Livestock are pets raised in agricultural environments to produce labor and commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, feathers, leather, and wool. This term is sometimes used to refer only to those cultured for consumption, while other times refer only to ruminants, such as cattle and goats.
In recent years, some organizations have also raised livestock to promote the survival of rare breeds. The breeding, rearing, and slaughtering of these animals, known as livestock, is a component of modern agriculture that has been practiced in many cultures since the transition of humans to agriculture from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
Livestock practices have varied considerably across cultures and time periods. Initially, livestock was not limited by fences or enclosures, but these practices have largely shifted to intensive farming, sometimes referred to as "factory farms". Now, over 99% of cattle are raised on farms. These practices increase the yield of various commercial outputs, but also cause negative impacts on animal welfare and the environment. Livestock production continues to play a key economic and cultural role in many rural communities.
Video Livestock
Etimologi
Livestock as the word was first used between 1650 and 1660, as a combination of "live" and "stock". In some periods, "livestock" and "livestock" have been used interchangeably. Today, the modern meaning of cattle is a domesticated animal, while cattle have a broader understanding.
United States federal law defines the term to make certain agricultural commodities eligible or unqualified for a program or activity. For example, the Livestock Animal Reporting Act 1999 (PL 106-78, Title IX) only defines livestock as cattle, pigs, and sheep, while the 1988 disaster relief law defines the terms as "cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry ( including egg poultry), horse animals used for food or in food production, fish used for food, and other animals designated by the Secretary. "
Deadstock is defined as a contradiction to livestock as "an animal that died before slaughter, sometimes by disease". It is illegal in many countries, such as Canada, to sell or process meat from animals dying for human consumption.
Maps Livestock
History
Animal breeding originated during the cultural transition to a resident agricultural community from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Animals are domesticated when breeding conditions and their lives are controlled by humans. Over time, the collective behavior, life cycle and physiology of livestock have changed radically. Many modern farm animals are not suitable for living in the wild.
The dog was tamed early; dogs appeared in Europe and the Far East from about 15,000 years ago. Goats and sheep are domesticated in several events between 11,000 and 5,000 years ago in Southwest Asia. Pigs are domesticated by 8,500 BC in the Near East and 6,000 BC in China. The horse's domocation dates around 4000 BC. Livestock has been domesticated since about 10,500 years ago. Chickens and other poultry may have been domesticated around 7000 BC.
Type
The term "livestock" is unclear and can be defined narrowly or broadly. Broadly speaking, livestock refers to any type or population of animals kept by humans for useful commercial purposes. This could mean a pet, a semidomestic animal, or a captive wild animal. Semidomestication refers to animals that are only slightly domesticated or disputed. This population is also possible in the process of domestication.
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Traditionally, livestock is part of the subsistence farmer's way of life, producing not only the food needed by the family but also fuel, fertilizer, clothing, transportation and design power. Killing animals for food is a secondary consideration, and wherever possible, its products, such as wool, egg, milk and blood (by Maasai) are harvested when the animal is alive. In traditional transfers, people and cattle move seasonally between steady summers and winter grasslands; in the mountains of summer meadows rising in the mountains, winter pastures in the valleys.
Animals can be stored extensively or intensively. Extensive systems involve roaming animals at will, or under the supervision of a shepherd, often for their protection from predators. Livestock in the Western United States involves large numbers of livestock grazing on public and private lands. Similar livestock sites are found in South America, Australia, and elsewhere with large land areas and low rainfall. Livestock systems have been used for sheep, deer, ostriches, emus, llamas and alpaca. In the highlands of the United Kingdom, sheep changed in the autumn of spring and grazed the abundant mountain grass that was guarded, brought to the lowlands at the end of the year, with supplementary meals given in winter. In rural areas, pigs and poultry can obtain many nutrients from scavenging, and in African communities, hens can live for months without being fed, and still produce one or two eggs a week. At the other extreme, in more advanced parts of the world, animals are often managed intensively; dairy cows can be kept in zero grazing conditions with all their feed brought to them; beef cattle can be stored in high-density feeding areas; pigs can be placed in buildings that are climate controlled and never out of the house; poultry can be kept in barns and kept in cages as laying birds under lighting-controlled conditions. Among these two extremes is semi-intensive farming, often run by families where cattle graze outside for most of the year, silage or straw is made to cover the time of year when grass stops growing, and fertilizer, feed and other inputs are bought to farms from outside.
Predation
Livestock breeders have suffered predation of wild animals and were stolen by rustlers. In North America, animals such as gray wolves, grizzly bears, cougar, and coyotes are sometimes regarded as a threat to livestock. In Eurasia and Africa, predators include wolves, leopards, tigers, lions, dhole, Asian black bears, crocodiles, leopard hyenas, and other carnivores. In South America, wild dogs, jaguars, anaconda, and bear with glasses are a threat to livestock. In Australia, dingo, foxes, and wedge-eagle eagles are common predators, with the added threat of domestic dogs being killed in response to hunting instincts, leaving the carcasses eaten.
