The human body is the whole human structure. It consists of different types of cells that together create a network and then organ systems. They ensure homeostasis and survival of the human body.
It consists of the head, neck, stem (which includes the thorax and abdomen), arms and hands, legs and feet.
The study of the human body involves anatomy, physiology, histology and embryology. The body varies anatomically in a known way. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and its functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact to maintain homeostasis, with a safe level of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.
The body is studied by health experts, physiologists, anatomists, and by artists to assist them in their work.
Video Human body
Composition
The human body consists of elements including hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium and phosphorus. These elements are in the trillions of cells and non-cellular components of the body.
The body of an adult male is about 60% water for a total water content of about 42 liters. It consists of about 19 liters of extracellular fluid including about 3.2 liters of blood plasma and about 8.4 liters of interstitial fluid, and about 23 liters of liquid in the cell. The content, acidity and composition of water inside and outside the cells are carefully preserved. The main electrolyte in water outside the body cell is sodium and chloride, whereas in the cell it is potassium and other phosphates.
Cell
The body contains trillions of cells, the basic unit of life. At maturity, there are about 30-37 trillion cells in the body, an approximation arrives with the total number of cells of all organs and cell types. The body is also host to the same amount of non-human cells as well as multicellular organisms located in the gastrointestinal tract and on the skin. Not all body parts are made of cells. The cells sit in an extracellular matrix composed of proteins such as collagen, surrounded by extracellular fluid. Of the 70 kg average human body weight, nearly 25 kg is a non-human or non-cellular cell such as bone and connective tissue.
Cells in body functions due to DNA. DNA is in the cell nucleus. Here, the DNA part is copied and sent to the cell body via RNA. RNA is then used to make proteins that form the basis for their cells, their activities, and their products. Proteins dictate cell function and gene expression, cells are able to regulate themselves by the amount of protein produced. However, not all cells have DNA - some cells like ripe red blood cells lose their nuclei when they mature.
Network
The body consists of various types of tissues, which are defined as cells acting with special functions. The study of tissue is called histology and often occurs with a microscope. The body consists of four main types of tissues - lining cells (epithelium), connective tissue, nerve tissue and muscle tissue.
Cells located on surfaces exposed to the outside world or the gastrointestinal tract (epithelia) or the internal cavity (endothelium) come in different shapes and forms - from a single layer of flat cells, to cells with tiny cilia like hair in the lungs, cells like columns lining the abdomen. Endothelial cells are cells that line the internal cavities including blood vessels and glands. The lining cells regulate what can and can not pass through, protect the internal structure, and serve as a sensory surface.
Organ
Organs, structured collection of cells with specific functions, sitting in the body. Examples include the heart, lungs and liver. Many organs are inside the cavity inside the body. These cavities include stomach and pleura.
System
Circulatory system
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries). The heart encourages blood circulation, which functions as a "transport system" to transfer oxygen, fuel, nutrients, waste products, immune cells and signaling molecules (ie, hormones) from one part of the body to another. Blood consists of fluids that carry cells in the circulation, including some that travel from the tissues to the blood vessels and back, as well as the spleen and bone marrow.
Digestive System
The digestive system consists of the mouth including the tongue and teeth, esophagus, stomach, (gastrointestinal tract, small and large intestine, and rectum), as well as the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands. It converts food into small, nutritious, non-toxic molecules for distribution and absorption into the body.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system consists of the major endocrine glands: the pituitary, the thyroid, the adrenals, the pancreas, the parathyroid, and the gonads, but almost all the organs and tissues produce specific endocrine hormones as well. The endocrine hormone serves as a signal from one body system to another about very large conditions, resulting in various functional changes.
Immune system
The immune system consists of white blood cells, thymus, lymph nodes and lymph channels, which are also part of the lymphatic system. The immune system provides a mechanism for the body to differentiate its own cells and tissues from cells and external substances and neutralize or destroy the latter by using special proteins such as antibodies, cytokines, and toll receptors such as, among many others.
Integumentary system
The covering system consists of covering the body (skin), including hair and nails as well as other important functional structures such as sweat glands and sebaceous glands. Skin provides containment, structure, and protection for other organs, and serves as the main sensory interface with the outside world.
Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system extracts, transports and metabolizes lymph, the fluid found in cells. The lymphatic system is similar to the circulatory system both in terms of the most basic structures and functions, to carry body fluids.
Musculoskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system consists of a human skeleton (which includes bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage) and inherent muscles. It gives the basic structure of the body and the ability to move. In addition to their structural role, the larger bones in the body contain bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are the main storage for calcium and phosphate. This system can be split into a muscular system and a skeletal system.
Nervous system
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system composed of nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the organ of mind, emotion, memory, and sensory processing, and serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions. Special senses consist of sight, hearing, taste, and smell. Eyes, ears, tongue, and nose gather information about the body's surroundings.
Reproductive System
The reproductive system consists of gonads and internal and external sex organs. The reproductive system produces gametes in each sex, a mechanism for their combination, and in women who nurture the environment for the first 9 months of infant development.
Respiratory system
The respiratory system consists of the nose, nasopharynx, trachea, and lung. It carries oxygen from the air and releases carbon dioxide and water back into the air.
Urinary system
The urinary system consists of kidney, ureter, bladder, and urethra. It removes the toxic substances from the blood to produce urine, which carries various waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body.
