Cycling , also called cycling or cycling , is the use of bicycles for transportation, recreation, sports, or sports. People involved in cycling are referred to as "cyclists", "motorcyclists", or, more rarely, as "cyclists". In addition to the two-wheeled bicycle, "cycling" also includes riding bicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, recumbent and similar human-powered vehicles (HPVs).
Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now number about one billion worldwide. They are the main means of transportation in many parts of the world.
Cycling is widely regarded as the most effective and efficient mode of transportation for short to medium distance.
Bicycles provide many benefits compared to motor vehicles, including ongoing physical training involved in cycling, easier parking, increased maneuverability, and access to roads, bike lanes and rural roads. Cycling also offers a reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels, air pollution or less noise, and greatly reduces traffic congestion. This results in fewer financial costs for users as well as the wider community (negligible damage to roads, requiring less road area). By installing bike racks on the front of the bus, transit agencies can significantly increase the area they can serve.
Among cycling shortages are bicycle requirements (excluding rickshaws or quadracycles) to be offset by motorists to keep them upright, lower protection in collisions compared to motor vehicles, often longer travel times (except in densely populated areas), vulnerability to weather conditions , difficulty in transporting passengers, and the fact that a basic level of fitness is required for cycling medium to long distances.
Video Cycling
Histori
Cycling quickly became an activity after bikes were introduced in the 19th century. Currently, more than 50 percent of the human population knows how to ride a bicycle.
Maps Cycling
Tools
In many countries, the most commonly used vehicle for land transportation is utility bikes. It has a frame with casual geometry, protects the rider from road shocks and reduces the steering at low speeds. Utility bikes tend to be equipped with accessories such as mudguards, basket racks and lamps, which extend their usability every day. Since bicycles are very effective as a means of transportation, various companies have developed a method of carrying anything from a weekly store to children on bicycles. Certain countries rely heavily on bicycles and their culture has evolved around the bike as a major form of transportation. In Europe, Denmark and the Netherlands have the most bikes per capita and most often use bicycles for everyday transportation.
Bicycles tend to have a more upright shape and a shorter wheelbase, which makes bikes more mobile but more difficult to ride slowly. The design, coupled with low handlebars or falling, requires the rider to bend forward more, utilizing stronger muscles (especially the maximus gluteus) and reducing air resistance at high speeds.
New bike prices can range from US $ 50 to over US $ 20,000 (the world's highest bike is a special Madone by Damien Hirst, sold for $ 500,000 USD), depending on the quality, type and weight (most exotic roads) the bike can weighing as small as 3.2 kg (7 pounds)). However, UCI rules stipulate that legal racing bikes should not weigh less than 6.8 kg (14.99 pounds). Being measured for the bike and driving it for a test ride is advised before buying.
The bicycle drivetrain component should also be considered. A middle class railleur is enough for beginners, although many utility bikes are equipped with hub gears. If the rider plans a large number of hillclimbing dental systems the triple-chainrings crankset may be preferred. Otherwise, a relatively lighter and cheaper double chainring may be better. Many of the simpler fixed bike wheels are also available.
Many street bikes, along with mountain bikes, including clipless pedals that are attached special shoes, through cleats, allow the rider to pull the pedal as well as push. Other possible accessories for the bike include headlamps and rear, bells or horns, child seats, computer cycling with GPS, locks, tape bar, fender, luggage rack, luggage operators and load cart bags, water bottles and bottle cages.
For basic maintenance and repairs, cyclists can carry pumps (or CO 2 cartridges), puncture repair tools, inner tubes, and lever tires and a set of buffer locks. Cycling can be more efficient and comfortable with special shoes, gloves, and shorts. In wet weather, horseback riding can be more tolerable with waterproof clothing, such as headgear, jacket, trousers (trousers) and overshoes and high visibility clothing that are suggested to reduce the risk of motor vehicle users.
