Electrical Engineering is a professional engineering discipline that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an identifiable work in the second half of the 19th century after the commercialization of the telegraph of electricity, telephone, and the distribution and use of electric power. Furthermore, broadcasting and recording media make electronic parts of everyday life. The invention of transistors, and then integrated circuits, break down electronic costs to the point they can be used in almost any household item.
Electrical engineering has now been subdivided into a variety of subfields including electronics, digital computers, computer engineering, power engineering, telecommunications, control systems, robotics, radio frequency engineering, signal processing, instrumentation, and microelectronics. Many of these subdisciplines overlap with other engineering branches, covering a large number of specializations such as hardware engineering, power electronics, electromagnetics & amp; waves, microwave engineering, nanotechnology, electrochemistry, renewable energy, mechatronics, materials science, and more. See electro and electronic engineering glossary.
Electrical engineers usually hold a degree in electrical engineering or electronic engineering. The practicing engineer may have professional certification and become a member of a professional body. These agencies include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET) (formerly IEE) .
Electrical engineers work in a wide variety of industries and the skills required are also variable. These range from basic circuit theory to the required management skills of a project manager. The equipment and equipment required by an individual engineer is also the same, ranging from simple voltmeter to top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software.
Video Electrical engineering
Histori
Electricity has been the subject of scientific interest since at least the beginning of the 17th century. William Gilbert was a prominent early electric scientist, who first drew a clear distinction between magnetism and static electricity. He is credited with setting the term "electricity". He also designed the versorium: a tool that detects the presence of static loaded objects. In 1762, Swedish professor Johan Carl Wilcke invented a device that was later named electrophores that produced static electricity charges. In 1800 Alessandro Volta had developed a voltaic pile, a pioneer of electric batteries
19th century
In the 19th century, research on the subject began to increase. Significant developments in this century include the work of Georg Ohm, which in 1827 measured the relationship between electric current and potential difference in conductors, Michael Faraday (inventor of electromagnetic induction in 1831), and James Clerk Maxwell, who in 1873 published the theory of integrated electric and magnetic in his treatise Electricity and Magnetism .
Electrical engineering became a profession in the late 19th century. Practitioners have created a global electrical telegraph network and the first professional electrical engineering institute was established in the UK and US to support the new discipline. While it was impossible to precisely determine the first electrical engineer, Francis Ronalds stood in front of the field, who created the first electrical telegraph system of labor in 1816 and documented his vision of how the world could be changed by electricity. More than 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph Engineers (soon to be renamed Institution of Electrical Engineers) where he was considered by other members as the first of their group. By the end of the 19th century, the world had been changed forever by the rapid communication made possible by the development of ground cable engineering, submarine cable, and, from around 1890, the wireless telegraph.
Practical applications and advancements in such areas create an increased need for standard size units. They lead to the international standardization of volts, ampere, coulomb, ohm, farad, and henry units. This was achieved at an international conference in Chicago in 1893. The publication of these standards forms the basis of future progress in standardization across industries, and in many countries, the definition is immediately recognized in relevant legislation.
During these years, electrical studies were largely regarded as a sub-field of physics because early electric technology was considered electromechanical in nature. Technische UniversitÃÆ'¤t Darmstadt established the first electrical engineering department in the world in 1882. The first electrical engineering degree program began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the physics department under Professor Charles Cross, though it was Cornell University to produce the first electrical engineering graduate in the world in 1885. The first course in electrical engineering was taught in 1883 at Cornell's Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanic Arts. New in about 1885 Cornell President Andrew Dickson White established the first Electrical Engineering Department in the United States. In the same year, University College London established the first seat of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom. Professor Mendell P. Weinbach at the University of Missouri immediately followed him by establishing an electrical engineering department in 1886. After that, universities and tech institutes gradually began offering electrical engineering programs to their students worldwide.
