Taiga

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Taiga ( ; Russian: ?????? , IPA : Ã, [t? J '? A] ; from Turkish), also known as boreal forest or snow forests , are biomes that are characterized by forests including pine forests composed largely of pine, spruces and larches.

Taiga is the world's largest biome apart from the oceans. In North America it encompasses most of the inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme North American continent (northern Minnesota via Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Upstate New York and northern New England), where it is known as the Northwoods or "Northern Forest". In Eurasia, it covers most of Sweden, Finland, most of Norway, some Scottish Highlands, some lowland/coastal Iceland, most of Russia from Karelia in the west to the Pacific Ocean (including most of Siberia), and areas of northern Kazakhstan , Northern Mongolia, and northern Japan (on the island of Hokkaid?). However, the main tree species, the length of the growing season and the summer temperature vary. For example, North American taiga consists mostly of sprucing up; Taiga Scandinavia and Finland consists of a mixture of spruce, pine and birch; Russian Taiga has grains, pine and larch depending on the area, while the East Siberian Taiga is a vast larch forest.

The use of different taiga terms is often found in English, with "boreal forests" used in the United States and Canada to refer only to the more southerly part of the biome, while "taiga" is used to describe the barren. the northernmost part of the biome approaches the tree line and the tundra biome. Hoffman (1958) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and why it is the inappropriate differentiation of the Russian term. Although at high altitude grade taiga to the alpine tundra through Krummholz, it is not exclusively alpine biome; and unlike subalpine forests, many taiga are lowlands.

Video Taiga

Iklim dan geografi

Taiga is the world's largest soil biome, which covers 29% of the world's forest cover. The largest regions are located in Russia and Canada. Taiga is a terrestrial biome with the lowest annual average temperature after tundra and permanent ice sheet. The minimum winter extreme in northern taiga is usually lower than the tundra. The lowest temperatures recorded in the Northern Hemisphere are listed in the northeastern taiga of Russia. The taiga or boreal forests have a subarctic climate with a very large temperature range between seasons, but long and cold winters are a dominant feature. This climate is classified as Dfc , Dwc , Dsc , Dfd and Dwd in the schema climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen, meaning that short summers (an average of 24 hours  ± 10  ° C (50  ° F) or more) lasts for 1-3 months and are always less than 4 months. In Siberia the average temperature of the coldest month is between -6  ° C (21  ° F) and -50  ° C (-58  ° F). There are also some much smaller regions with a degree of mild climate in the ocean of Cfc , while the extreme south and (in Eurasia) west of taiga reach the humid continental climate ( Dfb , Dwb ) with longer summers. The average annual temperature generally varies from -5 ° C to 5 ° C (23 ° F to 41 ° F), but there are taiga areas in eastern Siberia and Alaska-Yukon interiors where the average annual reach to -10 ° C (14 ° F). According to some sources, the value of boreal forest becomes a medium mixed forest when the mean annual temperature is about 3 Ã,  ° C (37Ã,  ° F). The discontinuous permafrost is found in areas with mean annual temperatures below 0  ° C, while in the climate zone Dfd and Dwd continuously permafrost occurs and limiting the growth to the tree rooted very shallow. such as Siberian larch. Winter, with average temperatures well below freezing, the last five to seven months. Temperatures vary from -54 ° C to 30 ° C (-65 ° F to 86 ° F) year-round. Summer, though short, is generally warm and humid. In most taiga, -20  ° C (-4  ° F) will be typical winter day temperatures and 18  ° C (64  ° F) average summer day.