Disease
Good farming, proper food, and hygiene are major contributors to animal health in agriculture, bringing economic benefits through maximized production. When, despite these precautions, animals still become ill, they are treated with veterinary medicines, by farmers and veterinarians. In the EU, when farmers treat their own animals, they are required to follow treatment guidelines and record the care provided. Animals are susceptible to a number of diseases and conditions that may affect their health. Some, such as classic swine fever and scrapie specifically for one type of stock, while others, such as foot and mouth disease affect all hoofed animals. If the conditions are serious, the government imposes regulations on imports and exports, on stock movements, quarantine restrictions and suspected case reporting. Vaccines are available to fight certain diseases, and antibiotics are widely used if needed. At one time, antibiotics are routinely added to certain compound ingredients to promote growth, but this practice is now preferred in many countries because of the risks that can cause antibiotic resistance. Animals living in intensive conditions are particularly vulnerable to internal and external parasites; the increasing number of sea fleas affects farm salmon in Scotland. Reducing parasitic burden on cattle results in increased productivity and profitability.
Transportation and marketing
Since many livestock are farm animals, they have historically been encouraged to market "on the nails" to a city or other central location. This method is still used in some parts of the world.
Truck transportation is now common in developed countries.
Local and regional cattle auctions and commodity markets facilitate livestock trade. In other areas, cattle can be bought and sold in bazaars, as can be found in many parts of Central Asia.
In developing countries, provision of access to markets has encouraged farmers to invest in livestock, which resulted in improved livelihoods. For example, the International Plant Research Institute for Tropical Semi-Arid (ICRISAT) has worked in Zimbabwe to help farmers use their livestock.
In the stock exhibition, farmers bring their best cattle to compete with each other.
Environmental impact
Livestock has a significant impact on the world environment. It is responsible for somewhere between 20 and 33% of the world's freshwater use, and livestock, and feed production for them, occupying about a third of the earth's free ions. Livestock production is a contributing factor in species extinction, desertification, and habitat destruction. Animal farms contribute to the extinction of species in various ways. Habitat is destroyed by cutting down forests and converting land into feed plants and feeding animals, while predators and herbivores are often targeted and hunted for being perceived as a threat to livestock gains; for example, livestock is responsible for up to 91% of deforestation in the Amazon region. In addition, livestock produces greenhouse gases. Cattle produce about 570 million cubic meters of methane per day, which accounts for 35 to 40% of the planet's total methane emissions. Livestock is responsible for 65% of all human-related emissions from a strong and long-lived greenhouse gas nitro oxide. As a result, ways to reduce the environmental impact of farms are being studied. Strategies include using biogas from impurities.
The global cattle production value in 2013 has been estimated at 883 billion dollars (constant 2005-2006 dollars).
Livestock provides a variety of food and non-food products; the latter include skin, wool, medicine, bone products, industrial protein, and fat. For many slaughterhouses, very little animal biomass can be wasted during slaughter. Even the contents of the intestine removed in slaughter can be recovered for use as fertilizer. Livestock manure helps maintain the fertility of grazing land. Manure is generally collected from barns and feeding places to enrich farmland. In some places, animal waste is used as fuel, either directly (as in some developing countries), or indirectly (as a source of methane for heating or for generating electricity). In areas where machine power is limited, some classes of cattle are used as draft stocks, not only for land preparation and other agricultural uses, but also for the transportation of people and goods. In 1997, livestock provides energy for between 25 and 64% of the cultivation energy in the world's irrigation systems, and 300 million experimental animals are used globally in small farms.
Although livestock production serves as a source of income, it can provide additional economic value to rural families, often serving as a major contributor to food security and economic security. Livestock can serve as insurance against risks and is an economic buffer (income and/or food supply) in some regions and some economies (for example, during some drought in Africa). However, its use as a buffer is sometimes limited where there are alternatives, which may reflect the strategic maintenance of insurance in addition to the desire to maintain productive assets. Even for some livestock owners in developed countries, livestock can serve as a kind of insurance. Some farmers can produce livestock as a strategy to diversify their sources of income, to reduce risks associated with weather, markets and other factors. Ã, Â ·
Many studies have found evidence of social, economic, livestock in developing countries and in rural poverty, and the evidence is not limited to pastoral and nomadic societies. Ã, Â · Ã, Â, Ã, Â ·,
Social values ​​in developed countries can also be considered. For example, in a study of livestock permitted on national forest land in New Mexico, USA, it was concluded that "livestock maintains traditional values ​​and connects families to ancestral lands and cultural heritage," and that "a sense of place, attachment to land, and the value of preserving open space is a common theme ". "The importance of land and animals as a means of preserving culture and way of life is repeatedly taken into account in the committee's response, as well as the subject of responsibility and respect for land, animals, families, and society."
In the US, profits tend to rank low among motivations for involvement in farms. In contrast, the desired family, tradition and way of life tend to be the main motivator for livestock purchases, and breeders "have historically been willing to accept low returns from livestock production."
See also
References
External links
- Better Life Through Animal Husbandry by ILRI
- Livestock - New South Wales Government
- Havana Livestock Fair (Photo Features) - Havana Times , October 19, 2010
- Brief History of Livestock Production
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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