Child abuse or child abuse is physical, sexual, or psychological abuse or neglect of a child or child, especially by a parent or other caregiver. Child abuse may include acts or failures to act by a parent or other caregiver resulting in actual or potential harm to a child, and may occur at a child's home, or in an organization, school or community where the child interacts.
The terms child abuse and child abuse are often used interchangeably, although some researchers make a difference between them, treating child abuse as a generic term to include neglect, exploitation, and trafficking.
Different jurisdictions have developed their own definition of what constitutes child abuse for the purpose of removing children from their families or suing criminal charges.
Video Child abuse
Definition
The definition of what constitutes child abuse varies among professionals, and between social and cultural groups, as well as across time. The terms abuse and abuse are often used interchangeably in the literature of Child Abuse can also be an umbrella term that covers all forms of child abuse and child abuse. Defining child abuse depends on the prevailing cultural values ​​relating to children, child development, and upbringing. The definition of child abuse may vary across different sectors of society addressing this issue, such as child protection institutions, legal and medical communities, public health officials, researchers, practitioners, and child advocates. Because members of these different fields tend to use their own definition, interdisciplinary communication can be limited, hampering efforts to identify, assess, track, treat, and prevent child abuse.
In general, abuse refers to commission actions (usually intentional) while ignore refers to omissions. Child abuse includes both commission actions and negligent acts on the part of a parent or caregiver that causes actual or threatening harm to a child. Some health professionals and authors regard ignorance as part of the definition of abuse, while others do not; this is because the danger may be unintentional, or because the caregiver does not understand the severity of the problem, which may be the result of cultural beliefs about how to raise a child. Delayed effects of child abuse and neglect, especially emotional neglect, and the diversity of actions that qualify as child abuse are also a factor.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines child abuse and child molestation as "all forms of physical and/or emotional abuse, sexual harassment, neglect or negligent or commercial treatment or other exploitation , resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power. "In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) use the term child abuse > to refer to both the actions of the commission (abuse), which includes "words or concrete actions that cause danger, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child", and negligent acts (omissions), meaning "failure to provide the physical, emotional, or basic education of the child or to protect a child from potential harm or danger ". The US federal Prevention and Abuse Prevention Act defines child abuse and neglect as, at least, "any recent act or failure to act on behalf of a parent or caregiver who has resulted in death, serious physical, or emotional harm, sexual harassment or exploitation "or" an act or failure to act that poses an imminent risk of serious harm ".
Maps Child abuse
Type
The World Health Organization distinguishes four types of child abuse: physical abuse; sexual harassment; emotional and psychological abuse; and ignore.
Physical harassment
Among professionals and the general public, people often disagree with what behavior is physical abuse of a child. Physical abuse often does not occur in isolation, but as part of the behavioral constellation includes authoritarian control, anxiety behavior, and lack of parental warmth. WHO defines physical violence as:
The intentional use of physical force against a child who produces - or has a high likelihood of causing - jeopardizes the health, survival, development or dignity of the child. This includes hitting, punching, kicking, shaking, biting, choking, burning, burning, poisoning and suffocating. A lot of physical violence against children at home is caused by the object of punishment.
Joan Durrant and Ron Ensom write that most physical violence is a physical punishment "in intent, form, and effect". The overlapping definition of physical violence and physical punishment of children highlights the subtle or absent differences between harassment and punishment. For example, Paulo Sergio Pinheiro writes in the UN Secretary General's Study on Violence Against Children:
Physical punishment involves hitting ('hitting', 'slapping', 'hitting') children, by hand or by means of whips, sticks, belts, shoes, wooden spoons, etc. But it can also involve, for example, kicking, shaking or throwing children, scratching, pinching, biting, pulling hair or ear fists, forcing children to remain in an uncomfortable position, burning, boiling or forcibly swallowing (for example, washing children's mouths with soap or forcing them to swallow spicy seasoning).
Most countries with child abuse laws consider serious intentional deliberate wounds, or actions that place children at risk of serious injury or death, to be illegal. Bruises, scratches, burns, fractures, lacerations - as well as repeated "accidents", and rough treatment that can cause physical injury - can be physical abuse. Multiple injuries or fractures at different stages of healing can increase suspicion of abuse.
Psychologist Alice Miller, noted for his books on child abuse, takes the view that humiliation, beatings and beatings, slap in the face, etc. It is all abusive, because they injure the integrity and dignity of a child, even if their consequences are not immediately apparent.
Often, physical violence as a child can cause future physical and mental hardship, including re-victimization, personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociative disorder, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, eating disorders, substance abuse, and aggression. Physical abuse in childhood is also associated with homelessness in adulthood. Sexual harassment
Sexual harassment
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a form of child abuse in which older adults or adolescents abuse children for sexual stimulation. Sexual harassment refers to a child's participation in a sexual act devoted to the physical satisfaction or financial benefit of the person performing the act. The CSA form includes requesting or suppressing a child to engage in sexual activity (regardless of outcome), indecent exposure to genitalia in children, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact with a child, physical contact with the child's genitals, seeing the child's genitals without physical contact, or use the child to produce child pornography. Selling child sexual services can be seen and treated as child abuse rather than simple detention.
