD cards other than CDs. With the deployment of portable laptops, tablets and smartphone computers, DJs began using the software along with special sound cards and DJ controller hardware. DJ software can be used in conjunction with a hardware DJ mixer or used instead of a hardware mixer.
Turntable
The turntable allows the DJ to rotate the LPs. By adjusting the playback speed of the turntable either by adjusting the speed knob, or by manipulating the plate (for example, by slowing the plate by gently placing a finger along the side), DJs can match the tempo of different notes so that their rhythm can be played together at the same time simultaneously without clashing or making a seamless transition from one song to another. This technique is known as beatmatching. DJs typically replace rubber mats on turntables that make the recording move in sync with turntables with slipmat that facilitate manipulation of recording by hand. With the slipmat, the DJ can stop or slow down the recording while the turntable is still spinning. The direct drive turntable is the type favored by DJs, with Technics SL-1200 being the most popular turntable model for DJs. Turntable belt-drives are cheaper, but they are not suitable for turntablism and DJing, because belt-drive motors do not like to be slowed, as they may stretch the belt. Some DJs, most often those who play hip-hop music, go beyond mere recording mixing and use turntables as musical instruments to scratch, beat juggling, and other turntablism techniques.
CDJ
CDJ is a high quality digital media player made for DJing. They often have large jogging wheels and pitch controls to allow DJs to manipulate playback of digital files for beatmatching similar to how DJs manipulate phonographs on turntables. CDJs often have features like loops and waveforms that are similar to DJ software. Originally designed to play music from compact discs, they can now play digital music files stored on USB flash drives and SD cards. Some CDJs can also connect to computers running DJ software to act as DJ controllers.
DJ mixer
DJ mixer is a small audio mixing console specifically for DJs. Most DJ mixers have far fewer channels than mixers used by record producers or audio engineers; whereas the standard live sound mixer in small places has 12 to 24 channels, and the standard recording studio mixer has more (as much as 72 on the big board), the basic DJ mixer may have only two channels. While the DJ mixer has many of the same features found in larger mixers (faders, equal keys, gain buttons, effects units, etc.), DJ mixers have features that are usually only found on DJ mixers: crossfaders. Crossfader is a horizontally mounted fader type. DJs use crossfaders to mix two or more sound sources. Crossfader trip point is a 50/50 mixture of two channels (on a two-channel mixer). The left side of the crossfader only provides the sound source channel. The right-most side only provides the channel's voice source B (e.g., Record player number 2). The position between the two extremes gives a different mixture of the two channels. Some DJs use computers with DJ software and DJ controllers instead of analogue DJ mixers to mix music, although DJ software can be used in conjunction with hardware DJ mixers.
Headphone
DJs generally use higher quality headphones than those designed for music consumers. DJ headphones have other properties that are useful for DJs, such as designs that acoustically isolate headphone sound from the outer environment (hard shell headphones), flexible headbands, and pivot joints to allow DJs to listen to one side of the headphones, while turning other headphones away can monitor mix in club), and replaceable cable. Replaced cables allow DJs to purchase new cables if they become obsolete, obsolete, or damaged, or if cables are accidentally cut off.
Closed headphones are highly recommended for DJs to block outside noise because the DJ environment usually tends to be very noisy. Standard headphones have a 3.5mm jack but DJ equipment usually requires ¼-inch jacks. Most dedicated DJ Headphones have an adapter to switch between 3.5 mm jack and ¼ inch jack. The removable circular cable is perfect for DJ Headphones.
Software
DJs have changed their equipment when new technology is introduced. The earliest DJs in pop music, the 1970s disco, used a turntable record, phonograph record and audio console. In the 1970s, the DJs had to drive heavy turntable drives and heavy crate records to clubs and performances. In the 1980s, many DJs switched to compact cassettes. In the 1990s and 2000s, many DJs switched to digital audio such as CDs and MP3 files. Because technological advances make it practical to store large collections of digital music files on laptop computers, DJ software is developed so that DJs can use laptops as a source of music instead of transporting CDs or phonographs to the show. Unlike most music player software designed for the average consumer, DJ software can play at least two audio files simultaneously, display the waveform of the file on the screen and enable the DJ to listen to one source.
The waveforms allow the DJ to see what will happen next in the music and how different playback files are aligned. The software analyzes music files to identify tempos and where the beats are. The information analyzed can be used by DJs to help manually beatmatches such as with phonograph records or software can automatically sync taps. Digital signal processing algorithms in the software allow DJs to adjust the recording tempo independently of their tones (and music keys, a feature known as "key lock". Some software analyze the loudness of music for automatic normalization with ReplayGain and detect music keys. , DJ software can store point marks, set loops, and apply effects.