The cropping season, when the vegetation in taiga becomes alive, is usually slightly longer than the definition of summer climate because boreal biome plants have a lower threshold to trigger growth. In Canada, Scandinavia and Finland, the growing season is often estimated using a period of years when the average temperature of 24 hours is 5  ° C (41  ° F) or more. For the Taiga Plain in Canada, the growing season varies from 80 to 150 days, and in the Taiga Shield from 100 to 140 days. Some sources claim 130 days of planting seasons as typical of taiga. Other sources mention that 50-100 days of ice-free is characteristic. Data for locations in the southwest Yukon give 80-120 days free of ice. The closed canopy boreal forest in Kenozersky National Park near Plesetsk, Arkhangelsk Province, Russia, has an average of 108 ice-free days. The longest growing season is found in smaller areas with sea influences; in the Scandinavian and Finnish coastal regions, the closed boreal forest season can be 145-180 days. The shortest growing season is found in northern ecotone taiga-tundra, where the northern taiga forest is no longer able to grow and tundra dominates the landscape when the growing season falls to 50-70 days, and the hottest 24 hour hour of the moon is usually 10Ã, ° C ( 50Ã,  ° F) or less. High latitude means that the sun does not rise far above the horizon, and less solar energy is received than farther south. But high latitudes also ensure very long summer days, as the sun remains above the horizon nearly 20 hours every day, with only about 6 hours of daylight going on in the dark winter, depending on the latitude. The taiga area within the Arctic Circle has midnight sun in mid-summer and polar nights in mid-winter.

Taiga experiences relatively low rainfall throughout the year (generally 200-750 mm per year, 1,000 mm in some areas), mainly as rain during the summer months but also as fog and snow. This fog, especially dominant in lowland areas during and after the frozen Arctic sea liquefaction, means that sunlight is not abundant in taiga even during long summer days. Since evaporation is consequently low for most of the year, precipitation exceeds evaporation, and is sufficient to maintain the growth of dense vegetation. The snow may remain on the ground for nine months in the northernmost extension of ecozone taiga.

Generally, the taiga grows to the south from 10 ° C in July isoterm, but is sometimes as far north as isotherm 9 Â ° C (48 ° F) in July. Rich dull, Scottish pine on the western Siberian plains, the taiga is dominated by larch in Eastern Siberia, before returning to its original floristic wealth on the Pacific coast. Two fallen trees blend across southern Siberia: birch and Populus tremula.

Southern borders are more varied, depending on rainfall; taiga can be replaced by a southern desert forest of 15 Â ° C (59 Â ° F) July isotherms where rainfall is very low, but more typically extends southward to 18 Â ° C (64 Â ° F) July isotherms, and locally where rainfall is higher (especially in eastern Siberia and Outer Manchuria) to the south to 20 ° C (68 ° F) isotherm in July. In warmer regions this taiga has a higher species diversity, with warmer species such as Korean pine, Jezo spruce, and Manchurian pine, and gradually fused into temperate or, more localized forests (on the coast of the Pacific North American Ocean and Asia), to a coniferous rain forest where oak and hornbeam appear and join the conifer, birch and populus tremula.

Areas currently classified as taiga in Europe and North America (except Alaska) have recently been glaciated. When the glaciers recede they leave depression in topography that has since been filled with water, creating lakes and soils (especially muskeg soils) found throughout taiga.

In Sweden the taiga is associated with the Norrland terrain.

Maps Taiga

Land

Tanah Taiga tends to be young and poor in nutrition. It has no deep existence, which is organically enriched in temperate climates. The thinness of the soil is mostly caused by the cold, which inhibits the development of the soil and the ease of plant to use nutrients. Fallen leaves and moss can remain on the forest floor for a long time in a cool and humid climate, which limits their organic contribution to the soil; The acid of evergreen needles further moistens the soil, creating spodosol, also known as podzol. Because the soil is acidic because the pine needles are falling, the forest floor has only moss and some moss growing on it. In the opening in the forest and in areas with more boreal fall trees, there are more herbs and fruits. The diversity of soil organisms in high boreal forests, comparable to tropical rain forests.

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Flora

Since North America and Asia were previously linked to the Bering land bridge, a number of animal and plant species (more animals than plants) were able to colonize the two continents and be distributed throughout the taiga bioma (see Circumboreal Area). Others differ regionally, usually with each genus having several different species, each occupying a different region of the taiga. Taigas also has several small leaf-leaf trees such as birch, alder, willow, and poplar; mostly in areas that fled from the most extreme winters. However, the Dahurian larch tolerates the coldest winter in the northern hemisphere in eastern Siberia. The southernmost part of taiga may have trees such as oak, maple, elm and lime trees scattered between conifers, and there is usually a gradual transition to mixed temperate forests, such as east-east boreal eastern Canada transition. In the interior of the continent with the driest climate, boreal forests may enter the temperate pastures.