The effects of sexual harassment on child victim (s) include guilt and self-blame, flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, fear of things related to abuse (including objects, smells, places, doctor visits, etc.), self- , sexual dysfunction, chronic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal desires, somatic complaints, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, other mental illnesses including threshold personality disorder and dissociative identity disorder, tendency to re-victimize in adulthood , bulimia nervosa, and physical injury in children, among other problems. Children who are victims are also at an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections due to their immature immune system and high potential for mucosal tears during forced sexual contact. Sexual assault at a young age has been correlated with several risk factors for contracting HIV including decreased knowledge of sexual topics, increased HIV prevalence, involvement in risky sexual practices, condom evasion, lower knowledge of safe sex practices, frequent sexual partner change, and more many years of sexual activity.
In the United States, about 15% to 25% of women and 5% to 15% of men are sexually abused when they are children. Most sex offenders know their victims; about 30% are siblings of children, most often brothers, sisters, fathers, mothers, uncles or cousins; about 60% are other acquaintances such as family friends, nannies, or neighbors; foreigners are offenders in about 10% of cases of child sexual abuse. In more than one-third of cases, offenders are also underage.
In 1999, the BBC reported on the RAHI Foundation's survey of sexual harassment in India, where 76% of respondents said they had been abused as children, 40% of them claiming the offender was a family member.
Psychological abuse
There are several definitions of child psychological abuse:
- In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) adds Child Psychological Abuse to DSM-5, describing it as "a non-accidental verbal or symbolic action by a child's parent or caregiver that produces, or has the potential to produce, in significant psychological harm to the child. "
- In 1995, APSAC defines it as: rejecting, terrorizing, isolating, exploiting, destructing, rejecting emotional responsiveness, or neglecting "or" Recurrent patterns of caregiver behavior or extreme incidents that misbehave to children that they are worthless. , disabled, unloved, undesirable, endangered, or just valuable in meeting the needs of others "
- In the United States, country laws vary, but most have laws against "mental injury"
- Some have defined it as the production of psychological and social defects in a child's growth as a result of behaviors such as loud screaming, rude and abusive attitude, lack of attention, scathing criticism, and child's personality contamination. Other examples include calling names, ridicule, degradation, personal property destruction, torture or pet killing, excessive criticism, inappropriate or excessive demands, withholding communication, and routine labeling or contempt.
In 2014, APA stated that:
- "Child psychological abuse is as dangerous as sexual or physical abuse."
- "Nearly 3 million US children experience some form of [psychological] abuse every year."
- Psychological abuse is "the most challenging and common form of child abuse and neglect."
- "Given the prevalence of childhood psychological abuse and the severity of the hazards in young victims, it should be at the forefront of health and psycho-social services training"
In 2015, additional research confirms APA's 2014 statement.
Victims of emotional abuse can react by distancing themselves from the perpetrator, internalizing harsh words, or fighting with insulting offenders. Emotional abuse can lead to an abnormal or distorted attachment development, a tendency for the victim to blame himself (self-blame) for abuse, learned helplessness, and too passive behavior.
Ignore
Child neglect is a failure of a parent or other person responsible for the child, to provide food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or necessary supervision to the extent that the health, safety, or welfare of the child may be in danger. Abandonment is also the lack of attention of those who surround a child, and the absence of relevant and sufficient needs for the survival of the child, which will become less attention, love, and nurturing.
Some of the observable signs of child neglect include: the child is often absent from school, begging or stealing food or money, needing no medical and dental treatment, consistently dirty, or not having enough clothes for the weather. The 2010 Child Torture Report (NCANDS), an annual US federal government report based on data supplied by the Child Protection Institution (CPS) in the United States, states, "as in previous years, negligence was the most common form of abuse."
Negative actions can be divided into six sub-categories:
- Negligence of supervision: marked in the absence of a parent or guardian who may cause physical harm, sexual harassment, or criminal behavior;
- Physical neglect: characterized by failure to provide basic physical needs, such as a safe and clean house;
- Medical delays: characterized by a lack of medical care provision;
- Emotional neglect: characterized by lack of care, encouragement and support;
- Negligence of education: characterized by lack of carers to provide education and additional resources to actively participate in the school system; and
- Abandonment: when a parent or guardian leaves a child alone for a long time without a nanny.
Abandoned children may experience delays in physical and psychosocial development, possibly resulting in psychopathology and impaired neuropsychological functioning including executive functioning, attention, processing speed, language, memory and social skills. Researchers who investigated abused children have repeatedly found that abandoned children in host populations and adoptions exhibit different emotional and behavioral reactions to regain lost or safe relationships and are often reported to have irregular attachment and the need to controlling their environment. These children are unlikely to see a caregiver as a source of security, and usually show an increase in aggressive and hyperactive behaviors that can interfere with healthy or safe attachment with their adoptive parents. These children apparently learn to adapt to rough and inconsistent caregivers by being self-sufficient, and often described as being fluent, manipulative and dishonest in their interactions with others as they move on in childhood. Children who become victims of neglect have a more difficult time to form and maintain relationships, such as romance or friendship, later on because of the lack of attachment they have in the early stages of their lives.