Because tablet computers and smart phones are widespread, DJ software is written to run on this device other than a laptop. DJ software requires special hardware other than computer to fully utilize its features. Consumer level, ordinary sound cards integrated into most computer motherboards can only produce two channels (one pair of stereos). However, the DJ must be capable of producing at least four channels (two pairs of stereo, so Left and Right for input 1 and Left and Right for input 2), either non-mixed signal to be sent to DJ mixer or main output plus headphone output. In addition, DJ sound cards emit higher quality signals than sound cards built into consumer-grade computer motherboards.
Timecode
Special vinyl recordings (or CDs/digital files played with CDJs) can be used with DJ software to play digital music files with DJ software as if they were pressed into vinyl, enabling turntablism techniques used with digital files. These vinyl records do not have any music recordings pressed on them. Instead, they are pressed with a special signal, called a "timecode", to control the DJ software. The DJ software interprets changes in playback speed, direction, and time-coded signal positions and manipulates the digital files it plays in the same way as turntables manipulate time code records.
This requires a dedicated DJ sound card with at least 4 channels (2 stereo pairs) of input and output. With this arrangement, DJ software usually outputs an unmixed signal from a music file to an external hardware DJ mixer. Some DJ mixers have integrated USB sound cards that allow DJ software to connect directly to the mixer without requiring a separate sound card.
DJ controllers
DJ software can be used to mix audio files on a computer, not a separate hardware mixer. When mixing in computers, DJs often use DJ controllers that mimic a two-turntable layout plus a DJ mixer to control software rather than a computer keyboard & amp; touchpad on a laptop, or touch screen on a tablet computer or smartphone. Many DJ controllers have an integrated sound card with 4 output channels (2 stereo pairs) that allow the DJ to use headphones to preview music before playing it in the main output.
Other tools
- The microphone, so the DJ can introduce songs and talk to the audience through the sound system.
- Electronic securities units such as delay, reverb, octave, equalizer, chorus, etc.
- Multi-stylus head scalp, which allows DJs to play different paths from the same record at the same time.
- Samplers, sequencers, electronic music keyboards (synthesizers), or drum machines.
- PA systems or sound reinforcement systems (power amplifiers and speaker covers) usually include subwoofer cabinets for deep bass (or, if DJ broadcast and/or record a set, broadcasting equipment or recording equipment)
- Speaker speakers, to listen to the "house mix" played on top of the main speakers
Technique
Some techniques are used by DJs as a means to mix and mix recording music better. These techniques mainly include cueing, equalization and audio mixing of two or more sound sources. The complexity and frequency of specific techniques is highly dependent on the settings in which a DJ works. Radio DJs tend not to focus on advanced music mixing procedures rather than club DJs, which rely on smooth transitions between songs using various techniques. However, some radio DJs are experienced DJ clubs, so they use the same sophisticated mixing technique.
DJ Club turntable techniques include beatmatching, phrasing and slip-cueing to save energy on the dance floor. Turntablism embodies the art of chopping, beating juggling, scratching, drip needles, phase shifting, re-spinning and more to transition and overdub samples in a more creative way (though turntablism is often considered the use of turntables as a musical instrument rather than a tool for incorporating recorded music). Professional DJs can use harmonic mixing to select songs that are in a compatible music key.
The latest advances in technology in both DJ hardware and software can provide assisted or automated completion of some traditional DJ techniques and skills. Examples include expressions and beatmatching, which can be partially or completely automated by utilizing DJ software that syncs the voice recording automatically, a feature commonly labeled "sync". Most DJ mixers now include beat-counters that analyze the tempo of incoming sound sources and display tempo in minute rate (BPM), which can help with beatmatching of analog sound sources.
In the past, being a DJ was largely a self-taught craft but with the complexity of new technologies and convergence with music production methods, there were more schools and organizations offering instruction on techniques.
Imitate
In the DJ culture, miming refers to the DJ practice that symbolizes the live-mixing action of a set on stage while the pre-recorded mix played on the sound system. Mixing Miming in live performances is considered controversial in the DJ culture. Some within the DJ community say that miming is increasingly being used as a technique by celebrity DJ models that may not have mixing skills, but can draw large crowds into place.
During the DJ tour to release the French group Justice's A Cross the Universe in November 2008, there was controversy when AugÃÆ'® DJing's photo with the revoked Akai MSD24 appeared. The photo sparked allegations that Justice's live broadcast device was forged. AugÃÆ'Â © Â © since it said the equipment was unplugged very briefly before being reconnected and the band put three photos of the incident on their MySpace page. After the 2013 Disclosure concert, the duo was criticized for pretending to be living in the mingle with previously recorded song playbacks. The disclosure of Guy Lawrence said they did not intentionally mislead their audience, and quoted miming by other DJs such as David Guetta.