During this decade the use of electrical engineering has increased dramatically. In 1882, Thomas Edison powered the world's first large-scale power grid providing 110 volts - direct current (DC) - to 59 customers on Manhattan Island in New York City. In 1884, Sir Charles Parsons invented a steam turbine that enabled a more efficient power plant. The alternating current, with its ability to transmit power more efficiently over long distances through the use of transformers, expanded rapidly in the 1880s and 1890s with transformer designs by KÃÆ'¡roly Zipernowsky, OttÃÆ'³ BlÃÆ'¡thy and Miksa DÃÆ' Â ri (later called ZBD transformers), Lucien Gaulard, John Dixon Gibbs and William Stanley, Jr. The design of practical AC motors including induction motors was created independently by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla and further developed into a practical three-phase form by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky and Charles Eugene Lancelot Chocolate. Charles Steinmetz and Oliver Heaviside contribute to the theoretical basis of alternating current engineering. The deployment in the use of air conditioning began in the United States of what is called the War of Currents between the George Westinghouse supported air conditioner system and the Thomas Edison DC power system, with air conditioning being adopted as the overall standard.
More modern developments
During the development of radio, many scientists and inventors contributed to radio and electronic technology. James Clerk Maxwell's mathematical work during the 1850s has shown the relationship of various forms of electromagnetic radiation including the possibility of invisible airwaves (then called "radio waves"). In his classical physics experiment of 1888, Heinrich Hertz proved Maxwell's theory by transmitting radio waves with spark-gap transmitters, and detecting them using simple electrical devices. Other physicists experiment with these new waves and in the process of developing devices to transmit and detect them. In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi began work on a way to adapt known methods to transmit and detect these "Hertzian waves" into specially-developed wireless telegraph systems. From the beginning, he sent a wireless signal about a mile and a half away. In December 1901, he sent a wireless wave that was not affected by the curvature of the Earth. Marconi then sent a wireless signal across the Atlantic between Poldhu, Cornwall, and St.. John's, Newfoundland, a distance of 2100 miles (3,400 km).
In 1897, Karl Ferdinand Braun introduced the cathode ray tube as part of an oscilloscope, a technology that made it possible for electronic television. John Fleming invented the first radio tube, diode, in 1904. Two years later, Robert von Lieben and Lee De Forest independently developed a reinforcing tube, called a triode.
In 1920, Albert Hull developed a magnetron that would eventually lead to the development of a microwave oven in 1946 by Percy Spencer. In 1934, the British military began making strides toward radar (which also uses magnetrons) under the direction of Dr Wimperis, culminating in the operation of the first radar station at Bawdsey in August 1936.
In 1941, Konrad Zuse dedicated Z3, the first fully functional and programmable computer using electromechanical components. In 1943, Tommy Flowers designed and built Colossus, the world's first fully functional, electronic, digital, and programmable computer. In 1946, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) from John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly followed, starting the computing era. The arithmetic performance of this machine allows engineers to develop completely new technologies and achieve new goals, including the Apollo program that culminates in the astronaut landing on the Moon.
Solid-state electronics
The discovery of transistors in late 1947 by William B. Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain of Bell Telephone Laboratories opened the door for a more compact device and led to the development of integrated circuits in 1958 by Jack Kilby and independently in 1959 by Robert Noyce.
The microprocessor was introduced with Intel 4004. It started with the "Busicom Project" as a three-chip chip design of Masatoshi Shima in 1968, before Sharp's Tadashi Sasaki was conceived from a single chip chip design, which he discussed with Busicom and Intel in 1968 Intel 4004 was later developed as a microprocessor single chip from 1969 to 1970, led by Intel's Marcian Hoff and Federico Faggin and Busicom Masatoshi Shima. Microprocessors led to the development of microcomputers and personal computers, and the revolution of microcomputers.
Maps Electrical engineering
Subdisciplines
Electrical engineering has many subdisciplines, the most commonly listed below. Although there are electrical engineers who focus exclusively on one of these subdisciplines, many are dealing with a combination of them. Sometimes certain fields, such as electronic engineering and computer engineering, are perceived as separate disciplines in their own right.
Power
Power engineering deals with the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity as well as the design of various related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, electric motors, high-voltage engineering, and power electronics. In many regions of the world, the government maintains a power grid called a power grid that connects generators together with their energy users. Users buy electrical energy from the grid, avoiding expensive exercise from having to produce their own. The power engineer can work on the design and maintenance of the power grid and the power system connected to it. Such systems are called on-grid electrical systems and can supply grids with additional power, pull power from the grid, or do both. Power engineers can also work on systems that are not connected to the network, called off-grid power systems, which in some cases are preferred over grid systems. The future includes a controlled power system, with real time feedback to prevent power surges and prevent power outages.