Effects
Child abuse can result in immediate adverse physical effects but is also closely related to developmental problems and with many chronic physical and psychological effects, including subsequent health problems, including higher rates of chronic conditions, high-risk health behaviors and short lifespan.
Persecuted children can grow into persecuting adults. Sources in 1991 reported that research shows that 90 percent of adults who suffer from maltreated as children. Nearly 7 million American babies receive child care services, such as child care, and many poor treatments.
Emotional
Child abuse can cause a variety of emotional effects. Children who are constantly ignored, humiliated, terrorized, or humiliated, suffer at least as much, if not more, than if they are physically assaulted. According to the Joyful Heart Foundation, the child's brain development is strongly influenced and responds to experiences with family, caregivers, and society. Abused children can grow with insecurity, low self-esteem, and lack of development. Many abused children experience ongoing difficulties with trust, social withdrawal, difficulties at school, and forming relationships.
Infants and young children can be affected differently by abuse rather than their older counterparts. Infants and preschool children who are emotionally abused or neglected may be too fond of strangers or people they have not known for a long time. They may lack confidence or become anxious, seem to have no close relationship with their parents, exhibit aggressive behavior or malicious acts against children and other animals. Older children may use dirty language or act in a way that is very different from other children of the same age, struggling to control strong emotions, seem isolated from their parents, lack social skills or have little, if there are friends.
Children may also experience reactive attachment disorder (RAD). RAD is defined as a deeply disrupted and improperly social disorder that usually begins before the age of 5 years. RAD can exist as a continuing failure to initiate or respond in a way that fits developments for most social situations. The long-term impact of emotional abuse has not been extensively studied, but recent studies have begun documenting its long-term consequences. Emotional abuse has been associated with increased depression, anxiety, and difficulty in interpersonal relations (Spertus, Wong, Halligan, & Seremetis, 2003). Victims of child abuse and negligence are more likely to commit crimes as adolescents and adults.
Domestic violence also carries victims in children; although the child is not being abused, the child who witnessed domestic violence is also very influential. Research studies conducted such as "Longitudinal Studies on Child Abuse Effects and Child Exposure to Domestic Violence", show that 36.8% of children are involved in crime attacks compared to 47.5% of children abused/attacked. Studies have shown that children exposed to domestic violence increase the likelihood of emotional and behavioral problems (depression, irritability, anxiety, academic problems, and problems in language development).
Overall, the emotional effects caused by child abuse and even witnessing harassment can result in long-term and short-term effects that ultimately affect child development and development.
Physical
The direct physical effects of abuse or neglect can be relatively mild (bruised or wounded) or severe (fractures, bleeding, or even death). In some cases, physical effects are temporary; However, their pain and suffering cause the child not to be discounted. Rib fractures can be seen with physical violence, and if present may increase suspicion of abuse, but are found in a small minority of children with injuries related to the persecution.
The long-term effects of child abuse and neglect on health and physical development may be:
- The baby's syndrome is shaken. Baby shaking is a common form of child abuse that often results in permanent neurological damage (80% of cases) or death (30% of cases). Damage occurs due to intracranial hypertension (increased pressure on the skull) after bleeding in the brain, damage to the spinal cord and neck, and ribs or fractures.
- Impaired brain development. Child abuse and negligence have been shown, in some cases, causing important areas of the brain to fail to form or grow well, resulting in developmental disorders. This change in brain maturation has long-term consequences for cognitive, linguistic, and academic abilities.
- Poor physical health. In addition to the possibility of adverse physical side effects, child dysfunction and child abuse are strongly associated with many chronic physical and psychological effects, including health problems in childhood, adolescence and adulthood, with higher rates of chronic conditions, high-risk health and shortened lifespan. Adults who experience abuse or neglect during childhood are more likely to suffer from physical ailments such as allergies, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, high blood pressure, and ulcers. There may be a higher risk of cancer later in life, as well as the possibility of immune dysfunction.
- Exposure to violence during childhood is associated with shortened telomeres and with reduced telomerase activity. The increased rate of telomere length reduction correlates with a 7 to 15 year age decline.
- The data from recent studies support previous findings that specific neurobiochemical changes associated with exposure to violence and abuse, some biological pathways may be able to cause disease progression, and certain physiological mechanisms can moderate how severe the disease becomes in patients with the past. experience with violence or abuse.
- Recent research provides evidence of a link between early stress and early and adult epigenetic modification.