There are two main types of taiga. The southern part is a closed canopy forest , which consists of many close-range trees with mossy ground cover. At the opening in the forest, bushes and wildflowers are common, such as fireweed. The other types are lichen woodland or spiga taiga , with more distant trees and lichen ground cover; the latter is common in the northernmost taiga. In the northernmost taiga forest cover is not only more rare, but often inhibited in the form of growth; In addition, ice asymmetric black sprinkle pruning (in North America) is often seen, with reduced foliage on the windward side. In Canada, Scandinavia and Finland, boreal forests are usually divided into three sub-zones: Boreal b/nortore or northern boreal zones; middle boreal (closed forest); and south boreal , boreal forest covered canopy with some temperate trees among conifers, such as maple, elm and oak. This southern boreal forest experiences the longest and warmest biomes in the world, and in some regions (including Scandinavia, Finland and western Russia), these sub-zones are generally used for agricultural purposes. Boreal forests are home to many berries; there is limited in the south and central covered boreal forest (such as wild strawberries and partridgeberry); others grow in most taiga areas (such as cranberries and cloudberries), and some can grow well in taiga and low arctic tarts (southern parts) (such as bilberry, bunchberry and lingonberry).

The taiga forest is mostly a needle tree species, dominated by larch, spruce, fir and pine. The mix of forests varies according to geography and climate, so for example the eastern Canada forest ecoregion from higher elevations of the Laurentian Mountains and the northern Appalachian Mountains in Canada is dominated by balsam fir Abies balsamea, while further north of East Taiga Canada Shield from northern Quebec and Labrador are mainly black spruce Picea mariana and tamarack larch Larix laricina .

Green species in taiga (spruce, fir and pine) have a number of special adaptations for survival in harsh winter taiga, although larch, which is very tolerant of cold, decays. Taiga trees tend to have shallow roots to take advantage of thin soil, while many of them change biochemically on a seasonal basis to make them more resistant to clotting, called "hardening". The narrow conical shape of the northern conifer, and their falling limbs, also help them shed snow.

Since the sun is low on the horizon most of the year, it is difficult for plants to produce energy from photosynthesis. Pine, fir and cypress do not lose their leaves seasonally and are able to photosynthesize with older leaves at the end of winter and spring when the light is good but the temperature is still too low for new growth to begin. The adaptation of the green needle limits the water lost by transpiration and their dark green color increases the absorption of sunlight. Although rainfall is not a limiting factor, soils freeze during the winter months and plant roots can not absorb water, so drying can be a severe problem at the end of winter for evergreens.

Although taiga is dominated by conifer-type forests, several broadleaf trees also appear, especially birch, aspen, willow, and rowan. Many smaller herbaceous plants, such as ferns and sometimes ramps grow closer to the ground. Forest fires replace periodic fires (with a payback time between 20-200 years) clear up the tree canopy, allowing sunlight to freshen up new growths on the forest floor. For some species, forest fires are an important part of the life cycle in taiga; some, e.g. pine jack has a cone that is only open to release their seeds after a fire, spreading their seeds to newly cleansed soil; certain mushroom species (such as morels) are also known to do this. The grass grows wherever they can find a patch of sun, and moss and mosses thrive in the moist soil and on the sides of the tree trunks. Compared with other biomes, however, taiga has low biological diversity.

Coniferous tree is the dominant plant of taiga biome. Very few species in the four major genera are found: green evergreen, cypress and pine, and larch fall. In North America, one or two species of pine and one or two dominant pine species. In Scandinavia and western Russia, Scottish pine is a common component of taiga, while the Far Eastern taiga of Russia and Mongolia are dominated by larch.