Maps Human body
Anatomy
Human anatomy is the study of the shape and shape of the human body. The human body has four limbs (two hands and two legs), head and neck that are connected to the torso. Body shape is determined by a strong skeleton made of bone and cartilage, surrounded by fat, muscle, connective tissue, organs, and other structures. The spine behind the skeleton contains a flexible vertebral column that surrounds the spinal cord, which is a collection of nerve fibers that connect the brain to the rest of the body. The nerves connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body. All the major bones, muscles, and nerves in the body are named, with the exception of anatomical variations such as sesamoid bone and accessory muscles.
The blood vessels carry blood throughout the body, which moves because of the heartbeat. Venues and veins collect low blood oxygen from the tissues throughout the body. It congregates in the veins of the increasing vein until it reaches the two largest veins of the body, the superior and inferior vena cava, which drain the blood to the right side of the heart. From here, blood is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen and flows back to the left side of the heart. From here, it is pumped into the largest arteries of the body, the aorta, and then the smaller arteries and arterioles reaching the tissues. Here the blood flows from the small arteries to the capillaries, then the small blood vessels and the process begins again. Blood carries oxygen, waste products, and hormones from one place of the body to another. Blood is filtered in the kidneys and liver.
The body consists of a number of different cavities, separate areas that have different organ systems. The brain and the central nervous system are in a protected area of ​​the rest of the body by the blood-brain barrier. The lungs sit in the pleural cavity. The intestine, liver, and spleen sit in the abdominal cavity
Height, weight, shape and other body proportions vary individually and with age and gender. Body shape is affected by the distribution of muscle and fat tissue.
Physiology
Human physiology is the study of how the human body functions. These include the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of human beings in good health, from the organs to the cells they composed. The human body consists of many organ systems that interact. It interacts to maintain homeostasis, keeping the body in a stable state with a safe level of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.
Each system contributes to homeostasis, from itself, to another system, and to the whole body. Some combined systems are called by a shared name. For example, the nervous system and endocrine system operate together as a neuroendocrine system. The nervous system receives information from the body, and sends it to the brain through nerve impulses and neurotransmitters. At the same time, the endocrine system releases hormones, such as helping to regulate blood pressure and volume. Together, the system regulates the internal environment of the body, maintaining blood flow, posture, energy supply, temperature, and acid balance (pH).
Development
Health and disease
Health is a difficult situation to define, but relates to self-determined perceptions of an individual and includes physical, mental, social and cultural factors. Absence or health deficit is a disease that includes illness and injury. Disease causes symptoms to be felt, seen or felt by someone, and signs that may be seen on a medical examination. The disease may come from birth (congenital) or appear later on (acquired). The illness may be contagious, caused or triggered by lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol and diet, arising from injury or trauma, or having several different mechanisms or triggering factors. As life expectancy increases, many forms of cancer become more common. Cancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of one or more cell types and occurs more frequently in some tissue types than others. Some forms of cancer have a strong or known risk factor, while others may appear spontaneously. Depending on the type of cancer, risk factors may include exposure to carcinogens and radiation, excessive alcohol consumption or tobacco, age, and hormonal imbalances in the body.
Society and culture
Professional studies
Health professionals learn about the human body from illustrations, models, and demonstrations. Medical and dental students besides gaining practical experience, for example by surgical corpses. Human anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry are basic medical sciences, commonly taught to medical students in their first year in medical school.
Overview
Anatomy has served visual art since Ancient Greece, when the 5th century SMB sculptor, Polykleitos wrote his Canon on the ideal proportion of naked men. In the Italian Renaissance, artists from Piero della Francesca (c. 1415-1492) and so on, including Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and his collaborator Luca Pacioli (c.1447-1517), studied and wrote about the rules of art, including visual and proportion of the human body.
History of anatomy
In Ancient Greece, Hippocratic Corpus described the anatomy of skeletal and muscle. The second-century doctor, Galen of Pergamum, composed classical knowledge of anatomy into the text used throughout the Middle Ages. In the Renaissance, Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) pioneered the modern study of human anatomy by surgery, writing an influential book De humani corporis fabrica . Anatomy advanced further with the invention of microscopy and the study of the structure of tissue and organ cells. Modern anatomy uses techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, fluoroscopy and ultrasound imaging to study the body in unprecedented detail.
History of physiology
The study of human physiology began with Hippocrates in Ancient Greece, around 420 BC, and with Aristotle (384-322 BC) which applied critical thinking and emphasis on the relationship between structure and function. Galen (c 126-199) was the first to use experiments to investigate bodily functions. The term physiology was introduced by French physician Jean Fernel (1497-1558). In the 17th century, William Harvey (1578-1657) described the circulatory system, pioneering a combination of close observations with careful experiments. In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate with the cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in 1838, that organisms were made up of cells. Claude Bernard (1813-1878) created the concept of the milieu interieur (internal environment), which Walter Cannon (1871-1945) then said was set to steady state in homeostasis. In the 20th century, physiologists Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew expanded their studies into comparative physiology and ecophysiology. More recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline.
See also
- Medicine
- List of drugs
- Body image
- Cell physiology
- Comparative physiology
- Comparative anatomy
- Human development
References
Books
- Ganong Reviews on Medical Physiology . 2016. ISBN: 978-0-07-182510-8.
- Gray's Anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice . Editor-in-chief, Susan Standring (edition 40). London: Churchill Livingstone. 2008. ISBN 978-0-8089-2371-8.
External links
- The Human Book (from the late 18th and early 19th century)
- Inner Body
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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