Study of Childhood Disorder Experience
The Childhood Experiences Study is a long-term investigation of the relationship between childhood difficulties, including various forms of abuse and neglect, and later health problems. The initial phase of the study was conducted in San Diego, California from 1995 to 1997. The World Health Organization summarizes the research findings as follows:
The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, in which approximately 17,300 middle-aged, middle-class and mostly California residents work participating, demonstrated that child abuse and domestic dysfunction contributed to development - decades later - chronic illness was the cause of death and the most common disability in the United States. This study examines the long-term effects of child abuse and dysfunction during childhood, including: psychological, physical and sexual abuse; maternal violence; and live with household members who are substance abusers, mentally ill or commit suicide, or else have been imprisoned. A strong relationship is seen between the number of bad experiences (including physical and sexual abuse in childhood) and self-reported smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, attempted suicide, sexual intercourse and sexually transmitted diseases in life later. In addition, people who reported a higher number of negative experiences in childhood were much more likely to exhibit some health-risk behaviors, suggested by this study to be adopted as a countermeasures tool. Similarly, worse childhood experiences are reported, the more likely the person is suffering from heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, bone fractures, liver disease and poor health as an adult. Other childhood abuses and bad experiences can thus be one of the basic factors underlying health, disease and death risks, and can be identified by routine screening of all patients. Although the ACE study and its findings relate to specific populations in the United States, it is reasonable to assume that similar trends may be found in countries with different levels of economic and social development.
A long-term study of adults retrospectively reporting adverse childhood experiences including verbal, physical and sexual abuse, as well as other forms of childhood trauma found 25.9% of adults reporting verbal abuse as children, 14.8 % reported physical abuse, and 12.2% reported sexual abuse. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Behavioral Risk Behavior Monitoring System. There is a high correlation between the number of different childhood experiences (A.C.E.s) and the risk for poor health outcomes in adults including cancer, heart attack, mental illness, reduced drug abuse and long-term alcohol abuse. An anonymous self-reporting survey of Washington State students found 6-7% of 8th, 10th and 12th grade students actually attempted suicide. Depression rate is twice as high. Other risky behaviors are even higher. There is a connection between physical and sexual violence of children and suicide. For legal and cultural reasons and fear by children taken from their parents, most childhood abuse is not reported and is not verified.
It has been found that childhood abuse can lead to drug and alcohol addiction in adolescence and adult life. Studies show that any kind of violence experienced in childhood can lead to neurological changes that make individuals more vulnerable to addiction tendencies. A significant study examined 900 cases of juvenile court that have experienced sexual and physical abuse and negligence. The study found that a large number of abused children are currently addicted to alcohol. This case study describes how addiction is a significant effect of childhood abuse.
Psychological
Children who have a history of neglect or physical abuse risk experiencing psychiatric problems, or irregular style of attachment. In addition, children who suffered child abuse or neglect were 59% more likely to be caught as teenagers, 28% more likely to be caught as adults, and 30% more likely to commit violent crimes. Irregular attachment is associated with a number of developmental problems, including dissociative symptoms, as well as symptoms of anxiety, depression, and behavior. A study by Dante Cicchetti found that 80% of abused and persecuted infants exhibit symptoms of irregular attachment. When some of these children become parents, especially if they suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociative symptoms, and other child abuse sequelae, they may experience difficulties when faced with the needs of infants and their children and the possible normative pressure in turn causing adverse consequences for their child's social-emotional development. In addition, children may find it difficult to feel empathy for themselves or others, which can cause them to feel alone and unfriendly. Apart from these potential difficulties, psychosocial interventions can be effective, at least in some cases, in changing the way parents are maltreated thinking about their children.
Victims of child abuse also suffer from various types of physical health problems later on. Some are reported to have some type of chronic head, stomach, pelvis, or muscle pain for no identifiable reason. Although the majority of child abuse victims know or believe that their harassment is, or may be, the cause of different health problems in their adult lives, as most of their harassment is not directly related to the problem, suggesting that the sufferer is most likely to be diagnosed with other possible causes for their health problems, not their childhood abuse. One long-term study found that up to 80% of people who experience abuse have at least one psychiatric disorder by the age of 21, with problems including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and suicide attempts. One Canadian hospital found that between 36% and 76% of outpatients in female mental health have been sexually assaulted, as do 58% of women and 23% of men undergoing schizophrenic hospitalization. A recent study found that important structures in brain reward circuits are compromised by childhood abuse and neglect, and predict future depression symptoms.
In the case of 23 of the 27 diseases listed in the French INSEE survey questionnaire, several statistically significant correlations were found between recurrent illness and family trauma faced by children before the age of 18 years. According to Georges Menahem, a French sociologist who found this correlation by studying health inequality, this relationship shows that inequality in illness and suffering is not just social. Health inequality also has its origins in the family, where it is associated with a persistent level of affective problems (lack of affection, parental disagreement, prolonged absence from parents, or serious illness affecting both mother and father) that individuals report having experienced childhood.
Many children who have been abused in any form develop a kind of psychological problem. These problems may include: anxiety, depression, eating disorders, OCD, mutual dependence, or even lack of human connections. There is also a slight tendency for children who have been abused to abuse children themselves. In the US in 2013, of the 294,000 reported cases of child abuse, only 81,124 received any counseling or therapy. Treatment is very important for children who are harassed.
On the other hand, there are some children who were raised in child molestation, but who did well very well in the future in terms of preconditions. Such children are called
Cause
Child abuse is a complex phenomenon with many causes. There is no single factor that can be identified as why some adults behave roughly toward children. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Society for the Prevention of Abuse and Abandonment of Children (ISPCAN) identify factors at the individual level, their relationships, their local community, and their community in general, which combine to influence child abuse. At an individual level, these factors include age, sex, and personal history, while at the community level, the factors contributing to child abuse include cultural norms that encourage harsh physical punishment of children, economic inequality, and lack of social safety nets. WHO and ISPCAN state that understanding the complex interactions of various risk factors is essential to address child abuse issues.
