Jahannam (Arabic: ???? ? (etymologically related to the Hebrew ?????? Gehennom and Greek: ??????) refers to the place of punishment for criminals. Punishment brought according to the degree of crime In the Quran, Jahannam is also called the al-Nar > Jaheem ???? ? ("Blazing Fire"), Hatamah ???? ? ("That's a Breaks to Pieces"), Haawiyah ????? ? ("The Abyss" Ladthaa =
According to the Qur'an, the Last Days of the world will be destroyed and all the people and the jinn will be raised from death to be judged by God, whether they are worthy to be sent to heaven ( Jannah ) or hell. Hell will be inhabited by unbelievers of God (Tauhid), violates His laws, and/or rejects His messenger. One group that did not have to wait until Last Day to go to hell was the "Human Enemy", who was sentenced to Hell directly after death.
The suffering in hell is both physical and spiritual, and varies according to the condemned sins. As explained in the Qur'an, Hell has seven levels (each is heavier than those above); seven gates (each for a particular group of sinners); a blazing fire, boiling water, and the Tree Zaqqum . Not all Muslims and scholars agree whether hell is an enduring goal or whether some or even all that is condemned will ultimately be forgiven and allowed into heaven.
Video Jahannam
Sumber
Much of how Muslims portray and think about Jahannam comes from the Qur'an, according to scholar Einar Thomassen, who found nearly 500 references to Hell/hell (using various names) in the Qur'an. Jahannam appeared in the Qur'an 77 times, Al-Jaheem 23 times.
Quran
One collection of Qur'anic descriptions of hell includes "a rather specific indication of the torment of Fire": a crackling and thundering fire; very hot water, boiling water, and black smoke, roaring and boiling as if to explode with anger. The sad dweller complains and laments, his scorched skin constantly being exchanged for new ones so that they can feel new torments, drinking festering water and though deaths appear on all sides they can not die. They are linked together in a chain of cubits 70, wearing clothes and fire on their faces, having boiling water to be poured over their heads, melting their insides and their skins, and iron hooks to drag them back if they try to escape, they are guilty of asking for forgiveness.
The Qur'an mentions three different sources of food in hell:
- ? ari ', a thorny dry desert plant and fails to eliminate hunger or support someone (88: 6);
- ghislin , which is mentioned only once (in 69:36, which states that it is the only food in hell);
- zaqqum is mentioned three times.
Hadith
Hadith (a collection of reports on the teachings, deeds and sayings of the Prophet of Islam Muhammad) introduces punishments, excuses and revelations not mentioned in the Qur'an. Neither in the verses of the Qur'an nor the hadith, "Fire" (Jahannam) is "a terrible place of punishment that always contrasts with Jannah," Garden. "Whatever the characteristics of" Park is offered, Fire usually offers the opposite conditions. "Some hadith describes a part of hell that is very cold rather than hot, known as Zamhareer.
eschatological Guide
In addition to the Qur'an and the hadith are "Eschatological guidebooks". It was written after two other sources and developed the description of Jahannam "in a more intentional manner". While the Qur'an and hadith tend to describe the punishments that infidels are forced to give themselves, manuals illustrate external punishment and more dramatically, through demons, scorpions, and snakes.
The handbook dedicated entirely to Jahannam subjects including Ibn Abi al-Dunya's Sifat al-nar , and al-Maqdisi's Dzikir al-nar . Another guide - such as the text by al-Ghazali and 12th-century Qadi Ayyad - "dramatized the life of hell", and presented "new penalties, various types of sinners, and the appearance of many demons," to advise those who are loyal to piety. His Hell has a structure with a special place for every kind of sinner.
Al Ghazali, in his book "The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife", explains and discusses "mistakes" and graphics, sometimes a scene of violence from Jahannam.
According to Al-Ghazali theologian, Afterlife will begin with "Day of the Arising" and a blast of trumpets that will wake the dead from their grave. "The Perspiration" - when all creatures created, including humans, angels, jinn, demons and animals gather and sweat that are not exposed to the sun - will follow. Sinners and unbelievers will suffer and sweat longer on this day, which lasts for "50,000 years". God will judge every soul, accept no reason, and examine every action and intention - no matter how small. It is believed that those whose good deeds are greater than the wicked will be assigned to Jannah and those who do worse than good for Hell. Eventually the souls will cross hell fire through the bridge of the dead. For sinners, it is believed that the bridge would be thinner than the hair and sharper than the sharpest sword, impossible to walk without falling below to get to their destination.
