Affect is a concept used in psychology to describe a feeling or emotion experience. The term influences takes on different meanings in other fields. In psychology, it affects the mediation of an organism's interaction with stimuli. The word also sometimes refers to affect the display, which is "facial, vocal, or gestural behavior that serves as an indicator of influence" (APA 2006).
Affective domains represent one of the three divisions described in modern psychology: cognitive, conative, and affective . Classically, these divisions have also been referred to as "ABC of psychology", in that it uses the terms "influence", "behavior", and "cognition". In some senses, cognitive can be considered as part of affective, or affective as part of cognitive; it is important to note that "cognitive and affective states... [only] analytic categories".
Affective states are psycho-physiological constructions. According to current views, they vary along three major dimensions: valence, passion, and motivation intensity. Valence is a subjective subjective-negative evaluation of the condition experienced. Emotional valence refers to emotional consequences, emotional-eliciting states, or subjective feelings or attitudes. Passion can be measured objectively as the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, but it can also be assessed subjectively through self-report. Passion is a construction that is closely related to the intensity of motivation but they differ in motivation which always means action while passion does not. The intensity of motivation refers to the drive to action; the drive force to move in or away from the stimulus. Moving simply is not considered an approach (or evasion) of motivation without the motivational drive present.
These three categories can be attributed to cognition when considering the construct of the cognitive scope . Initially, there is a presumption that positive influence is widespread while negativity affects the narrower cognitive sphere. However, current evidence suggests that high affects in the intensity of the motivation of narrow cognitive scope while affecting low in intensity motivation expanding it. Cognitive coverage does prove to be a valuable construct in cognitive psychology.
Video Affect (psychology)
Theoretical perspective
"Affects" can mean instinctive reactions to stimuli that occur before cognitive processes are deemed necessary for the formation of more complex emotions. Robert B. Zajonc insisted this reaction to stimuli was central to humans and that it was the dominant reaction to non-human organisms. Zajonc suggests that affective reactions can occur without broad perceptual and cognitive conditioning and are made faster and with greater confidence than cognitive judgments (Zajonc, 1980).
Many theorists (eg Lazarus, 1982) regarded influence as post-cognitive: only obtained after a number of cognitive processes of information have been achieved. In this view, affective reactions such as likes, dislikes, evaluations, or experiences of pleasure or dissatisfaction each result from different previous cognitive processes that create a variety of discriminatory content and identify features, examine them for value, and weigh them accordingly for contributions they (Brewin, 1989). Some scholars (eg Lerner and Keltner 2000) argue that influence can be pre and post cognitive: early emotional responses produce thoughts, which produce influence. In further iterations, some scholars argue that influences are needed to allow a more rational mode of cognition (eg Damasio 1994).
The distinction of the narrow emotional reinforcement model allows another perspective on how influence affects emotional development. Thus, temperament, cognitive development, patterns of socialization, and the peculiarity of a family or subculture can interact in nonlinear ways. For example, the temperament of a very reactive/low-calming baby can be "disproportionate" to affect the emotional regulatory process in the early months of life (Griffiths, 1997).
Some other social sciences, such as geography or anthropology, have adopted the concept of influence over the last decade. In French psychoanalysis, the main contribution to the sphere of influence comes from Andrà ©  © Green. The focus on influence comes largely from Deleuze's work and brings emotional and visceral concerns into conventional discourse such as on geopolitics, urban life and material culture. Affecting also challenges the methodology of the social sciences by emphasizing the somatic power over the idea of ​​objectivity removed and therefore has a strong bond with contemporary non-representational theory.
Maps Affect (psychology)
History
A number of experiments have been conducted in the study of social and psychological affective preferences (ie, what people like or dislike). Special research has been done on preference, attitude, impression formation, and decision making. This study contrasts findings with memory recognition (old-time assessment), which allows researchers to demonstrate a reliable difference between the two. Assessment based on influences and cognitive processes have been examined taking into account the differences shown, and some argue affect and cognition are under the control of separate and partially independent systems that can affect each other in various ways (Zajonc, 1980). Both influence and cognition can be a source of independent effects in information processing systems. Others suggest emotions are the result of anticipated, experienced, or imagined outcomes of an adaptation transaction between organism and environment, and therefore the cognitive valuation process is the key to the development and expression of an emotion (Lazarus, 1982).
Psychometric measurements
Affects have been found across cultures to consist of both positive and negative dimensions. The most commonly used measure in scientific research is Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (HEAT). HEAT is a lexical measure developed in a North American setting and consists of 20 single words, eg excited , warning , defined for positive influences, and upset , guilty , and anxious for a negative effect. However, some HOT items have been found either to be redundant or to have ambiguous meanings to English speakers of North American culture. Consequently, an internationally reliable short form, I-HEAT-SF, has been developed and validated consisting of two 5-item scales with internal reliability, cross-cultural and crosscultural in-factor inversions, temporal stability, convergence and related criteria.