American psychoanalyst Elisabeth Young-Bruehl argues that damage to children is justified and accepted by widely held beliefs in adult children, resulting in a highly unacknowledged prejudice against children he calls childism . He argues that such prejudices, though not the direct cause of child abuse, should be investigated to understand the motivation behind the acts of violence, and to explain the failure of society to support the needs and development of children in general. The founder of the editor of the International Children's Rights Journal, Michael Freeman, also argues that the main cause of child abuse lies in prejudice against children, especially the view that human rights do not apply equally to adults and children. child. He writes, "The root of child abuse lies not in parental psycho-pathology or in social-environmental stress (although their influence can not be ignored) but in a patronizing and depersonalizes pain culture, which reduces children to property, becomes a sexual object so that that they are the legitimate victims of violence and adult lust ".
Parents who physically abuse their spouses are more likely than others to physically torture their children. However, it is not possible to know whether marital disputes are the cause of child abuse, or if marital and harassment disputes are caused by the perpetrator's tendency. Sometimes, parents set expectations for their children who are clearly beyond the ability of the child. When parents' expectations go far beyond what is appropriate for children (for example, preschoolers who are expected to take full responsibility for self-care or parenting provision), the frustration caused by child disobedience is believed to be functioning. as the cause if the child is not abused.
Most of the physical abuse of children is committed with the intent to punish. In the United States, interviews with parents revealed that as many as two-thirds of instances of documented physical abuse were initiated as physical punishment measures intended to improve child behavior, while large-scale Canadian studies found that three-quarters of physical cases proven to abuse children has occurred in the context of corporal punishment. Other studies have shown that children and infants being beaten by parents are several times more likely to be severely attacked by their parents or suffering from injuries requiring medical care. Studies show that such abusive treatment often involves parents connecting conflict with their child's desire or rejection, as well as "compelling family dynamics and conditioned emotional responses". Factors involved in the escalation of regular physical punishment by parents into child abuse that is confirmed may be the inability of punishing parents to control their anger or assess their own strength, and parents are unaware of the child's physical vulnerability.
Some professionals argue that cultural norms that sanction physical punishment is one cause of child abuse, and have campaigned to redefine these norms.
Children resulting from unwanted pregnancies are more likely to be abused or neglected. In addition, unwanted pregnancies are more likely than pregnancies that are meant to be associated with abusive relationships, and there is an increased risk of physical violence during pregnancy. They also result in poorer mental health of mothers, and a lower quality of mother-child relationships.
There is some limited evidence that children with moderate or severe disabilities are more likely to be victims of violence than non-disabled children. A study on child abuse seeks to determine: forms of child abuse committed to children with disabilities; child abuse levels; and causes of child abuse against children with disabilities. A questionnaire on child abuse was adapted and used to collect data in this study. Participants consisted of a sample of 31 students with disabilities (15 children with visual impairment and 16 children with hearing impairment) were selected from a special school in Botswana. The study found that most participants were involved in doing housework. They are also sexually, physically and emotionally abused by their teachers. This study shows that children with disabilities are vulnerable to child abuse in their schools.
Substance abuse can be a major factor contributing to child abuse. One study in the US found that parents with documented abuse, most common alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, were far more likely to abuse their children, and were also far more likely to reject the services and care ordered by the court. Another study found that more than two thirds of cases of child abuse involve parents with substance abuse issues. The study specifically found a link between alcohol and physical violence, and between cocaine and sexual abuse. Also parental pressure caused by substance increases the likelihood of small internalizing behavior and externalization. Although abuse victims do not always realize that abuse is wrong, internal confusion can lead to chaos. Inner anger turns into outer frustration. Once the age of 17/18, drinks and medicines are used to kill off feelings of hurt, nightmares, and daytime flashbacks. Accidental crime to pay for chemicals can not be avoided if the victim can not find a job.
Unemployment and financial difficulties are associated with increased levels of child abuse. In 2009, CBS News reported that child abuse in the United States has increased during the economic recession. It gives an example of a father who has never been the primary caregiver of children. Now the father is in that role, the children start coming with injuries.
Worldwide
Child abuse is an international phenomenon. Poverty and substance abuse are common social problems throughout the world, and no matter the location, showing a similar trend in correlation to child abuse.
Although these factors may contribute to child abuse, differences in cultural perspectives play an important role in the treatment of children. In certain countries, the battle for equality in the sexes plays a major role in parenting. During the Soviet period, there were conflicts over traditional housewives versus an emphasis on gender equality. Some women feel considerable pressure to carry out their maternal tasks, get an "authoritarian" nurturing style, acting dominating and emotionally distant toward their children while being too involved in their own careers. Many are encouraged to use more assertive and direct disciplinary methods, and become arrogant and overprotective towards their children.