History
- For club DJ history, see DJing History
- For the history of radio DJs, see the history of the Radio disc jockey
The term "disc jockey" seems to have been created by radio gossip commentator Walter Winchell in 1935, and the phrase first appeared in print media in the 1941 Variety Magazine, which was used to describe the radio personality that introduced the phonograph in the air.. Playing recorded music for dancing and parties increased with the mass marketing of home phonographs at the end of the 19th century, and Jimmy Savile was credited with organizing the first DJ live dance party in 1943. Savile is also credited as the first to bring music in a sustainable game with using multiple turntables. In 1947, Whiskey A Go-Go opened in Paris as the first discotheque. In 1960, Rudy Bozak started making the first DJ mixer, mixing a special console for the DJ.
In the 1960s, the culture of the Jamaican sound system emerged, with Jamaican broadcasters such as King Tubby and Lee "Scratch" Perry pioneering dub music in the late 1960s. They experimented with tape-based compositions, emphasizing repetitive rhythmical structures (often stripped of their harmonic elements), electronically manipulated spatiality, manipulated musical manipulations from mass media, roasted announcers (hymns) over previously recorded music, and their remixed music. Jamaican broadcasters then had a significant impact on hip hop DJs in the 1970s.
DJ turntablism has its origins in the discovery of direct-drive turntables. The early turntable belt-drives are not suitable for turntablism and mixing, as they have a slow start-up time, and they are susceptible to wear and tear and damage, because the belt will break from backspinning or scratching. The first direct-drive turntable was created by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at Matsushita (now Panasonic), based in Osaka, Japan. This removes the belt, and instead uses the motor to directly move the plate on which the vinyl record is leaning. In 1969, Matsushita released it as SP-10, the first direct-drive turntable on the market, and the first in the influential Technics turntable series.
In 1972, Technics began making their SL-1200 turntables, which became the most popular turntable for DJs due to its high torque direct drive design. The SL-1200 has a fast start and a powerful direct drive allows the DJ to manipulate dishes, such as with a scratch technique. Hip hop DJs started using Technics SL-1200 as a musical instrument to manipulate recordings with turntablism techniques such as scratching and defeating juggling rather than just mixing recording. These techniques were developed in the 1970s by DJ Kool Herc, Grand Wizard Theodore, and Bambaataa Africa, as they experimented with Direct-drive decks of Technics, discovering that the motor will continue to rotate in the correct RPM even if the DJ shakes his record back. and so on the plate. Although Technics stopped producing SL-1200 in 2010, they remain the most popular DJ turntable due to its high quality and durability.
In 1980, the Japanese company Roland released TR-808, an analog rhythm/drum machine, which has unique artificial sounds, such as the sharp bass and snare booms, and the metronome rhythm. The use of the Yellow Orchestra instrument instrument in 1980 influenced the African hip hop pioneer Bambaataa, after which the TR-808 will be widely adopted by hip hop DJs, with 808 votes remaining the center of hip-hop music ever since. Roland TB-303, a bass synthesizer released in 1981, has the same impact on electronic dance music genres such as techno and house music, along with the TR-808 and TR-909 Roland drums.
In 1982, the Compact Disc (CD) format was released, popularizing digital audio. In 1998, the first MP3 digital audio player was released, Eiger Labs MPMan F10. Final Scratch debuted at the BE Developers Conference, marking the first digital DJ system that allows DJs to control MP3 files through special time-coded cassette records or CDs. While it will take time for this novel concept to pursue "die hard Vinyl DJ", it will soon be the first step in the new Digital DJ revolution. The manufacturer joined the pioneer DJing computer to offer professional support, the first being Professor Jam (aka William P. Rader), who later developed the industry's first dedicated DJ computer convention and learning program, "DPS Computerized Performance CPS" help spread the word about the advantages of this emerging technology.
In 2001, Pioneer DJ began producing CDJ-1000 player CDs, making the use of digital music recording with traditional DJ techniques practical for the first time. As the year 2000 progressed, laptop computers became more powerful and affordable. DJ software, custom DJ sound cards, and DJ controllers are developed for DJs to use laptops as music sources rather than turntables or CDJs. In 2010, like previous laptops, tablet computers and smart phones became more powerful & amp; affordable. DJ software is written to run on devices that are more portable than laptops, although laptops remain the more common type of computer for DJing.
Female DJ
In Western popular music, female musicians have achieved great success in singing and songwriting roles; however, there are some female DJs or turntablists. This part may come from a low percentage of women in work related to audio technology. The article 2013 Sound on Sound states that there are "... little women in the production of sound recording and engineering." Ncube states that "[n] fifty-five percent of music producers are male, and although there are female producers who achieve great things in music, they are less well known than their male counterparts." Most students in music technology programs are male. In hip hop music, the percentage of DJs and women's low turntablists may stem from the overall male dominance of the hip hop music industry. Most of the rapper, MC, DJ, record producers and music executives are male. There are a small number of high profile women, but they are rare.