Goods that are legally required in some jurisdictions, or voluntarily adopted for security reasons, including bicycle helmets, battery-operated generators or lamps, reflectors, and audible signal devices such as bells or horns. Extras include studded tires and computer bikes.
Bicycles can also be highly customized, with different seat designs and handle bars, for example.
Skill
Many schools and police departments run educational programs to instruct children in bike handling skills and introduce them to road rules as they apply to cyclists. In many countries this can be known as a bicycle rodeo or operated as a scheme like Bikeability. Education for adult cyclists is available from organizations such as the League of American Bicyclists.
More than just riding, other skills ride efficiently and safely in traffic. One popular approach to driving a motor vehicle is to ride a vehicle, occupying a street space like a car. In addition, in countries like Denmark and the Netherlands, popular cycling places, cyclists are often separated into bike lanes on the side, or more often separated from, major highways and roads. Many elementary schools participate in national road tests in which children individually complete circuits on the road near the school while observed by testers.
Infrastructure
Cyclists, pedestrians and motorists make different demands on road design that can cause conflict. Some jurisdictions give priority to motorized traffic, such as setting one-way road systems, right-right turns, high capacity roundabouts, and slip roads. Others share priorities with cyclists thereby encouraging more cycling by applying various combinations of traffic calming steps to limit the impact of motorized transport, and by building bike lanes, bicycle paths and bicycle paths.
In jurisdictions where motor vehicles are given priority, cycling tends to decrease while in jurisdictions where cycling infrastructure is built, cycling rates remain stable or increase. Occasionally, extreme measures against cycling may occur. In Shanghai, where bicycles were once the dominant mode of transportation, bike rides in some city streets were temporarily banned in December 2003.
In areas where cycling is popular and encouraged, bicycle parking facilities use stand bikes, lockable mini-garages, and patrolled cycling parks used to reduce theft. Local governments promote cycling by allowing bicycles to be carried by public transport or by providing external enhancements to public transport vehicles. Conversely, the absence of safe cycle parking is a recurring complaint by cyclists from cities with low bike mode sharing.
Extensive cycling infrastructure can be found in several cities. Such special tracks in some cities often have to be shared with in-line skaters, scooters, skateboarders, and pedestrians. Special cycling infrastructure is treated differently within the law of each jurisdiction, including the question of user responsibility in a collision. There is also a debate about the security of various types of separate facilities.
Bicycles are considered as a sustainable mode of transportation, especially suitable for urban use and a relatively shorter distance when used for transportation (compared to recreation). Case studies and good practices (from European cities and some examples worldwide) that promote and stimulate this functional cycle in cities can be found in Eltis, the European portal for local transport.
A number of cities, including Paris, London and Barcelona, ​​now have bicycle rental schemes designed to help people cycling in the city. Usually this bike features a utilitarian town that locks into a docking station, released on payment for a set period of time. Costs vary from city to city. In London, early access fees rent Ã, Â £ 2 per day. The first 30 minutes of each trip are free, with Ã, Â £ 2 for each additional 30 minutes until the bike is returned.
In the Netherlands, many roads have one or two separate lanes beside them, or a marked cycling path on the road. On the road where an adjacent bicycle path or bike path is there, use of this facility is mandatory, and cycling on the main highway is not permitted. Around 35,000 km of bicycle lanes have been physically separated from motor traffic, equivalent to a quarter of the country's 140,000 km total road network.
Type
Utilities
Cycling utilities refer both to cycling as a daily commuter mode of transportation as well as the use of bicycles in commercial activities, especially for transporting goods, mostly in urban environments.
Postal services from many countries have long relied on bicycles. The Royal Mail UK first began using bicycles in 1880; now the bike shipping fleet covers 37,000 in the UK, 25,700 in Germany, 10,500 in Hungary and 7000 in Sweden. In Australia, Australia Post has also reintroduced the delivery of cyclists on some routes due to the inability to hire adequate licensed riders willing to use their uncomfortable bikes. London Ambulance Service recently introduced cycling paramedics, who can often visit the scene in Central London faster than motorized ambulances.