With the end of the Communist Era, many positive changes have been followed. Despite new openness and acceptance of parenting styles and close relationships with children, child abuse remains a serious concern. Although it is now more publicly known, it certainly never existed again. While controlling parenting may lack attention, financial difficulties, unemployment, and substance abuse still remain a dominating factor in child abuse throughout Eastern Europe.
A study conducted by members from several Baltic and Eastern European countries, along with specialists from the United States, examined the causes of child abuse in Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian and Moldovan countries. In these countries, 33%, 42%, 18% and 43% of children reported at least one type of child abuse. According to their findings, there is a series of correlations between potential risk factors of parental job status, alcohol abuse, and family size in the ranking of abuse. In three of the four countries, substance abuse is sufficiently correlated with the presence of child abuse, and despite a lower percentage, it still indicates a relationship in the fourth country (Moldova). Each country also shows the relationship between fathers who are not working outdoors and either emotionally or physically abuse children.
These cultural differences can be learned from different perspectives. Most importantly, the behavior of parents as a whole is completely different in different countries. Each culture has their own "acceptance span", and what people perceive as offensive, others may seem intolerable. Normal behavior for some people may be regarded as offensive to others, all dependent on the country's social norms.
The Asian parenting perspective, in particular, has different ideals from American culture. Many describe their traditions as including physical and emotional closeness that ensure a lifelong bond between parent and child, as well as establishing parental authority and child obedience through harsh discipline. Balancing disciplinary responsibility in general upbringing occurs in many Asian cultures, including China, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, and Korea. For some cultures, powerful parents can be seen as harassment, but in other societies like this, the use of force is seen as a reflection of parental devotion.
This difference in cultural beliefs shows the importance of examining all cross-cultural perspectives when studying the concept of child abuse.
In 2006, between 25,000 and 50,000 children in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo, has been accused of witchcraft and abandonment. In Malawi it is also a common practice to accuse children of witchcraft and many children have been abandoned, abused and even killed as a result. In Nigeria, the State of Akwa Ibom and Sungai Cross State about 15,000 children are labeled as magicians.
In April 2015, public broadcasting showed that child abuse rates in South Korea had increased by 13% compared to the previous year, and 75% of the attackers were the children's parents themselves.
Disclosure and diagnosis
Suspicions for physical abuse are recommended when injuries occur in children who have not moved independently, injuries in unusual areas, more than one injury at various stages of healing, possible head injury symptoms, and injury to more than one system of the body.
In many jurisdictions, suspected abuses, not necessarily proven, require reporting to child protection agencies, such as Child Protection Services in the United States. Recommendations for healthcare workers, such as primary care providers and nurses, who are often well suited to confronting alleged persecution are advised to first determine the child's urgent need for safety. A private environment away from the alleged perpetrators desired for interviews and examinations. Leading statements that can change stories are avoided. Because expressing harassment can be bothersome and sometimes even embarrassing, assuring the child that he has done the right thing by saying and that they are not bad or that harassment is not their fault help in disclosing more information. Dolls are sometimes used to help explain what happened. For suspected perpetrators, it is also advisable to use non-judgmental, non-threatening attitudes and resist shock shocks, to help disclose information.
Assessment
A key part of child abuse work is assessment.
A special challenge arises when child protection professionals assess the family in which negligence occurs. Professionals who conduct family assessments where neglect occurs are said to sometimes make the following mistakes:
- Failure to ask the right kind of questions, including
- Does negligence occur;
- Why a waiver occurred;
- What's the situation for the child;
- Whether the increase in family tends to be sustainable;
- What needs to be done to ensure the long-term safety of the child?
Prevention
A support group structure is needed to strengthen parenting skills and closely monitor child well-being. Visiting home nurses or social worker visits is also necessary to observe and evaluate child development and care situations.
Support group structures and home nurse visits or social worker visits are not mutually exclusive. Many studies have shown that both sizes must be combined together for best results.
Children's school programs on "good touch... bad touch" can give the children a forum to play roles and learn to avoid potentially harmful scenarios. Pediatricians can help identify children at risk of abuse and intervene with the help of social workers or provide access to treatments that address potential risk factors such as maternal depression. Videoconferencing has also been used to diagnose child abuse in emergency departments and remote clinics. Unintentional conceptions increase the risk of subsequent child abuse, and large family size increases the risk of child neglect. Thus, a comprehensive study for the National Academy of Sciences concluded that affordable contraceptive services should be the basis for the prevention of child abuse. "The starting point for an effective child abuse program is pregnancy planning," according to an analysis for US Surgeon General C. Everett Koop.
April has been established as Child Abuse Prevention Month in the United States since 1983. US President Barack Obama continues the tradition by declaring April 2009 Child Abuse Prevention Month. One way the US Federal Government provides funds for the prevention of violence against children is through a Community-Based Grant for the Prevention of Abuse and Abandonment of Children (CBCAP).
Resources for child protection services are sometimes limited. According to Hosin (2007), "a large number of traumatized abused children do not gain access to protective child protection strategies." Briere (1992) argues that only when the "low-level violence" of children ceases to be culturally tolerated, there will be changes in victimization and police protection of children.