According to Leor Halevi, between the time of death and during their funeral, "the soul of a dead Muslim took a quick trip to Heaven and Hell, where he saw the vision of happiness and torture awaiting humanity at the end of the day."
In the 'Death Journey of Death', Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, a 14th-century theologian, wrote explicitly about the penalties faced by sinners and unbelievers in Jahannam. This is directly related to the wrongdoer of the wrongdoer.
Maps Jahannam
The Hellfire
Jahanam is described as a gap with the scorching winds and the As-Sirat bridge above. His gate was guarded by the Maalik and his angels under it. From the depths of Jahannam Zaqqum grows a tree with fruits that look like the devil's head. Sinners will be tortured by Zabaniyya. Quran 4: 168 and Quran 37:23 talk about the path to hell.
Immortal or temporary
Ulema do not agree on whether the hell's residence lasts forever or not. Some verses in the Qur'an mention the eternal nature of hell or heaven and hell. Quran 7:23, the accursed will linger in hell for centuries. Two verses in the Qur'an (6: 128 and 11: 107) emphasize that consignment to hell is horrible and eternal - but includes a warning "except for God (or your Lord) wills." Some scholars regard this as an escape from eternal eternity. The Quran (10: 107) shows that Jahannam will be destroyed someday, {{Verification fails} so that the occupants can be rehabilitated or no longer exists.
The common belief among Muslims is that the duration in hell is temporary for Muslims but not for others, thus incorporating the eternal concept of hell with the concept of Christian Catholic purgatory.
Sentience
Some scholars such as al-Ghazali and Al-Qurtubi's 13th-century Muslim scholar describe hell as a gigantic living creature, not a place. In Firdaus and Hellfire in Imam al-Qurtubi, Qurtubi writes, "On the Day of Resurrection, the hell will be carried with seventy thousand controls, one control will be held by seventy thousand angels...". Based on verse 67: 7 and verse 50:30 Jahannam breathe and breath ". Islamitas noted "the nature of the" from "Fire" in verse 25:12: "When Hell saw them from a distant place, they would hear their anger and their roar." According to a hadith, God will ask Jahannam, if it is full and Jahannam replied: "Is there anymore (to come)?"
Sunni Concept of Hell
Sunnism traditionally divides Jahannam (analog to heaven) into seven stages. According to one of the common traditions, the layers of hell are:
- 1) Fire for sinners in Muslims
- 2) Interim inferno for sinners among Christians
- 3) Temporary purpose for sinners among Jews
- 4) Fire goes on for apostates
- 5) Places for wizards and fortune tellers
- 6) Furnace for unbelievers
- 7) A deadly abyss for hypocrites, such as Pharaoh and unbelievers after a religious or religious Isa/Muslim table of the infidels.
Another common tradition divides the "seven earth" identified with hell, into the following:
- 1) A dim (surface), inhabited by humans and jinn.
- 2) Basit (plain), wind prison, where the wind comes from.
- 3) Thaqil (tribal areas), hell's front chamber, where a man lives with a dog's mouth, a goat's ear and an ox kernus's foot.
- 4) Batih (the place of torrents), a valley where a flow of sulfur flow boils to torment the wicked. The inhabitants of this valley have no eyes and feet, have wings.
- 5) Hayn (a region of misery), where a large snake devours the unbelievers.
- 6) Masika / Sijjin (shop or dungeon), the office where sin was recorded and where the soul was tortured by a donkey scorpion.
- 7) As-Saqar (burning place) and Athara (cold and cold place) Satan's house, chained in the midst of a rebel angel, his hands tightening one in front and the other behind it, except when released by God to punish his demons.
The mystical concept of Jahannam
Muslim mystics, like non-mystics, regard Jahannam as the place where sinners in this world will be punished, but they have given various characterizations of Jahannam's idea. Historically speaking, the Sufi view evolved from the fear of God to the love of God; they emphasize the interior of sharia and its exterior. Sufism eventually developed into a theoretical mysticism cultivated in the theories of ibn 'Arabi and his followers.