The use of bicycles by police has increased, as they provide greater access to bicycle and pedestrian zones and allow access when streets are jammed.
Bicycles enjoy substantial use as a general delivery vehicle in many countries. In England and North America, as their first job, teenage generations have worked to send newspapers on bicycles. London has many shipping companies that use bikes with trailers. Most cities in the West, and many outside, support the courier industry that is able to deliver small documents and packages. In India, many of Dabbawalas in Mumbai use bicycles to deliver lunch houses to city workers. At BogotÃÆ'¡, Colombia's largest bakery in the city recently replaced most of its delivery trucks by bicycle. Even the car industry uses bicycles. At the large Mercedes-Benz factory in Sindelfingen, German workers used bicycles, color-coded by departments, to move around the factory.
Recreation
Bicycle cycling
Bicycles are used for recreation at any age. Bicycle tours, also known as cyclotourism, involve tours and explorations or sightseeing by bicycle to relax. Brevet or randonnÃÆ' Â © e is an organized long distance journey.
One of the popular Dutch pleasures is the relaxing cycling pleasure of the Dutch countryside. The ground is very flat and filled with common bike lanes and bike trails where cyclists are not bothered by cars and other traffic, which makes it ideal for cycling recreation. Many Dutch people subscribe every year to an event called fietsvierdaagse - four days of cycling organized through the local neighborhood. Paris-Brest-Paris (PBP), which began in 1891, is the oldest continuous cycling event on the open road, covering over 1,200 km (746 mi) and imposes a 90-hour deadline. Similar if smaller institutions exist in many countries.
The organized venue
Many cycling clubs have organized rides where cyclists from all levels participate. Regular regular journey begins with a large group of riders, called mass, a group or even a peloton. It will shrink during the trip. Many riders choose to ride together in groups with the same skill level to utilize the draft.
The most regular rides, such as cyclosportives (or gran fondos), Challenge Rides or reliability trials, and hill climbs include registration requirements and will provide either letter or online information about start times and other requirements. The trip usually consists of several different routes, sorted by mileage, and with a number of stops that usually include refreshments, first aid kits and maintenance. Routes can vary up to 100 miles (160 km).
Mountain
Mountain biking began in the 1970s, initially as a sport declining, practiced on a customized cruiser bike around Mount Tamalpais. Most mountain biking takes place on dirt roads, footpaths and in specially built parks. Downhill mountain biking has just evolved in recent years and is done in places like Whistler Mountain Bike Park. Slopestyle, a declining form, is when a rider performs tricks such as tailwhips, 360s, backflips and front flips. There are several disciplines of mountain biking besides declining. Cross country, often referred to as XC, all mountains, trail, free ride, and new enduro popular.
More
Marching and Cycling Band HHK from Haarlem (The Netherlands) is one of the few marching bands around the world that also perform on bicycles.
Racing
Shortly after the introduction of the bike, the competition developed independently in different parts of the world. The initial race involving a boneshaker-style bike is thought to be full of injuries. The great race became popular in the 1890s "Golden Age of Cycling", with shows across Europe, and in the US and Japan as well. At one point, almost every major city in the US has a velodrome or two for racing events, but since the mid-20th century cycling has become a minority sport in the US while on the Continent Europe continues to be a major sport, especially in Britain, France, Belgium, Italy and Spain. The most famous of all bike races is the Tour de France. It started in 1903, and continues to attract the attention of the sports world.
In 1899, Charles Minthorn Murphy became the first person to ride his bicycle a mile in less than a minute (hence his nickname, Mile-a-Minute Murphy), which he did by creating a locomotive draft on Long Island in New York.