The findings of recent research support the importance of family relationships in the path of a child's life: family-targeted interventions are important for improving long-term health, especially in socially disadvantaged communities.
Treatment
A number of treatments are available for child abuse victims. However, children who experience childhood trauma do not recover from abuse easily. There is a focused cognitive behavioral therapy, first developed to treat children who are sexually abused, now used for any trauma victims. It targets trauma-related symptoms in children including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), clinical depression and anxiety. It also includes components for parents who are not offensive. Several studies have found that children who experience sexual abuse undergoing TF-CBT increase more than children who undergo certain other therapies. Data on the effects of TF-CBT for children who have only non-sexual harassment are not available since 2006. The purpose of dealing with trauma-related thoughts and feelings is to deal with nightmares, flashbacks, and other intrusive experiences that may be spontaneously caused by a number of discriminatory stimuli in the environment or in the individual brain. This will help the individual become less afraid of specific stimuli that will arouse fear, anger, sadness or other negative emotions. In other words, the individual will have control or mastery over the emotion.
Childcare training can prevent child abuse in the short term, and help children with emotional, behavioral and behavioral challenges, but there is insufficient evidence as to whether he treats parents who have tortured their children.
Cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on abuse is designed for children who experience physical violence. It targets external behavior and reinforces prosocial behavior. Offensive parents are included in the care, to improve the skills/practice of parenting. This is supported by one random study.
Rational Cognitive Emotive Behavior Therapy It consists of ten different but interdependent steps. These steps fall within one of three theoretical orientations (ie, rational or focused solutions, cognitive emotions, and behaviors) and are intended to provide abused children and adoptive parents with positive behavioral changes, corrective interpersonal skills, and control the bigger ones over themselves and their relationships. They are: 1) determining and normalizing thinking and behaving, 2) evaluating the language, 3) diverting attention from the discussion of the problem 4) explaining the time when the attachment problem does not occur, 5) focusing on how family members "succeed" solving attachment behavior problems; 6) recognizes "unpleasant emotions" (ie, anger, sadness, fear) underlying negative interactional patterns, 7) identifies antecedents (control conditions) and related cognitive related relationships in behavior (the inner role of thought and emotion in (8) encouraging previously abused children to experience or "possess" negative thoughts and unpleasant emotional feelings, 9) modeling and rewarding positive behavioral changes (with themselves and in relationships), and 10) encouraging and appreciate thinking and behaving differently. This type of therapy diverts the victim's mind from the bad and changes their behavior.
Parent-child interaction therapy is designed to improve parent-child relationships after the experience of domestic violence. It targets trauma-related symptoms in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, including PTSD, aggression, insubordination, and anxiety. This is supported by two studies from one sample.
Other forms of treatment include group therapy, play therapy, and art therapy. Each of these types of treatments can be used to help clients better, depending on the nature of the violence they are experiencing. Play therapy and art therapy is a way to make children more comfortable with therapy by doing something they love (coloring, drawing, painting, etc.). Children's artwork designs can be a symbolic representation of what they feel, relationships with friends or family, and more. Being able to discuss and analyze children's artwork can enable a professional to gain better insight into the child.
Prevalence
Child abuse is complicated and difficult to learn. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), estimates of child abuse rates vary widely by country, depending on how child abuse is defined, the type of ill-treatment investigated, the scope and quality of the data collected, and the scope and quality of the survey requesting a self-report from the victim , parents, and caregivers. Despite these limitations, international studies show that a quarter of all adults report physical abuse as a child, and 1 in 5 women and 1 in 13 men report childhood sexual abuse. Emotional abuse and neglect are also common childhood experiences.
In 2014, some 41,000 children under the age of 15 become victims of murder each year. WHO states that this figure underestimates the actual rate of child killings; most child deaths caused by mistreatment are associated with unrelated factors such as falls, burns, and drowning. Also, girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence, exploitation and abuse in situations of armed conflict and refugee arrangements, either by combatants, security forces, community members, aid workers, or others.
United States
The National Research Council wrote in 1993 that "... the evidence exists demonstrates that child abuse and neglect are important and common problems in the United States [...] Child abuse and negligence are very important compared to critical childhood problems others because they are often directly related to the adverse physical and mental health consequences of children and families ".
In 2012, Child Protection Services (CPS) estimates that about 9 out of 1,000 children in the United States are victims of child abuse. Most (78%) are victims of negligence. Physical harassment, sexual harassment, and other types of ill-treatment, are less common, covering 18%, 9%, and 11% of cases, respectively ("other types" including emotional abuse, substance abuse, and inadequate supervision). However, the CPS report may underestimate the true scope of child abuse. A non-CPS study estimates that one in four children experiences some form of abuse in their life, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
In February 2017, the American Public Health Association published a study at Washington University estimating that 37% of American children underwent an investigation of child protection services at the age of 18 (or 53% if African Americans).