Mroczek and Kolarz have also developed a range of other scales to measure positive and negative influences. Each scales has 6 items. The scale has shown evidence of validity and reliability that is acceptable across cultures.
Unconscious influence and perception
In relation to perception, the type of unconscious influence may be separate from the cognitive processing of environmental stimuli. A monohierarchy of perceptions, influences and cognitions considers the role of arousal, attention, tendency, affective excellence (Zajonc, 1980), evolutionary constraints (Shepard 1984, 1994), and secret perception (Weiskrantz, 1997) in sensing and processing preferences and discrimination. Emotions are complex chain events triggered by certain stimuli. There is no way to fully describe emotions simply by knowing some of its components. Oral reports about feelings are often inaccurate because people may not know exactly what they feel, or they may feel several different emotions at the same time. There are also situations that arise where individuals try to hide their feelings, and there are some who believe that public and private events rarely occur correctly, and that words for feelings are generally more ambiguous than words for objects or events. Therefore, unconscious emotions need to be measured by steps of evading self-reports such as Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT; Quirin, KazÃÆ' Â © n, & Kuhl, 2009).
Affective responses, on the other hand, are more basic and may be less problematic in terms of assessment. Brewin has proposed two experience processes that frame non-cognitive relationships between affective experiences: those who are pre-preseted (ie unconscious) processes, are able to "choose from the total stimulus array of stimuli that are causally relevant, using criteria such as perceptions of perception, spatiotemporal cues, and predictive value in relation to data stored in memory "(Brewin, 1989, p.381), and the automatic (ie the subconscious), are characterized as" fast, relatively inflexible and difficult to modify (requires) minimal attention to occur and... (being able) activated without intention or awareness "(1989 p. 381). But a note should be considered on the difference between influence and emotion.
Arousal
Passion is the basic physiological response to the presentation of stimuli. When this happens, the unconscious affective process takes the form of two control mechanisms: one mobilization and the other paralyzing. In the human brain, the amygdala regulates instinctual reactions that initiate this stimulus process, either freezing an individual or accelerating mobilization.
Passion response is illustrated in studies that focus on reward systems that control food search behavior (Balleine, 2005). Researchers have focused on the learning and modulation processes that are present when encoding and retrieving objective values. When an organism is looking for food, the anticipation of rewards based on environmental events becomes another effect on food searches that are separate from the reward of the food itself. Therefore, getting a prize and anticipating a prize is a separate process and both create the effect of stimulation from the gesture associated with the reward. The two processes are separated at the amygdala level, and functionally integrated within the larger nervous system.
Motivation of intensity and cognitive scope
- Measure Cognitive Scope
Cognitive scope can be measured by tasks that involve attention, perception, categorization and memory. Some studies use the flanker's attention task to see if the cognitive sphere is expanded or narrowed. For example, using the letters "H" and "N" participants need to identify as soon as possible the middle letter 5 when all letters are the same (eg "HHHHH") and when the middle letter is different from the flanking letter (eg "HHNHH"). Broader cognitive coverage will be indicated if reaction time is very different from when all the letters are the same as when the middle letter is different. Other studies use the duty of Navon attention to measure differences in cognitive scope. The uppercase letter consists of smaller letters, in many cases smaller "L" or "F" forming the letters "T" or "H" or vice versa. Expanded cognitive scopes will be suggested by faster reactions to name larger letters, whereas narrower cognitive spheres will be suggested by faster reactions to name smaller letters in larger letters. The source monitoring paradigm can also be used to measure how much contextual information is perceived: for example, a participant is assigned to watch a screen that serially displays words that must be memorized for 3 seconds each, and must also remember whether the word appears on the left or right of the screen. The words were also wrapped in colored boxes, but the participants did not know that they would eventually be asked what color box appeared on the word.
- Main Research Findings
The intensity motivation refers to the force of the impulse to move in or away from a particular stimulus.