As bikes evolve in different shapes, different racing formats are developed. Race roads may involve team and individual competition, and are contested in various ways. Starting from a one-day road race, criterium, and time trial to multi-stage events such as Tour de France and its twin events that make Grand Tours cycling. The recumbent bike was banned from bicycle racing in 1934 after Marcel Berthet set a new clock record at Velodne Velodyne (49.992 km on 18 November 1933). Track bikes are used for biking tracks in Velodromes, while cyclone races are held in outdoor terrains, including sidewalks, grass, and mud. The Cyclocross race features man-made features such as small obstacles that keep riders jumping or down from bunny hops and walking. The rest of the trial race, another form of road racing requires the rider to fight the clock. Timestamp can be done as a team or as a single rider. Bicycle changed for trial time, using aero bar. In the past decade, mountain bike racing has also achieved international popularity and even Olympic sports.
Professional racing organizations place limits on bicycles that can be used in the races they approve. For example, Union Cycliste Internationale, the international cycle sporting body (which sanctioned races like the Tour de France), decided in the late 1990s to create additional rules that prohibit racing bikes weighing less than 6.8 kilograms (14.96 pounds). The UCI rule also effectively prohibits some bicycle framework innovations (such as a bike on its back) by requiring a double triangle structure.
War
Bicycles have been used as reconnaissance methods as well as transporting soldiers and supplies into combat zones. In this case he has taken over many horse functions in battle. In the Second Boer War, both sides used bicycles to lurk. In World War I, France, Germany, Australia and New Zealand used bicycles to mobilize troops. In its 1937 invasion of China, the Japanese employed some 50,000 bike troops, and the same forces played a part in the Japanese march or "roll" through Malaya in World War II. Germany used the bike again in World War II, while the British used the "Commando" air with folding bicycles.
In the Vietnam War, communist troops used the bike extensively as cargo carriers along the Ho Chi Minh Strip.
The last known country to maintain a cyclist bike regiment is Switzerland, which dissolved its last unit in 2003.
Activism
Two broad and correlated themes in bicycle activism: the first is advocating bikes as an alternative mode of transportation, and the other is about the creation of conditions to allow and/or encourage the use of bicycles, both for cycling and recreational utilities. Although the former, which emphasizes the potential for energy conservation and the resources and health benefits derived from cycling versus car usage, is relatively undeniable, the second is the subject of much debate.
It is generally agreed that the improvement of local and intercity rail services and other mass transportation methods (including greater provision for cycle trains on such services) creates conditions to encourage bicycle use. However, there are disagreements about the role of different types of cycling infrastructure in building bikes-friendly cities and roads.
Some bike activists (including some traffic management advisors) are looking for the construction of bike lanes, bicycle lanes and bike trails for an all-long journey and show their success in promoting safety and encouraging more people to cycling. Some activists, especially those from the cycling tradition of vehicles, see the safety, practicality, and purpose of the facility with suspicion. They favor a more holistic approach based on 4 'E's; education (everyone involved), encouragement (to apply education), enforcement (to protect the rights of others), and engineering (to facilitate travel while respecting the right of every equal person to do so). Some groups offer training courses to help cyclists integrate with other traffic.
Critical Mass is an event usually held on the last Friday of every month in cities around the world where cyclists take to the streets en masse . While the vehicle was set up with the idea of ​​drawing attention to how unfriendly the city is for cyclists, the uncritical structure of the Critical Mass makes it impossible to set it a particular goal. In fact, the purpose of the Critical Mass is not formalized beyond the direct action of meetings at the designated location and time and traveling as a group through city streets.
There is a long cycle cycle debate among activists. The most hot controversy surrounds the topic of compulsory helmet use.
Association
Cyclists form associations, both for certain purposes (path development, road maintenance, bike maintenance, urban design, racing clubs, touring clubs, etc.) and for global purposes (energy conservation, pollution reduction, fitness promotion). Some bike clubs and national associations are the main supporters for road and road repairs. In the United States, the League of American Wheelmen lobbied for road repairs in the later part of the 19th century, establishing and leading the national Good Roads Movement. Their models for political organizations, as well as the paved roads they debate, facilitate the growth of cars.