Control
The control technique focuses on modeling various dynamic systems and control designs that will cause this system to behave in the desired way. To apply such a controller, electrical engineers may use electronic circuits, digital signal processors, microcontrollers, and programmable logic controls (PLCs). Control techniques have a wide range of applications from aviation systems and commercial aircraft propulsion to cruise controls that exist in many modern cars. It also plays an important role in industrial automation.
Control engineers often utilize feedback while designing a control system. For example, in a car with cruise control, the vehicle's speed is constantly monitored and fed back to the system that adjusts the motor power output accordingly. Where there is regular feedback, control theory can be used to determine how the system responds to the feedback.
Electronics
Electronic engineering involves the design and testing of electronic circuits using the properties of components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and transistors to achieve certain functions. The tuned circuit, which allows the radio user to filter all but one single station, is just one example of such a circuit. Another example for research is pneumatic signal conditioning.
Before the Second World War, subjects were generally known as radio engineering and were basically limited to aspects of communication and radar, commercial radio, and early television. Then, in the postwar years, when consumer devices began to develop, the field evolved into including modern television, audio systems, computers, and microprocessors. In the mid to late 1950s, the term radio engineering gradually gave way to the name electronic techniques .
Prior to the invention of integrated circuits in 1959, electronic circuits were constructed from separate components that could be manipulated by humans. These discrete circuits spend a lot of space and power and are limited in speed, although they are still common in some applications. In contrast, integrated circuits are packed in large quantities - often millions - small electrical components, especially transistors, into small chip the size of a coin. This allows for powerful computers and other electronic devices that we see today.
Microelectronics
Microelectronics engineering deals with the design and microfabrication of very small electronic circuit components for use in integrated circuits or sometimes for their own use as common electronic components. The most common microelectronics component is the semiconductor transistor, although all the major electronic components (resistors, capacitors, etc.) can be made at the microscopic level. Nanoelectronics is a further scale of the device to the nanometer level. Modern devices are already in nanometer regime, with processing under 100Ã, nm has become standard since around 2002.
Microelectronic components are made by semiconductor wafers that are chemically such as silicon (at higher frequencies, semiconducting compounds such as gallium arsenide and indium phosphide) to obtain the transport of electronic charge and desired current control. The field of microelectronics involves a large number of chemistry and materials and requires electronic engineers working in the field to have excellent working knowledge of the effects of quantum mechanics.
Signal processing
Signal processing is related to signal analysis and manipulation. The signal can be analog, in which case the signal varies continuously according to information, or digitally, in which case the signal varies according to a series of discrete values ​​that represent information. For analog signals, signal processing may involve amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment or modulation and demodulation of signals for telecommunications. For digital signals, signal processing may involve compression, error detection and error correction of digital sample signals.
Signal Processing is a highly mathematically and intensely oriented field that forms the core of digital signal processing and is growing rapidly with new applications in every field of electrical engineering such as communication, control, radar, audio engineering, broadcast engineering, power electronics, and engineering biomedicine due to many analog systems existing ones replaced with their digital counterparts. Analog signal processing is still important in the design of many control systems.
DSP processor ICs are found in every kind of modern electronic systems and products including, SDTV | HDTV devices, radios and mobile communications devices, Hi-Fi audio equipment, Dolby noise reduction algorithms, GSM mobile phones, MP3 multimedia players, camcorders and digital cameras, car control systems, noise suppression headphones, digital spectrum analyzers, intelligent missile guides, radar , GPS-based cruise control system, and all types of image processing, video processing, audio processing, and speech processing systems.
Telecommunications
Telecommunication engineering focuses on transmitting information in communication channels such as coaxial cable, optical fiber or free space. Transmission in free space requires information to be encoded in a carrier signal to shift information to a carrier frequency suitable for transmission; this is known as modulation. Popular analog modulation techniques include amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. Modulation options affect the cost and performance of the system and both of these factors must be carefully balanced by the engineer.
Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, the telecommunications engineer designs the transmitter and receiver required for the system. Both are sometimes combined to form a two-way communication device known as a transceiver. The main consideration in the design of the transmitter is their power consumption because it is closely related to their signal strength. If the transmitter signal's power is not sufficient, the signal information will be damaged by noise.
Instrumentation
Offers instrumentation techniques with device design to measure physical quantities such as pressure, flow, and temperature. Such instrumentation design requires a good understanding of the physics that often goes beyond electromagnetic theory. For example, flight instruments measure variables such as wind speed and altitude to allow pilots to control planes analytically. Similarly, thermocouples use the Peltier-Seebeck effect to measure the temperature difference between two points.
Often instrumentation is not used by itself, but as a sensor of a larger electrical system. For example, a thermocouple can be used to help ensure the temperature of the furnace remains constant. For this reason, instrumentation engineering is often seen as a counterpart of control.
Computer
Offers computer engineering with computer design and computer systems. This may involve new hardware designs, PDA designs, tablets, and supercomputers, or the use of computers to control industrial plants. Computer engineers can also work on the system software. However, the design of complex software systems is often the domain of software engineering, which is usually regarded as a separate discipline. Desktop computers represent a small portion of devices that might be used by computer engineers, as computer-like architectures are now found on a variety of devices including video game consoles and DVD players.
Related Disciplines
Mechatronics is an engineering discipline associated with the convergence of electrical and mechanical systems. Such a combined system is known as an electromechanical system and has been widely adopted. Examples include automated manufacturing systems, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, and various aircraft and car subsystems.
The term mechatronics is commonly used to refer to macroscopic systems but futurists have predicted the emergence of very small electromechanical devices. Already, such small devices, known as Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), are used in automobiles to tell airbags when to deploy, in digital projectors to create sharper images, and in inkjet printers to create nozzles for high definition printing. In the future it is expected that the device will help build a small implantable medical device and enhance optical communications.
Biomedical engineering is another related discipline, related to the design of medical equipment. These include fixed equipment such as ventilators, MRI scanners, and electrocardiograph monitors and mobile devices such as cochlear implants, artificial pacemakers and artificial hearts.
Aerospace engineering and robotics are examples of recent electric drive and ion drive.
Education
Electrical engineers usually have an academic degree with a major in electrical engineering, electronic engineering, electrical engineering, or electrical and electrical engineering. The same basic principles are taught in all programs, although the emphasis can vary according to the title. The length of study for such a degree is usually four or five years and a completed degree may be defined as a Bachelor of Science in Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Technology, or Bachelor of Applied Science depending on the university. Undergraduate degrees generally include units that include physics, mathematics, computer science, project management, and various topics in electrical engineering. Initially the topic covers most, if not all, of subdisciplines of electrical engineering. In some schools, students can then choose to emphasize one or more subdisciplines at the end of their course.
In many schools, electronic engineering is included as part of an electrical award, sometimes explicitly, such as Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical and Electronic), but in other electrical and electronic techniques both are considered to be quite broad and complex which separates the degree offered.
Some electrical engineers choose to study for a postgraduate degree such as Master of Engineering/Master of Science (M.Eng./M.Sc.), Master of Engineering Management, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Engineering, a Doctor of Engineering ( Eng.D.), or an Engineer degree. A master's degree and an engineer may consist of research, course or a mixture of both. The Doctor of Philosophy and Engineering Doctoral degree comprises a significant research component and is often seen as an entrance to academia. In the UK and some other European countries, the Master of Engineering is often regarded as a bachelor degree with a slightly longer duration than a Bachelor of Engineering rather than a graduate.
Train technicians
In most countries, an engineering degree is the first step towards professional certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. Upon completion of a certified degree program, engineers must meet various requirements (including work experience requirements) before being certified. After certification engineers are appointed Professional Engineers (in USA, Canada and South Africa), Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer (in India, Pakistan, UK, Ireland and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European Engineers in most EU).