In 2007 Mark Katz's article "Men, Women, and Turntables: Gender and Battle of DJ," states that "very few women [do turntablism] battle [s]; this problem has been a topic of conversation among hip-hop DJs over the years. year. "In 2010, Rebekah Farrugia stated" male centricity of EDM culture "contributes to" marginalization of women in these [EDM] spaces. " While turntablism and wider DJ practices should not be combined, Katz suggests the use or lack of widespread use of turntables by women across genres and disciplines influenced by what he defines as "male technophilia." The historian Ruth Oldenziel agrees in his writings on technique with the idea of ​​socialization as a major factor in the lack of involvement with technology. He explains: "the exclusive focus on women's failure to enter the field... is not enough to understand how our stereotypical notion emerges, tends to put the full burden of proof on women and blame them for their inadequacy, socialization, lack of aspiration, masculine values.The same question challenges why and how boys like technical things, how boys have historically been socialized as technophiles. "
Lucy Green has focused on gender in relation to music players and creators, and specifically to the educational framework related to both. He suggested that the alienation of women from "areas with a strong technological inclination such as DJs, sound and production techniques" is "not necessarily about their dislike of these instruments but related to the disturbing effects of their dominant masculine delineation." Nevertheless, women and girls are increasingly involved in turntable and DJ practices, individually and collectively, and "carve space for themselves in EDM and DJ Culture". The 2015 article cites a number of prominent female DJs: Hannah Ingin, Ellen Allien, Miss Kittin, Monika Kruse, Nicole Moudaber, B.Traits, Magda, Nina Kraviz, Nervo, and Annie Mac.
There are various projects dedicated to the promotion and support of these practices such as DJ Women London. Some artists and collectives go beyond these practices to become more gender-inclusive. For example, Discwoman, a New York-based collective and reservations agency, describes themselves as "representing and displaying cis women, trans females and gender-demoter talents."
Photo gallery
In the movie
- Berlin Calling - a German film about a fictitious DJ and producer Ickarus (Paul Kalkbrenner), who is fighting against drug abuse
- Speaking in the Code - American documentary film about techno artist Modeselektor, Wighnomy Brothers, Philip Sherburne, Monolake, and David Day
- Kvadrat - French and Russian documentary film about the techno reality of DJing, using the example of DJ Andrey Pushkarev
- It's Through Pete Tong - a fictional Canadian contemporaneous film about Frankie Wilde, a DJ who gradually becomes deaf due to drug abuse and an unhealthy lifestyle
- We Are Your Friend - an American fiction movie about a college DJ trying to make it in the DJing scene with "one hit song", starring Zac Efron
- Scratch (film 2001) - a documentary about the hip-hop DJ and the 2000 turntablist movement
- Tonkatsu DJ Agetarou - a Japanese anime, originally a manga, about a fictional character named Agetarou who aspires to become a master DJ with the help of his friends and mentor, Big Master Fry.
- 24-Hour Party People - about the world of British music from the late 1970s to the "Madchester" scene of the late 1980s and early 1990s
See also
Note
References
- Assef, Claudia (2000). Todo DJ JÃÆ'¡ Sambou: A HistÃÆ'³ria doing Disc-JÃÆ'³quei no Brasil . SÃÆ' Â £ o Paulo: Conrad Editora do Brasil. ISBNÃ, 85-87193-94-5.
- Brewster, Bill, and Frank Broughton (2000). Last Night DJ Saving My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey . New York: Grove Press. ISBNÃ, 0-8021-3688-5 (North American edition). London: Title. ISBNÃ, 0-7472-6230-6 (English edition).
- Broughton, Frank, and Bill Brewster. How to DJ Right: Art and Science Play Records . New York: Grove Press, 2003.
- Graudins, Charles A. How to Become a DJ . Boston: PTR Technology Course, 2004.
- Lawrence, Tim (2004). Love Saving the Day: Cultural History of American Dance Music, 1970-1979 . Duke University Press. ISBNÃ, 0-8223-3198-5.
- Miller, Paul D. aka DJ Spooky, Unbound Voice: Writings at DJ Culture and Electronic Music , MIT Press 2008. ISBNÃ, 0-262-63363-9 ISBNÃ, 978- 0-262-63363 -5.
- Poschardt, Ulf (1998). DJ Culture . London: Quartet Books. ISBNÃ, 0-7043-8098-6.
- Zemon, Stacy. The Mobile DJ Handbook: How to Start & amp; Run a Profitable Mobile Phone Jockey Disc Service , Second Edition. St. Louis: Focal Press, 2002
External links
- DJ in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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