The biosphere (from the Greek ???? bÃÆ'os "live" and sphaira
In a general sense, the biosphere is a self-regulating, self-contained system containing the ecosystem. These include artificial biosphere such as Biosphere 2 and BIOS-3, and potentially on other planets or moons.
Video Biosphere
The origin and use of the term
The term "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875, which he defined as a place on Earth's surface where life lives.
Although this concept has a geological origin, it is an indication of the influence of Charles Darwin and Matthew F. Maury on Earth science. The context of the biosphere ecology dates from the 1920s (see Vladimir I. Vernadsky), preceding the introduction of the "ecosystem" of 1935 by Sir Arthur Tansley (see ecological history). Vernadsky defines ecology as the science of the biosphere. It is an interdisciplinary concept to integrate astronomy, geophysics, meteorology, biogeography, evolution, geology, geochemistry, hydrology and, in general, all the sciences of life and Earth.
Narrow definition
Geochemists define the biosphere as the total number of living organisms ("biomass" or "biota" as referred to by biologists and ecologists). In this sense, the biosphere is just one of four separate components of the geochemical model, the other three being the geosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. When these four spherical components are combined into one system, they are known as the Ecosphere. The term was coined during the 1960s and covers the biological and physical components of the planet.
The Second International Conference on Closed Life Systems defines biosfirics as analogue science and technology and the Earth's biosphere model; namely, an artificial Earth-like biosphere. Others may include the creation of non-Earth-made biosphere - for example, human-centered biosphere or native Mars biosphere - as part of a biosphere topic.
Maps Biosphere
Earth biosphere
Age
The earliest evidence for life on Earth includes biogenic graphite found in 3.7 billion years of metased experiments from West Greenland and fossil microbial mats found in 3.48 billion years of sandstone from Western Australia. More recently, by 2015, "remnants of biotic life" have been found in rocks of 4.1 billion years in Western Australia. By 2017, suspected (or microfossilized) fossil microorganisms have been found in hydrothermal precipitate precipitates at the 4.28 billion-year-old Nuvvuagittuq Belt in Quebec, Canada, the oldest living record on Earth, showing "almost instantly the emergence of life" after sea formation 4.4 billion years ago, and not long after the formation of Earth 4.54 billion years ago. According to biologist Stephen Blair Hedges, "If life appears relatively quickly on Earth... then it can happen in the universe."
Extent
Every part of the planet, from the polar ice to the equator, displays such a life. Recent advances in microbiology have shown that microbes live far below the Earth's surface, and that the total mass of microbial life called "uninhabitable zones" may, in biomass, surpass all animal and plant life on the surface. The true thickness of the biosphere on earth is difficult to measure. Birds usually fly at altitudes as high as 1,800 m (5,900 ft; 1.1 mi) and live fish of 8,372 m (27,467 ft; 5,202 mi) underwater in the Puerto Rico Trough.
There are more extreme examples for life on the planet: the RÃÆ'¼ppell herring is found at an altitude of 11,300 m (37,100 feet, 7.0 mi); cold-headed geese migrate at altitudes of at least 8,300 m (27,200, 5.2 mi); yak live at an altitude as high as 5,400 m (17,700 feet, 3.4 mi) above sea level; mountain goats live up to 3.050 m (10,010Ã, ft; 1.90Ã, mi). Animal herbivores at this altitude depend on moss, grass, and herbs.