David Finkelhor tracked Child Maltreatment Report (NCANDS) data from 1990 to 2010. He stated that sexual harassment had decreased 62% from 1992 to 2009. Long-term trends for physical violence also fell by 56% since 1992. The decrease in sexual abuse adds positive long-term trends that are already substantial. He stated: "It is unfortunate that information on child abuse trends is not better publicized and more widely known," The long-term decline in sexual and physical abuse may have important implications for public policy. "
Douglas J. Besharov, first Director of the US Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, stated "existing laws are often blurred and too broad" and there is "a lack of consensus among professionals and Child Protection Services (CPS), personnel on what it means misuse and neglect means ". Susan Orr, former head of the United States Children's Bureau. The US Department of Health and Administrative Services for Children and Families, 2001-2007, states that "much of what is now defined as child abuse and negligence does not deserve government interference".
Child abuse whose fatalities occur when a child's death is the result of abuse or neglect, or when harassment or neglect is a contributing factor to the death of a child. In the United States, 1,730 children died in 2008 due to factors related to abuse; this is the rate of 2 per 100,000 US children. Family situations that place at-risk children include moving, unemployment, and having non-family members living in the household. A number of policies and programs have been implemented in the US to try to better understand and prevent child abuse victims, including: safe-haven laws, child mortality review teams, researcher training, prevention programs for infant shock syndrome, and children abusing the law of death that mandates a harsher penalty for taking the life of a child.
One of the judicial decisions found that parents who do not speak enough national standard home language to their children are a form of child abuse by judges in childcare issues.
Society and culture
History
All recorded histories contain references to actions that can be described as child abuse or child abuse, but professional inquiry into topics is generally considered to have begun in the 1960s. The July 1962 publication of The Child-Syndrome, written primarily for child psychiatrist C. Henry Kempe and published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, represents the moment of child abuse entering mainstream consciousness.. Prior to article publication, injuries to children - even recurrent bone fractures - are generally not recognized as the result of deliberate trauma. Conversely, doctors often look for undiagnosed bone disease or receive accidental parent accidents accounts such as falls or attacks by an environmental bully.
Throughout the 20th century, until the 1970s, in several Western countries, ethnic minority children were forcibly excluded from their families and communities, by state and church authorities, and forced to "assimilate". These policies include Stolen Generation (in Australia for Australian Aboriginal children and Torres Strait Islander) and the Canadian Indian residential school system (in Canada for the First Nation, MÃÆ'Ã… © tis and Inuit), with such children often suffering severe abuse.
The study of child abuse and negligence emerged as an academic discipline in the early 1970s in the United States. Elisabeth Young-Bruehl argues that while more and more child advocates and interests in protecting children occur, the grouping of children into "being harassed" and "not abused" creates artificial distinctions that narrow the concept of children's rights to just protection from persecution , and blocked investigations on the ways in which children are discriminated against in society at large. Another effect of the way child abuse and neglect have been learned, according to Young-Bruehl, is to cover the consideration of how the children themselves view the persecution and the importance of their attitude towards adults against them. Young-Bruehl writes that when belief in inferiority adheres to adults in society, all children suffer whether their treatment is labeled as "abuse" or not.
Child labor
Child labor refers to the work of children in any work that deprives children in their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular schools, or mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and dangerous. The International Labor Organization considers such workers to be a form of child exploitation and abuse. Child labor refers to work that violates the development of children (due to the nature of the work or lack of appropriate regulation) and excludes age-appropriate and properly supervised work in which minors can participate. According to the ILO, globally, about 215 million children work, many work full-time. Many of these children are not in school, do not receive proper nutrition or care, and have little time or even no time to play. More than half are exposed to the worst forms of child labor, such as child prostitution, drug trafficking, armed conflict, and other hazardous environments. There are several international instruments that protect children from child labor, including the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 and the Worst Forms of Child Labor.
Child trafficking
Child trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, concealment or acceptance of children for the purpose of exploitation. Children are trafficked for purposes such as commercial sexual exploitation, bonded labor, camel jockeys, child domestic workers, drug juggles, child soldiers, illegal adoption, beggars. It is difficult to get a reliable estimate of the number of children trafficked each year, primarily because of the covert and criminal nature of the practice. The International Labor Organization estimates that 1.2 million children are trafficked each year.
In Switzerland, between the 1850s and the mid-20th century, hundreds of thousands of children were forcibly removed from their parents by the authorities, and sent to work in the fields, living with new families. These children usually come from poor or single parents, and are used as free labor by farmers, and are known as contract children or Verdingkinder .
Other policies on organized child abduction and the sale of children in the 20th century included missing children from Francoism (in Spain) and the loss of children of Mothers from the Plaza de Mayo (in Argentina).
Female genital mutilation
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "all procedures involving partial or total removal of external female genitals, or other injuries to female genital organs for non-medical reasons." It is practiced primarily in 28 countries in Africa, and in parts of Asia and the Middle East. FGM is mostly found in geographic areas across Africa, from east to west - from Somalia to Senegal, and from north to south - from Egypt to Tanzania. FGM is most often performed on young girls aged between infants and 15 years old. FGM is classified into four types, where type 3 - infibulation - is the most extreme form. The consequences of FGM include physical, emotional and sexual problems, and include serious risks during childbirth. In Western countries, this practice is illegal and is considered a bent
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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