According to ibn 'Arabi, Hell and Heaven refers, in fact, distances from, and distance to, God, respectively. Hell which is home to the wrongdoers is their conception of their distance from God, and painful punishment and humility is distance. Such distances are caused by one's pleasure in their natural desires and the illusion of things other than God exist. But such a distance is only an illusion, because everything is a form of the degree of Divine Presence, and thus, everything other than God is an illusion. According to ibn 'Arabi, Hell and Heaven is the psychological condition of the soul manifested after its separation from the body. In later centuries, the Sufis can not even accept a person to ask Heaven in the hope of meeting God or to do good in fear of hell.
The Ahmadiyya Concept of Jahannam
According to Ahmadiyya, the places of the hereafter are a picture of the spiritual life of man during life, fire is a manifestation of his sins. The main purpose of Jahannam is therefore considered to purge people from their evil deeds. Therefore punishment is for the everlasting spiritual progress of man. Muslims and Non-Muslims can enter or escape hell depending on their actions.
Hadith
The hadith literature provides extended details and descriptions of Jahannam. For example Hell is considered so deep that if a stone is thrown into it, it will fall for 70 years before reaching the base. (According to one calculation, this will make it more than 190,000,000 km deep, far greater distance than the Earth's diameter.) The area of ​​each Hell wall is equivalent to the distance traveled by a 40-year run. Malik in the Hadith cites Mohammed who says that the fire of Jahannam is seventy times bigger than the fire on earth. He also described that the fire was "more black than tar".
In Book 87 Hadith 155, "Interpretation of Dreams" from Sahih al-Bukhari , Muhammad talks about the angels with each "iron gilt" guarding hell, and then expanded in the discourse of the Qur'an depicting Hell telling it as the place
"built inside like a well and has side posts like wells, and next to every post there are angels carrying an iron rod.I see there a lot of people hung upside down with iron chains, and I confess in it some people from Quraish.
Some of the leading men in, or are destined to enter, the hell mentioned in the Hadith and Quran are: Fir'aun (ie, the pharaoh's Exodus, mentioned in Surah Yunus (especially Q10: 90-92), the wives of Noah and Lot (mentioned in Surah At-Tahrim, in particular Q: 66-10), and Abu Lahab and his wife (who are domiciled and Muhammad's enemies and mentioned in Surah Al-Masadd, in particular Q: 111).
According to Muhammad, the majority of the inhabitants of hell are women.
Other people mentioned in the Hadith include, but are not limited to, mighty, arrogant and arrogant.
According to one hadith, out of every thousand people who go into the wild, nine hundred and ninety-nine of them will end up in the fire.
Sahih Muslim cites Muhammad saying that suicide will be in Jahannam forever. According to the collector of Hadits Muwatta Imam Malik (Imam Malik), Muhammad said: "Surely a man uttered words which were not considered important by him, and by them he fell into the fire of Hell."
Al-Bukhari in book 72: 834 is added to the list of residents in Hell: "Those who will receive the harsh penalty from God will become the creator of the image". The use of tools made of precious metal can also land its users in Jahannam: "A person who drinks from a silver vessel brings the fire of Jahannam to his stomach". Like being able to starve a cat to death: "A woman is tortured and put into hell because of a cat that she keeps locked to death of starvation."
At least one hadith indicates the importance of faith in avoiding hell, stating: "... no one will enter hell whose heart is the weight of the faith of the atom."
Religious comparison
Christianity
Bible
Some parables of the Qur'an describing suffering in hell are similar to those of the Christian New Testament.
- The Bible states:
- "And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me and send Lazarus, so he can put his fingertips in the water and put it on my tongue, for I cruelly burn in this fire." Luke 16:24
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- "And besides, there is a deep division between us and you, so those who may go from here to you can not do it, and nothing comes from you to us." Luke 16:26
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- "Unhappy you are full of food now: for you will need.Unfortunately you are laughing now: for you will cry in sorrow." Luke 6:25
- Resembling the Qur'an which states:
- "And the Companions of Fire will call the Companions of Heaven," Pour water or whatever God has given you. "They will say," Verily, Allah forbids them both to the heathen. "17:50
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- "And among them will be partitions, and at the height are those who recognize it by their sign, and they call the Companions of Heaven," Peace be upon you. "They have not [yet] entered, but they are very long." 7:46
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- "So let them laugh a little and [then] cry a lot in retaliation for what they used to produce." 9:82
The book of Revelation describes a "lake burning with fire and sulfur: which is the second death", which by most Christians is believed to be the description of Hell, comparable to Jahannam as "fire". While the Qur'an describes Jahannam having seven levels, each for a different sin, the Bible (with respect to the matter of degree), speaks of "The lowest hell (Sheol)". It also refers to the "abyss", comparable to the lowest layer of Jahannam in most Sunni traditions.