The advantages of licensing vary depending on the location. For example, in the United States and Canada "only licensed engineers can seal technical work for public and private clients". This requirement is enforced by state and province laws such as Quebec's Engineers Act. In other countries, there is no such law. Almost all certification bodies maintain a code of ethics that they expect all members to abide by or risk being expelled. In this way these organizations play an important role in maintaining ethical standards for the profession. Even in jurisdictions where certification has little or no legal work, engineers are subject to contract law. In cases where an engineer's work fails, he may be the actor of negligence and, in extreme cases, allegations of criminal negligence. The work of an engineer must also comply with other rules and regulations, such as building codes and laws relating to environmental law.
The professional bodies of records for electrical engineers include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). IEEE claims to produce 30% of the world's literature in electrical engineering, has more than 360,000 members worldwide and has more than 3,000 conferences annually. IET publishes 21 journals, has membership worldwide of over 150,000, and claims to be Europe's largest professional engineering community. Alienation of technical skills is a serious problem for electrical engineers. Membership and participation in the technical community, periodic regular review in the field and ongoing learning habits are therefore essential to maintaining proficiency. MIET (Member of Engineering and Technology Institution) is recognized in Europe as Electrical and computer (technology) engineer.
In Australia, Canada, and electrical engineers the United States makes up about 0.25% of the workforce (see note ).
Tools and working
From Global Positioning System to power plants, electrical engineers have contributed to the development of various technologies. They design, develop, test, and oversee the deployment of electrical systems and electronic devices. For example, they can work on the design of telecommunication systems, the operation of power stations, lighting and building cabling, household appliances design, or industrial electrical machinery controls.
The basis for discipline is the science of physics and mathematics as it helps to obtain both qualitative and quantitative descriptions of how the system will work. Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is common to use computer-aided design programs when designing electrical systems. Nevertheless, the ability to sketch ideas is still invaluable in order to quickly communicate with others.
Although most electrical engineers will understand the basic circuit theory (ie the interaction of elements such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and inductors in the circuit), the theories used by engineers generally depend on the work they do. For example, quantum mechanics and solid state physics may be relevant to an engineer working on VLSI (integrated circuit design), but largely irrelevant for engineers working with macroscopic electrical systems. Even circuit theory may not be relevant for people who design telecommunication systems that use components outside the shelf. Perhaps the most important technical skills for electrical engineers are reflected in the university program, which emphasizes strong numerical skills, computer skills, and the ability to understand technical language and concepts related to electrical engineering.
Various instrumentation is used by electrical engineers. For simple circuit and alarm controls, the basic multimeter, current, and resistance voltages can be sufficient. Where time-varying signals need to be learned, oscilloscopes are also instruments everywhere. In high frequency RF and telecommunication engineering, spectrum analyzers and network analyzers are used. In some disciplines, safety can be of particular concern with instrumentation. For example, the medical electronic designer must take into account that a voltage that is much lower than normal can be harmful when the electrode is directly in contact with the body fluids internally. Electrical transmission engineering also has a great security problem due to the high voltage used; although the voltmeter is principally similar to its low-voltage equivalent, the safety and calibration issues make it very different. Many electrical engineering disciplines use special tests for their discipline. Audio electronic engineers use audio test sets consisting of signal generators and meters, especially for measuring levels but also other parameters such as harmonic and noise distortion. Similarly, information technology has their own test devices, often specific to certain data formats, and the same applies to television broadcasting.
For many engineers, technical work only accounts for a small fraction of the work they do. Much time can also be spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with clients, preparing budgets and defining project schedules. Many senior engineers manage teams of technicians or other engineers and for this reason important project management skills. Most engineering projects involve some form of documentation and strong written communication skills are therefore very important.
The workplaces of engineers are as diverse as the kind of work they do. Electrical engineers can be found in pure laboratory environments from fabrication plants, offices from consulting firms or at mine sites. During their lifetime, electrical engineers may find themselves overseeing various individuals including scientists, electricians, computer programmers, and other engineers.
Electrical engineering has an intimate relationship with the physical sciences. For example, physicist Lord Kelvin played a major role in the engineering of the first transatlantic telegraph cable. In contrast, engineer Oliver Heaviside produced great work on mathematical transmission on telegraph cables. Electrical engineers are often required on major science projects. For example, large particle accelerators such as CERN require electrical engineers to handle many aspects of the project: from power distribution, to instrumentation, to the fabrication and installation of superconducting electromagnets.
See also
Note
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments