Nuremberg Code

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Nuremberg Code (German: NÃÆ'¼rnberger Kodex ) is a set of ethical research principles for human experiments established as a result of the Nuremberg trials next at the end of the Second World War.

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The origin of the Nuremberg Code began in German politics prior to World War II, especially during the 1930s and 1940s. The pre-war German Medical Association is regarded as a progressive but democratic association with a great concern for public health, one such example is the compulsory health insurance law for German workers. However, beginning in the mid-1920s, German physicians, usually supporters of racial hygiene, were accused by the public and medical community of unethical medical practices. The use of racial hygiene is supported by the German government to create the Aya's "main race", and to eliminate those who do not fit their criteria. Racial hygiene extremists join National Socialism to promote the use of biology to achieve their goal of racial purity, a core concept in Nazi ideology. Doctors were attracted to the scientific ideology and assisted in the formation of the National Socialist League of Doctors in 1929 to "purify the German medical community" of Jewish Bolshevism. "" Criticism is prevalent; Alfons Stauder, a member of the Reich Health Office, claims that "dubious experiments have no therapeutic purpose," and Fredrich von Muller, doctor and president of Deutsche Akademie, joined the criticism.

In response to criticism of unethical human experiments, the Reich government issued "Guidelines for New Therapies and Human Experimentation" in Weimar, Germany. These guidelines are based on good and non-evil, but also emphasize the legal doctrine of informed consent. The guidelines clearly distinguish the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. For therapeutic purposes, guidelines allow administration without consent only in dire situations, but for non-therapeutic purposes, any administration without consent is strictly prohibited. However, the guidance of Weimar was negated by Adolf Hitler. In 1942, more than 38,000 German doctors were in the Nazi party, who helped carry out medical programs such as the Law of Sterilization.

After World War II, a series of trials were held to ask members of the Nazi party responsible for many war crimes. The trials were approved by President Harry Truman in January 1946 and led exclusively by the United States. They started on December 9, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany, known as Nuremberg courts. In one of the trials, which came to be known as the "Doctor Experiment", German physicians were responsible for performing unethical medical procedures in humans during the war on trial. They focus on doctors who conduct inhuman and unethical human experiments in concentration camps, in addition to those involved in over 3,500,000 German sterilizations. Some of the defendants argued that their experiments were slightly different from those used before the war, and that no law distinguishes between legal and illegal experiments. On August 20, 1947, the judges passed their verdict against Karl Brandt and 22 others.

In May 1947, when the trial was held, six points defining legal medical research had been submitted to the Counsel for War Crimes. Three judges, in response to expert medical advisors for prosecution, adopted these points and added four additional points. 10 points are "Nuremberg Code," which includes principles such as informed consent and lack of coercion; scientifically formulated experimentation; and goodness towards experiment participants. It is considered primarily based on the Hippocratic Oath, which is interpreted as supporting an experimental approach to medicine while protecting patients.

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Ten points from Nuremberg Code

1. Necessary is a voluntary agreement, knowledgeable, and understanding of human subject in full legal capacity.
2. Experiments should lead to positive results for a society that can not be obtained by other means.
3. This should be based on prior knowledge (eg, expectations derived from animal experiments) that justify the experiment.
4. Experiments should be prepared in a way that avoids unnecessary suffering and physical and mental injury.
5. It should not be done when there is reason to believe that it implies a risk of death or disabling an injury.
6. The risk of the experiment should be proportional to (ie, not exceeding) the expected humanitarian benefit.
7. Preparations and facilities should be provided that adequately protect the subject against the risk of the experiment.
8. The staff conducting or taking part in the experiment must be fully trained and qualified scientifically.
9. The human subject must be free to get out of the experiment at any time when they feel physically or mentally unable to continue.
10. Likewise, medical staff should stop the experiment at any point when they observe that continuation will be dangerous.

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Authorship

The Nuremberg code was initially ignored, but gained much greater significance about 20 years after it was written. Consequently, there are substantial rival claims for the creation of the Code. Some claim that Harold Sebring, one of the three US judges who lead the Doctor's Trial, is the author. Leo Alexander, MD and Andrew Ivy, MD, chief medical prosecutors chief prosecutors, were also identified as authors. In his letter to Maurice H. Pappworth, a British physician and author of the book Human Guinea Pigs, Andrew Ivy claimed the only authorship of the Code of Conduct. Leo Alexander, about 30 years after the trial, also claims to be the sole author. However, after careful reading of the Doctor Exam transcripts, background documents, and final judgments, it is more accepted that authorship is shared and the Code grows from the trial itself.

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Significance

The Nuremberg Code has not been officially accepted as law by any country or as an official ethical guideline by any association. In fact, the Code's reference to Hippocratic duty to individual patients and the need to provide information was initially disliked by the American Medical Association. The Western world initially rejected the Nuremberg Code as a "code for barbarians" and not for doctors and civilized investigators. In addition, the final verdict does not specify whether the Nuremberg Code should apply to cases such as political prisoners, convicted convicts, and healthy volunteers. The lack of clarity, the brutality of unethical medical experiments, and the uncompromising language of the Nuremberg Code create the image that the Code is designed for extraordinary extraordinary violations.

However, Code is considered to be the most important document in the history of clinical research ethics, which has a major influence on global human rights. The Nuremberg Code and the associated Helsinki Declaration are the basis for the Federal Code of Regulations Title 45 Section 46, which is a regulation issued by the United States Department of Health and Human Services for the treatment of human subject ethics, and is used in Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). Moreover, the idea of ​​informed consent has been universally accepted and is now Article 7 of the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It also serves as the basis for the International Ethics Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving the Human Subjects proposed by the World Health Organization.

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See also

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References

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Further reading

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External links

• Nuremberg Code

Source of the article : Wikipedia