Anger and fear of affective status, induced through film clips, give more selective attention to the task of flanker compared to controls as indicated by less reactionary times, even when flanking letters differ from target letter letters. Both anger and fear have a high motivational intensity because the drive for action will be high in the face of an angry or fearful stimulus, such as a person who screams or a circular snake. Influence is high in the intensity of motivation, thus, narrow cognitive scope allows people to focus more on targeted information. After seeing the sad picture, participants more quickly identify larger letters in Navon's attention task, suggesting a wider or global cognitive scope. Sad emotions are sometimes considered to have low motivation intensity. However, after seeing the disgusting images, the participants more quickly identified the letters of components, indicating a narrower and more localized cognitive scope. Disgust has a high motivation intensity. Influence is high in motivation intensity, thus, narrow cognitive scope allows people to focus more on central information. while affecting low in intensity motivation expands the cognitive scope that allows for faster global interpretation. The change in cognitive scope associated with different affective states is an evolutionary adaptation because of the high intensity of motivation affect aroused by stimuli requiring movement and action should be focused on, in a phenomenon known as goal-directed behavior. For example, in the early days of seeing a lion (a frightening stimulus) may bring about a negative but high (fear) affective state of motivation in which humans are encouraged to escape. In this case the goal is to avoid getting killed.
Moving beyond just a negative affective state, researchers want to test whether a negative or positive affective state varies between high and low motivation intensity. To evaluate this theory, Harmon-Jones, Gable and Price created experiments using priming lust images and Navon assignments, which would allow them to measure the scope of attention with Navon letters detection. Navon's task includes a neutral effect comparative condition. Typically, neutral states cause increased attention with neutral stimuli. They estimate that a wide range of concerns can lead to faster detection of global (large) letters, whereas narrower attention spans may lead to faster detection of local (small) letters. Evidence proves that appetite stimulation results in a narrow scope of attention. The researchers further increased the scope of attention that narrows in the stimulation of appetite by telling participants that they will be allowed to consume the desserts shown in the picture. The results reveal that their hypothesis is true because a wide scope of attention causes faster global letter detection and narrowed attention span causing faster localized detection of letters.
Bradley researchers, Codispoti, Cuthbert and Lang wanted to further examine the emotional reactions in priming images. Instead of using their appetite stimulus using a stimulus set from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). The set of images includes a variety of unpleasant images such as snakes, insects, attack scenes, accidents, illness, and loss. They estimate that unpleasant images will stimulate a defensive motivation intensity response, which will result in strong emotional arousal such as skin gland responses and heart decelerations. Participants assess the image by valence, passion and dominance on the scale of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) assessment. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis and prove that emotions are regulated motivatively by the intensity of activation in the appetite or defense system.
Prior to the study in 2013, Harmon-Jones and Gable conducted experiments to examine whether neural activation associated with the intensity of the approach motivation (left-middle-frontal activity) would trigger the effect of lust stimulation on narrowed attention. They also tested whether individual differences in approach motivation relate to narrowing of attention. To test the hypothesis, the researchers used the same Navon assignment with interesting and neutral images in addition to having participants show how long since they last ate in minutes. To examine neuronal activation, the researchers used electroencephalography and recorded eye movements to detect which part of the brain was used during the motivation of the approach. The results support the hypothesis that left left hemisphere left is relative to the process of approach-motivation and narrows the scope of attention. Some psychologists fear that hungry individuals experience left frontal improvement due to frustration. This statement is proven to be false because research shows that dessert images increase positive effects even in hungry individuals. These findings reveal that a narrow cognitive scope has the ability to assist us in achieving goals.
- Clinical Application
Then, researchers linked the intensity of motivation to clinical applications and found that alcohol-related images caused a narrowed attention for people with strong motivation to consume alcohol. The researchers tested the participants by exposing them to alcohol and neutral images. Once the image is displayed on the screen, participants complete a test that evaluates the focus of attention. The findings prove that exposure to alcohol-related images causes a narrowing of the focus of attention on individuals who are motivated to use alcohol. However, neutral image exposure does not correlate with alcohol-related motivations to manipulate the focus of attention. The Alcohol Myopia Theory (AMT) states that the consumption of alcohol reduces the amount of information available in memory, which also narrows attention so that only the most proximal items or striking sources are covered in the scope of attention. This narrow attachment leads a drunk person to make more extreme decisions than when they are conscious. The researchers provide evidence that substance-related stimuli capture individual attention when they have high and intense motivation to consume substance. The intensity of attention-induced motivation and narrowing of attention has a unique role in shaping people's initial decision to consume alcohol. In 2013, psychologists from the University of Missouri investigated the relationship between the attainment orientation of sports and the results of alcohol. They asked university athletes to complete the Sport Orientation Questionnaire that measures their sports achievement orientation on three scales - competitiveness, win orientation, and goal orientation. The participants also completed an assessment of alcohol use and alcohol related issues. The results revealed that the athlete's goal orientation was significantly related to alcohol use but not alcohol-related problems.
In terms of implications and applications of psychopathology, students who exhibit symptoms of depression are better at taking seemingly "irrelevant" contextual information from the task of the source monitoring paradigm. That is, students with depressive symptoms are better at identifying the color of the word box compared with non-depressed students. Sadness (low motivation intensity) is usually associated with depression, so a wider focus on contextual information than sadder students supports that which affects high intensity in the motivation of narrow cognitive scope while affecting low in intensity motivation expands the cognitive scope.