Christian tradition
The hell that is often depicted in Christian culture is the place of the devil. Different sources what is Jahannam also. Yahiya Emerick describes it as "not the Shaytan (Devil) and Satan's headquarters as a popular idea in Western culture", but only a place created by God to punish sinners. On the other hand, in Al-sarah Ibn Ishaq, Satan can at least be regarded as a hell set up until the Day of Judgment.
Jahannam is led by the guardian ( khazana ) and the angel "hard".
Like the Islamic concept of hell, non-biblical writings, such as Inferno Dante, speak of hell divided into several "circles".
Christan Liberalism
In modern times some Christians and Christian denominations (such as Universalism) have rejected the concept of hell as a place of suffering and torture for sinners on the grounds that it is incompatible with a loving god. There is also a symbolic and more generous interpretation of hell among Muslims. Muslim Mouhanad Khorchide and Faheem Younus wrote that since the Qur'an states that God has "established for himself mercy", and "... for him whose scales (good deeds) are light, hell will be his mother," suffering in jahannam is not a product of retaliation and punishment, but a temporary phenomenon as a sinner "changed" in the process of confronting the truth about themselves. However, this has not been a common view of Muslims; Christian evangelist Phil Parshall, who spent decades observing and writing about Muslims in Asia, wrote that he "never met a Muslim who has tried to undermine the obedience and harshness of their hell doctrine."
Jewish-Islamic Sources
Arabic texts written by Jews in Jewish-Arabic texts (especially those identified with the Isra'iliyyat genre in the hadith study) also feature a description of Jahannam (or Jahannahum). It appears to have been heavily influenced by the Islamic environment in which they are structured, and can be considered as holding many of the same concepts as those today identified with Islamic eschatology. A Judeo-Arabic version of a popular narrative known as The Story of the Skull (the earliest version associated with Ka'ab al-Ahbar) offers a detailed description of the concept of Jahannam. Here, Malak al-Mawt (Angel of Death) and some sixty angels capture the soul of the dead and begin to torment him with fire and iron hooks. Two black angels named N'ir and Nakr (identified with Munkar and Nakir in Islamic eschatology) attacked the dead with a flame whip and took it to the lowest level of Jahannam. Then, they ordered the Earth to swallow and destroy the dead in his womb, saying: "Take him and revenge, for he has stolen the wealth of All'h and worshiped other than Him". After this, the dead were brought before the pulpit of God in which an introductory call to throw the dead to Hell. There he was put into the fettle of sixty cubits and became a skincloth full of snakes and scorpions.
The Judeo-Arab legend in question explains that the dead are freed from painful perogatory after twenty-four years. In the last quotation referring to Isaiah 58.8, the narrative states that "no one will help man on the last day except for good and loving action, charity to widows, orphans, poor and unlucky ones."
Some Jewish sources such as Yerahmeel provide descriptive details of places such as hell, divided into several levels; usually Sheol, translated as a cemetery or pit, is the place where man descends after death.
Zoroastrianism
Like Zoroastrianism, Islam declares that on the Day of Judgment all souls will pass over the bridge over hell (As-Sir? In Islam, the Chinvat Bridge in Zorastrianism) whichever is destined for hell will find too narrow and fall down into their new abode.
Hinduism
In the case of infinite hell, as an initial and re-circulation, cosmology resembles the hinduistic idea of ​​the eternal cosmic process of generation, decay and destruction.
Buddhism
Some descriptions of Jahannam resemble the description of the Naraka Buddha from the Mahayana sutras in connection with the destruction of the physical inhabitants of hell, while their consciousness is still there and after once the body is destroyed, it will regenerate again, thus the punishment will be repeated. But according to Buddhist belief, the inhabitants can obtain good Karma and in certain circumstances leave hell again.
See also
- Gehenna
- Barzakh
- Sheol
- Hell and Purgatory
- Jannah
- Safety
- Sin
- Hereafter
- Sijjin
References
Note
Quote
Books and journal articles
- Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad (1989). On the Commemoration of Death and the Hereafter . Winter, T. J. (Translator). Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society.
- Kaltner, John, ed. (2011). Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Readers . Fortress Press. pp.Ã, 228-234 . Retrieved May 2 2015 .
- Rustomji, Nerina (2009). The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture . Columbia University Press . Retrieved December 25 2014 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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