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Fauna

Boreal forests, or taiga, support relatively small animals due to the harshness of the climate. Canada's boreal forest includes 85 species of mammals, 130 fish species, and about 32,000 species of insects. Insects play an important role as pollinators, decomposers, and as part of the food web. Many nesting birds depend on them for food in the summer. Short winters and summers make the challenging taiga biomes for reptiles and amphibians, which depend on environmental conditions to regulate their body temperature, and there are only a few species in the boreal forest including red-side red-cut snakes, common European adders, blue-spotted salamanders, salamander two rows north, Siberian salamander, wooden frog, northern leopard frog, boreal chorus frog, American frog, and Canadian frog. Mostly underground hibernation in winter. Taiga fish must be able to withstand cold water conditions and be able to adapt to life under ice-covered water. Species in taiga include Alaskan blackfish, northern spear, walleye, longnose sucker, white sucker, various species of cisco, milkfish, milkfish, milkfish dwarf ivory, arctic jellyfish, various species of gray, brook trout (including brook trout which is sea-controlled in the Hudson Bay area), chum salmon, Siberian taimen, lenok and lake chub.

Taiga is home to a number of large herbivorous mammals, such as moose and reindeer/caribou. Some areas in the south-covered boreal forest also have other deer species populations such as deer (wapiti) and deer roe. The largest animal in taiga is the bison wood, found in northern Canada, Alaska and newly introduced to Russia's far east. The small mammals of the Taiga biome include rodent species including otters, squirrels, North American porcupines and rats, as well as a small number of lagomorph species such as snowshoe hare and mountain hare. This species has adapted to survive the harsh winter in its home region. Some of the larger mammals, like bears, eat wholeheartedly during the summer to gain weight, and then go to hibernation during the winter. Other animals have adapted layers of feathers or feathers to isolate them from the cold. Taiga predator mammals should be adjusted for long-distance travel to search for scattered prey or to complement their food with vegetation or other forms of food (such as raccoons). Mammalian predators of taiga include Canadian lynx, Eurasia lynx, mink, Siberian weasel, small weasel, weasel, marten America, North American river otters, European otters, American feathers, wolverine, Asian weasels, fishermen, gray wolves , coyotes, red foxes, brown bears, American black bears, Asian black bears, polar bears (only a small area in ecotone taiga - tundra) and Siberian tigers.

More than 300 species of birds have spawning spots in taiga. Siberian sprays, white sparrows, and black green warbler migrate into this habitat to take advantage of the long summer days and the abundance of insects found around many swamps and lakes. Of the 300 species of birds that summer in taiga only stay 30 for the winter. These are vultures or large birds that can pick up living mammals, including golden eagles, rough-footed eagles (also known as rough-footed eagles), and crows, or other seed-eating birds, including some grouse and crossbill species.

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Fire

Fire has been one of the most important factors that shape the composition and development of boreal forests (Rowe 1955); it is the dominant stand-renewal disorder through many Canadian boreal forests (Amiro et al., 2001). The fire history that characterizes an ecosystem is its fire regime, which has 3 elements: (1) fire type and intensity (eg, crown fires, severe surface fires, and light surface fires), (2) typical fire size significance , and (3) the frequency or return interval for a given land unit (Heinselman 1981). The average time in a fire regime to burn an area equivalent to the total area of ​​the ecosystem is rotation of fire (Heinselman 1973) or fire cycle (Van Wagner 1978). However, as Heinselman (1981) notes, each physiographic site tends to have its own return interval, so some areas are skipped for a long time, while others may burn twice or more frequently during nominal fire rotation.

The dominant fire regime in boreal forests is high intensity crown fires or very large surface fires, often over 10,000 ha, and sometimes over 400,000 ha (Heinselman 1981). Such fires kill the entire stands. The rotation of fires in the drier areas of western Canada and Alaska averages 50-100 years, shorter than in humid climates in eastern Canada, where they may average 200 years or more. The fire cycle also tends to be long near the tree line in spruce-lichen subarctic spruce forests. The longest cycle, perhaps 300 years, may occur in western boreal in the white spruce plateau (Heinselman 1981).

Amiro et al. (2001) calculated the average fire cycle for the 1980-1999 period in Canadian boreal forests (including taiga) at 126 years. Increased fire activity has been predicted for western Canada, but eastern Canada may experience fewer fires in the future due to greater precipitation in warmer climates (Flannigan et al., 1998).