The Theory of Motivation Intensity states that the difficulty of the task combined with the importance of success determines the energy invested by an individual. This theory has three main layers. The innermost layer says human behavior is guided by the desire to conserve as much energy as possible. Individuals aim to avoid wasting energy so they only invest the energy needed to complete the task. The middle layer focuses on the difficulty of the task combined with the importance of success and how it affects energy conservation. It focuses on energy investments in clear and unclear task difficulty situations. The last layer looks at predictions for the energy invested by someone when they have several possible options to choose on different task difficulties. The person is free to choose some possible task difficulty options. Motivation intensity theory offers a logical and consistent framework for research. Researchers can predict a person's actions by assuming business refers to energy investments. Motivation intensity theory is used to show how changes in attraction and energy investment goals correlate.
Mood
Moods, like emotions, are affective states. However, an emotion tends to have a clear focus (ie, the cause is obvious), while moods tend to be less focused and spreading. Mood, according to Batson, Shaw and Oleson (1992), involves a tone and intensity and a series of structured beliefs about the common expectations of future experiences of pleasure or pain, or positive or negative influences in the future. Unlike instant reaction that produces influence or emotion, and changes with hope of future pleasure or pain, mood, spread and unfocused and thus more difficult to overcome, may last for days, weeks, months - months or even years (Schucman, 1975). Mood is a hypothetical construct that describes the individual emotional state. Researchers usually conclude the existence of an atmosphere of behavioral reference (Blechman, 1990). Negative effects of negative habits and moods are characteristic of high neuroticism.
Positive influences and negative influences (HEAT) represent an independent domain of emotion in the general population, and positive influences are strongly associated with social interaction. Positive and negative everyday events show an independent relationship with subjective wellbeing, and positive influences are strongly associated with social activities. Recent research has shown that high functional support is associated with a higher level of positive influence. In his work on the stimulus of negative influence and white noise, Seidner finds support for the existence of a negative influence stimulus mechanism regarding the devaluation of speakers from other ethnic origin. The exact process by which social support is linked to positive influences remains unclear. This process can come from predictable and orderly social interactions, from recreational activities where the focus is on relaxation and a positive mood, or from the enjoyment of joint activities. The technique used to shift the negative mood to the positive is called a mood improvement strategy.
Social interactions
Influencing the display is a critical aspect of interpersonal communication. Evolutionary psychologists have proposed the hypothesis that hominids have evolved with sophisticated reading skills affecting the display.
Emotion is described as a dynamic process that mediates individual relationships with an ever-changing social environment. In other words, emotion is perceived as a process of building, maintaining, or disturbing the relationships between organisms and the environment on matters that matter to the person.
Most social and psychological phenomena occur as a result of repeated interactions between individuals over time. This interaction should be viewed as a multi-agent system - a system that contains multiple agents interacting with each other and/or with their environment over time. The results of the behavior of individual agents are interdependent: Each agent's ability to achieve his goals depends on not only what he does but also what other agents do.
Emotions are one of the main sources for interaction. A person's emotions affect the emotions, thoughts, and behaviors of others; other people's reactions can then affect their future interactions with the individual who expresses the original emotion, as well as the individual's emotions and future behavior. Emotions operate in cycles that can involve many people in the process of mutual influence.
Affects, emotions, or feelings are shown to others through facial expressions, hand movements, postures, sound characteristics, and other physical manifestations. The appearance of this affect varies between and within the culture and is displayed in various forms ranging from the most discrete facial expressions to the most dramatic and productive movements.
Observers are sensitive to agency emotions, and are able to recognize these emotionally conveyed messages. They react and draw conclusions from the agent's emotions. It should be noted that the emotions the agent discloses may not be the original reflection of the actual state (See also Emotional workforce).
Emotion agents can have an effect on four broad set of factors:
- Emotions of others
- Conclusion from others
- Other people's behavior
- Interactions and relationships between agents and others.
Emotions can affect not only the person being targeted, but also the third party who observes the agent's emotions. In addition, emotions can affect larger social entities such as groups or teams. Emotions are a kind of message and can therefore affect the emotions, attributions and subsequent behavior of others, potentially generating feedback processes to the original agent.
The sense of the agent evokes the feelings of others with two different mechanisms suggested:
- Emotion Contagion - people tend to automatically and unconsciously imitate non-verbal expressions. Imitations also occur in interactions that involve textual exchange only.
- Emotion Interpretation - an individual can see agents as a certain emotional feeling and react with emotions that are appropriate or appropriate to their own situation. The feelings of others deviate from and in some way compliment the feelings of the original agent.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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