Life forms in every part of the Earth's biosphere, including soil, hot springs, in rocks at least 19 km (12 miles) underground, the deepest part of the ocean, and at least 64 km (40 mi) high in the atmosphere.. Microorganisms, under certain test conditions, have been observed for survival of a space void. The total amount of soil and carbon beneath the surface of the bacteria is estimated as 5 ÃÆ'â € "10 17 g, or" the weight of the United Kingdom ". The mass of prokaryotic microorganisms - which include bacteria and archaea, but not nuclear eukaryotic microorganisms - may be as much as 0.8 trillion tonnes of carbon (from the total mass of the biosphere, estimated at between 1 and 4 trillion tonnes). Barophilic marine microbes have been found at depths of more than 10,000 m (33,000 ft, 6.2 mi) in the Mariana Trench, the deepest place in Earth's oceans. In fact, a single-celled life form has been found in the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, by Deep Challenger, at a depth of 11,034 m (36,201 ft, 6,856 mi). Other researchers reported related research that microorganisms develop in rocks up to 580 m (1,900 m) below sea level below 2,590 m (8,500 ft. 1.61 m) of sea off the northwest coast of the United States. , as well as 2,400 m (7,900 ft, 1.5 mi) below the Japanese seabed. The cultivated thermophilic microbe has been extracted from a core that is drilled over 5,000 m (16,000 ft 3.1 mi) into the Earth's crust in Sweden, from between 65 to 75 ° C (149-167 ° F). Temperature increases with increasing depth into the Earth's crust. The rate of rise in temperature depends on many factors, including crust types (continents vs oceans), rock types, geographic locations, etc. The largest known temperature in which microbial life can exist is 122 Â ° C (252 Â ° C). F) ( Methanopyrus kandleri Strain 116), and the likelihood that the limits of life in "inner biosphere" are determined by temperature rather than absolute depth. On August 20, 2014, scientists confirmed the presence of microorganisms that live 800 m (2,600 m), below 0.50 mi below the Antarctic ice. According to one researcher, "You can find microbes everywhere - they are very adaptable to the conditions, and survive wherever they are."
Our biosphere is divided into a number of biomes, which are inhabited by quite similar flora and fauna. On land, biomes are separated primarily by latitude. The terrestrial biomes located within the Arctic Circle and Antarctica are relatively barren of plant and animal life, while most of the more denser biomes are near the equator.
Annual variations
artificial biosphere
The experimental biosphere, also called a closed ecological system, has been created to study ecosystems and the potential to support extraterrestrial life. This includes the following terrestrial spacecraft and laboratories:
- Biosphere 2 in Arizona, USA, 3.15 acres (13,000 m 2 ).
- BIOS-1, BIOS-2 and BIOS-3 at the Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, where it was the Soviet Union.
- Biosphere J (CEEF, Closed Ecological Experimental Facility), an experiment in Japan.
- Solution of Micro Life Ecology Support System (MELiSSA) at Universitat AutÃÆ'²noma de Barcelona
Outer biosphere
No biosphere detected outside the Earth; therefore, the existence of extraterrestrial biosphere remains hypothetical. The rare Earth hypothesis suggests they must be extremely rare, except those that comprise only microbial life. On the other hand, Earth analogs may be quite a lot, at least in the Milky Way galaxy, considering the vast number of planets. Three of the planets found orbiting TRAPPIST-1 may contain biosphere. Given the limited understanding of abiogenesis, it is currently unknown how many percent of these planets actually develop the biosphere.
It is also possible that an artificial biosphere will be made in the future, for example on Mars. The process of creating an uncontrolled system that mimics the function of the Earth's biosphere is called terraforming.
See also
References
Further reading
- Biosphere (Book A Scientific American ), San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1970, ISBN 0-7167-0945-7. The book, originally the December 1970 edition of Scientific American, covers almost all the major concerns and concepts since debate on energy materials and resources (including solar energy), population trends, and environmental degradation (including global warming).
External links
- Definition of the Biosphere
- Articles on the Biosphere in Earth's Encyclopedia
- GLOBIO.info, an ongoing program to map the impact of human activity in the biosphere of the past, present, and future
- Interview Paul Crutzen, Paul Crutzen's showcase video of Nobel Laureate for his work on ozone decomposition that speaks with Harry Kroto Nobel Laureate by the Vega Science Trust.
- The Biosphere Atlas
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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