The adult boreal forest pattern in the south shows the dominant fir bales on well-drained sites in eastern Canada changing centrally and westward to a prominent of white pine trees, with black pine trees and Tamarack forming a forest in peat, and with pine jack normally present on dry sites except in the extreme east, where none (Rowe and Scotter 1973). The effects of associated fires are woven into a vegetation pattern on the landscape, which in the east supports black pine, birch paper, and pine firs more firs, and in the west provides advantages for aspen, pine jack, black pine, and birch on white pine trees. Many researchers have reported the presence of charcoal under the forest floor and in the upper soil profile, for example, La Roi (1967). In-ground charcoal is provided by Bryson et al. (1965) with instructions on a 280A forest history north of the tree line later in Ennadai Lake, District Keewatin, Northwest Territories.

Two lines of evidence support the thesis that fire is always an integral factor in boreal forests: (1) direct eyewitness accounts and forest fire statistics, and (2) indirect and indirect evidence based on fire effects, as well as on survival indicators (Rowe and Scotter 1973 ). A forest patchwork mosaic stands in a boreal forest, usually with irregular and irregular boundaries that confine homogeneous stands, indirectly but is a convincing evidence of the role of fire in forest formation. The fact is that most boreal forest stands are less than 100 years old, and only in some areas that have escaped burning have white stands older than 250 years (Rowe and Scotter 1973). The prevalence of the adaptive characteristics of morphology and reproductive fire from many boreal plant species is further evidence showing a long and intimate relationship with fire. Seven of the ten most common trees in the boreal forest - pine jack, lodgepole pine, aspen, popal balsam ( Populus balsamifera ), paper birch, tamarack, black spruce - can be classified as pioneers in their adaptation for rapid invasion in an open area. The white pine tree also exhibits a pioneering ability, but is less comparable to black and pine firs to disperse seeds in all seasons. Only firs balsam and alpine do not seem to adapt well to reproduce after a fire, because their cones are destroyed at maturity, leaving no seed inside their crown.

The oldest forest in the northwestern boreal region, some older than 300 years, is a white cypress that occurs as a pure stand on a moist flood plain (Rowe 1970). Here, the frequency of fires is much less than in adjacent plains dominated by pines, black pine and aspen trees. In contrast, in the Cordilleran region, flames occur most often at the bottom of the valley, descending upward, as shown by young pioneer pine mosaics and wide leaves standing below, and old firs on the slopes above (Rowe and Scotter 1973). Without fire, boreal forests will become more and more homogeneous, with long-lived white spruce gradually replacing pine, aspen, balsam poplar, and birch, and possibly even black cypress trees, except on peatlands (Raup and Denny 1950).

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Threat

Human activity

The large area of ​​Siberian Taiga has been harvested for timber since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Previously, forests were protected by restrictions from the Soviet Ministry of Forestry, but with the collapse of the Union, restrictions on trade with Western countries had disappeared. Trees are easy to harvest and sell, so loggers start harvesting firs of Russian taiga for sale to countries previously banned by Soviet law.

In Canada, eight percent of the taiga is protected from development, the provincial government allows forest management to take place on Adaro's land under strict limits.

The main forest practice in Canadian boreal forests is clear-cutting, which involves logging most of the trees in certain areas, then replanting the forest as a monocrop (one tree species) the following season.

Some products of boreal forest felled include toilet paper, copy paper, newsprint, and wood. More than 90% of Canada's boreal forest products are exported for consumption and processing in the United States.

Some of the major cities located in this biome are Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Yakutsk, Anchorage, Yellowknife, TromsÃÆ'¸, LuleÃÆ'  ¥, and Oulu.

Most companies harvested in Canadian forests are certified by independent third party agencies such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), the Sustainable Forests Initiative (SFI), or the Canadian Standards Association (CSA). Although certification processes differ among these groups, they include forest stewardship, respect for aborigines, compliance with local, provincial or national environmental laws, the safety of forest workers, education and training, and environmental, business and social requirements others. Rapid updates from all harvest locations with natural planting or renewal are also required.