As a sport, cycling is arranged internationally by Union Cycliste Internationale in Switzerland, USA Cycling (combined with the United States Cycling Federation in 1995) in the United States, (for upright bikes) and by the International Association of Human Powered Vehicles (for other HPV, powered human). Cycling for transport and touring is promoted at the European level by the European Bicycle Federation, with related members from England, Japan and elsewhere. Regular conference on cycling as a transport is held under the auspices of Velo City; global conference coordinated by Velo Mondial.
Health effects
The health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks, when cycling compared to an inactive lifestyle. A study in the Netherlands found that cycling can extend the life span to 14 months, but the risk is equivalent to a reduced life span of 40 days or less. Cycling in the Netherlands is often safer than in other parts of the world, so the risk-benefit ratio will be different in other regions. Overall, cycling or walking benefits have been shown to outweigh risks by 9: 1 to 96: 1 when compared with no exercise at all.
Exercise
Physical exercise gained from cycling is generally associated with improved health and wellbeing. According to the World Health Organization, physical activity is second only to tobacco smoking as a health risk in developed countries, and this is associated with tens of billions of dollars in health care costs. The WHO report shows that increased physical activity is the 'best purchase' of public health, and that cycling is a 'very suitable activity' for this purpose. Amal Sustrans reported that investing in the supply of bicycles can provide a 20: 1 return of health and other benefits. It is estimated, on average, about 20 years of life is derived from the health benefits of road cycling for each year of life lost due to injury.
Bicycles are often used by people who want to improve their fitness and cardiovascular health. In this case, cycling is helpful for those with lower limb arthritis who can not pursue a sport that causes a collision to the knees and other joints. Because cycling can be used for practical transport purposes, it may be less necessary to self-discipline to exercise.
Cycling while sitting is a relatively no-load workout that, like swimming, does not help much bone density. Cycling up and down from the saddle, on the other hand, does a better job by transferring more riders' weight to the legs. However, excessive cycling while standing can cause knee damage It used to be thought that cycling while standing was less energy efficient, but recent research has proved this to be untrue. In addition to air resistance, no energy is wasted from cycling while standing, if done properly.
Cycling in the stationary cycle is often recommended as a suitable exercise for rehabilitation, especially for lower limb injuries, due to the low impact that occurs on the joints. In particular, cycling is usually used in knee rehabilitation programs.
In response to increasing global attachment and consequent overweight and obesity, a response that has been adopted by many organizations concerned with health and the environment is an active travel promotion, which seeks to promote walking and cycling as a safe and attractive alternative to motorized transport. Given that many travel for relatively short distances, there is plenty of room to change the use of cars on foot or by bicycle, although in many of these settings may require some modification of infrastructure, especially to attract the less experienced and confident.
Bicycle security
Cycling suffers from the perception that it is unsafe. This perception is not always supported by harsh numbers, because under accident reporting and lack of bicycle use data (number of cycling, cycling kilometers) makes it difficult to assess risk and monitor risk changes. In the UK, the mortality rate per kilometer or kilometer is slightly lower than for walking. In the US, cycling mortality rates are less than 2/3 of those who walk the same distance. However, in the UK for example, the death rate and serious injury per hour trip is only more than double for cycling compared to walking. So if someone, for example, would travel ten kilometers to a certain destination, then on average it would be safer to take this trip on a bicycle rather than on foot. However, if one intends, for example, to do an hour's exercise it may be more dangerous to take the exercise by biking rather than walking.
Despite the risk factors associated with cycling, cyclists have lower overall mortality rates when compared to other groups. A Danish study in 2000 found that even after adjustment for other risk factors, including physical activity of leisure, those who did not cycle to work experienced a 39% higher mortality rate than those who did.
Injuries (for cyclists, from cycling) can be divided into two types:
- Physical trauma (extrinsic)
- Excessive (intrinsic).
Physical trauma
Acute physical trauma includes head and limb injuries from fall and collision. Most deaths from cycles due to collisions with cars or heavy goods vehicles, both riders and cyclists found to be responsible for collisions. A third collision between riders and cyclists is caused by car doors. However, about 16% of bicycle injuries reported to police in the UK in 2014 do not involve people or other vehicles.
Although most bicycle collisions occur during the day, bicycle lights are recommended for safety when cycling at night to increase visibility.
Excessive injuries
From a study of 518 cyclists, the overwhelming majority reported at least one excessive injury, with more than a third requiring medical care. The most common injuries were neck (48.8%) and knee (41.7%), and crotch (36.1%), hand (31.1%), and back (30.3%). Women are more likely to suffer from neck and shoulder pain than men.
Many cyclists suffer an excessive injury to the knee, affecting cyclists at all levels. This is caused by many factors:
- True arrears or bicycle adjustments, especially saddles.
- Incorrect adjustment of clipless pedals.
- Too many hills, or too many miles, too early in training season.
- Poor training preparation for long touring trips.
- Choose teeth that are too high. Lower teeth to climb climbing protects the knee, though muscles may also be able to handle higher teeth.
Excessive injuries, including chronic nerve damage in heavy load locations, can occur as a result of repeatedly riding a bicycle for a long time. Ulnar nerve damage in the palms, carpal tunnel on the wrist, genitourinary tract or bicycle seat neuropathy can occur due to excessive use. Recumbent bicycles are designed with different ergonomic principles and remove the pressure from the saddles and handlebars, because of the relaxed driving position.
Note that overuse is a relative term, and capacity varies greatly between individuals. A person starting cycling should be careful to increase the length and frequency of cycling sessions slowly, starting for example at one or two hours per day, or a hundred miles or kilometers per week. Bilateral muscle pain is a normal by-product of the training process, whereas unilateral pain can reveal "sports-induced arterial endothyrosciism". Joint pain and numbness are also early signs of excessive injury.
A Spanish study of upper triathlons found those who traveled more than 186 miles (300 km) per week with their bikes having sperm that look less than 4%, where normal adult men are estimated to have from 15% to 20%.
Much work has been done to investigate the optimal shape, size and position of the bicycle saddle, and the negative effects of long use of seats or less optimal configurations.
Excessive saddle height can cause posterior knee pain, while grazing too low can cause pain in the anterior knee. Sadly improper saddles can eventually cause muscle imbalance. A knee angle of 25 to 35 degrees is recommended to avoid excessive injury.
Cycling has been linked to sexual impotence due to pressure on the perineum of the seat, but precisely sized seat fits prevent this effect. In extreme cases, the pudendal nerve can become a source of perineal pain that is difficult to solve. Some cyclists with pudendal pressure neuropathic induction gain assistance from improved saddle positions and riding techniques.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has investigated the potential health effects of prolonged cycling in police bike patrol units, including the possibility that some bicycle saddles excessive pressure on the cyclists' urogenital area, restricting blood flow to the genitals. Their study found that using a prominent nasal bicycle seat reduced the pressure on the groin by at least 65% and significantly reduced the number of cases of urogenital paresthesia. The follow-up found that 90% of bike officers who tried the seats without a nose used it six months later. NIOSH recommends that motorists use non-existent bicycle chairs for biking at work.
Although there are conflicting rumors, there is no scientific evidence linking cycling with testicular cancer.
Exposure to air pollution
One concern is that riding traffic can expose cyclists to higher levels of air pollution, especially if he's traveling or along busy roads. Some authors claim this is not true, suggesting that the number of polluters and irritants in the car is consistently higher, perhaps because air circulation is limited in the car and due to direct air intake in other traffic flows. Other authors have found small or inconsistent concentration differences but claim that cyclists' exposure is higher due to increased minute ventilation and is associated with small biological changes. The importance of the associated health effects, if any, is unclear but may be much smaller than the health impacts associated with accidents and health benefits derived from additional physical activity.
See also
- Bike outline
- Outline biking
- Bicycle culture
- Sports cycle
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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