Climate change

During the last quarter of the twentieth century, the latitude zone occupied by boreal forests experienced some of the largest temperature increases on Earth. Winter temperatures have increased more than summer temperatures. The number of days with extremely cold temperatures (eg -20 to -40 Â ° C (-4 to -40 Â ° F) has been decreased irregularly but systematically in almost all boreal regions, allowing better survival of destructive insects In the summer, low daily temperatures have increased over a high daily temperature. In Fairbanks, Alaska, the length of the ice-free season has increased from 60-90 days in the early twentieth century to about 120 days a century later.Heating has been shown to increase water pressure and reduced tree growth in the dry areas of the southern boreal forests of central Alaska, western Canada and parts of Russia's far east.Recipitation is relatively abundant in Scandinavia, Finland, northeastern Russia and eastern Canada, where longer growth seasons (ie periods when the sap flow is not blocked by frozen water) accelerates tree growth As a consequence of this warming trend, the warmer part of the bore forest al vulnerable to replacement by grass. d, garden or temperate forest.

In Siberia, taiga changes from larch trees, especially the needle-weights become green conifer in response to climate warming. This is likely to further accelerate warming, as evergreen trees will absorb more sunlight. Given the vastness of large areas, such changes have the potential to affect areas outside the region. In most of the boreal forests of Alaska, the growth of white pine trees is hampered by an unusually warm summer, while the trees on some of the coldest edges of the forest are growing faster than ever.

The lack of humidity in warmer summers also emphasizes birch trees in central Alaska.

Insects

Recent years have seen an outbreak of insect pests in the plague of forest destruction: the pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) in the Yukon and Alaska; mountain pine beetle in British Columbia; aspen leaf miners; saws larch; spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana ); cypress worms.

Pollution

The effect of sulfur dioxide on wood boreal forest species was investigated by Addison et al. (1984), which exposes crops grown in native land and tailings up to 15.2? Mol/m ³ (0.34 ppm) of SO ₂ at CO ₂ assimilation level (NAR). Canadian acceptable maximum limit for SO atmosphere ₂ is 0.34 ppm. Fumigation with SO ₂ significantly reduces the NAR in all species and produces visible signs of injury within 2-20 days. Decreased NAR of the deciduous species (shaking aspen [ Populus tremuloides ], willow [ Salix ], alder green [ Alnus viridis ], and white birch [< i) Betula papyrifera ]) significantly faster than conifers (white evergreen, black pine tree [ Picea mariana ], and pine jack [ Pinus banksiana ]) or green angiosperm (Labrador tea) growing on fertilized Brunisol. This apparent metabolic and apparent injury response appears to be related to differences in S uptake due in part to higher gas exchange rates for fall species than for conifers. Conifer plants grown in tailings oil sands respond SO ₂ with a significantly faster NAR decrease than those grown in Brunisol, possibly because of the predisposition of toxic materials in the tailings. However, sulfur uptake and development of symptoms do not appear to differ between conifers grown on 2 substrates.

Acidification of precipitation by anthropogenic, acid-generating emissions has been associated with damage to vegetation and reduced forest productivity, but the 2 year old white firs targeted by simulated acid rain (at pH 4.6, 3.6 and 2.6) were applied weekly for 7 weeks there was no statistically significant decrease (P 0.05) in growth during the trial compared with background control (pH 5.6) (Abouguendia and Baschak 1987). However, injury symptoms were observed in all treatments, the number of plants and the number of affected needles increased with increasing rain acidity and with time. Scherbatskoy and Klein (1983) found no significant effect of chlorophyll concentration on white pine at pH 4.3 and 2.8, but Abouguendia and Baschak (1987) found a significant reduction in white pine at pH 2.6, Leaf sulfur was significantly greater at pH 2.6. than any other treatment.

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Protection

Many countries take immediate steps to protect ecosystems by prohibiting logging, mining, oil and gas production, and other forms of development. In February 2010, the Canadian government established protection for 13,000 square kilometers of boreal forests by creating a 10,700 square-meter reserve park in the Mealy Mountains region of eastern Canada and a 3,000-square-mile river park that follows the Eagle River from the upstream to the sea.

The two provincial governments of Canada, Ontario and Quebec, introduced measures in 2008 that would protect at least half of their northern boreal forests. Although both provinces recognize it will take years to plan, work with Aboriginal and local communities and ultimately map the exact boundaries of areas forbidden for development, the measures are expected to create some of the world's largest protected area networks after it finishes. The two announcements came the following year after a letter signed by 1,500 scientists called on political leaders to protect at least half the boreal forest.

Taiga stores enormous amounts of carbon, more than the world's forests and tropical are combined, mostly in wetlands and peatlands. In fact, current estimates place boreal forests as storing twice as much carbon per unit area as tropical forests.

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Nuisance

One of the biggest areas of research and topics that are still full of unresolved questions is the recurring fire disorder and the role it plays in spreading the lichen forest. The phenomenon of a fire with lightning strikes is a major determinant of lower vegetation and is therefore regarded as the dominant force behind community and ecosystem properties in lichen forests. The importance of fire is clearly visible when one considers that understory vegetation affects short-term germination and biomass decomposition and nutrient availability in the long run. A large, destructive fire cycle occurs approximately every 70 to 100 years. Understanding the dynamics of this ecosystem is entangled by finding the path of succession shown by vegetation after a fire. Trees, shrubs and lichens all recover from fire damage through vegetative reproduction and invasion by propagules. Fallen and buried seeds do not help much in reshaping a species. The reappearance of lichen kerasa can occur due to various conditions and availability of light/nutrients in each different micro country. Several different studies have been conducted that have led to the formation of the theory that post-fire development can be propagated by four paths: self-replacement, species-domination relation, species replacement, or phase replacement. Self-reimbursement is only the re-establishment of dominant species before the fire. The species-domination relocation is a sequential effort of tree species to establish dominance in the canopy. The species change is when the fire occurs in sufficient frequency to disrupt the species dominant relay. Gap-Phase self-replacement is the most common and so far documented only in Western Canada. This is a replacement of a species that survives into a canopy gap after a fire kills another species. Specific paths taken after a fire disruption depend on how the landscape is capable of supporting the trees as well as the frequency of fires. The frequency of fires has a major role in shaping the original origins of the lower forest line of the lichen forest taiga.

It has been hypothesized by Serge Payette that pine-forest ecosystems are converted into lichen forest biomes because of the initiation of two strongly compounded compounds: massive fires and the appearance and attack of cockpit worms. The spruce budworm is a deadly insect for pine populations in the southern region of taiga. J.P. Jasinski confirms this theory five years later by stating "The persistence of their protected forest, along with their previous history of moss forest and current events adjacent to enclosed moss forest, suggests that they are an alternative stable country for pine forests".

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Ekoregion Taiga

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See also

• North American boreal forest bird
• Boreal Forest Preservation Framework
• Canadian Boreal Forests
• Drunken tree, global warming effect on taiga
• Whole forest landscape
• taiga Scandinavia and Russia
• The successful suppression of fire in the northern forests
• Taiga Rescue Network (TRN)
• Agafia Lykov

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References

General reference

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Further reading

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External links

• Conservation Value of Boreal Forest of North America from Ethnobotanical perspective report by Boreal Songbird Initiative
• The Canadian Boreal Initiative
• International Boreal Conservation Campaign
• Tundra and Taiga
• Threat to Boreal Greenpeace Forest
• Campaign against Weyerhaeuser's giant logging practices in Canadian boreal forest Rainforest Action Network
• Arctic and Taiga Canadian Geographic
• Terraformers Canada Taiga Conservation Foundation
• Conifer Forest, NASA's Earth Observatory
• Taiga Rescue Network (TRN) Network of NGOs, indigenous peoples or individuals working to protect boreal forests.
• Boreal/Taiga Forest Ecoregion Index at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
• The Canadian Boreal Forest The Nature Conservancy and its partners
• Slater's natural history museum: Taiga
• Taiga Biology Station founded by Dr. William (Bill) Pruitt, Jr., University of Manitoba.

Source of the article : Wikipedia