Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson ; June 1, 1926 - August 5, 1962) is an American actress, model and singer. Famous for playing comic "blonde bomb" characters, he became one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s and is a symbol of the era's attitude towards sexuality. Although he was a high-income actress for a decade, his films grossed $ 200 million at his unexpected deaths in 1962. Over the next half century, he continues to be the icon of major popular culture.
Born and raised in Los Angeles, Monroe spent most of his childhood in orphanages and orphanages and married at the age of sixteen. While working at the radioplane factory in 1944 as part of a war effort, he was introduced to a photographer of the First Motion Picture Unit and started a successful modeling pin-up career. This work resulted in a short film contract with Twentieth Century-Fox (1946-1947) and Columbia Pictures (1948). After a series of small film roles, he signed a new contract with Fox in 1951. Over the next two years, he became a popular actress and had roles in several comedies, including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business , and in the drama Clash by Night and Do not bother to tap . Monroe faced a scandal when it was revealed that he had posed for naked photos before he became a star, but his story did not tarnish his career and instead resulted in increased interest in his films.
In 1953, Monroe was one of Hollywood's most valuable stars; she has a lead role in Niagara's noir film, which focuses on her sex appeal, and the Gentlemen Prefer Blondes comedy and the How to Marry Millionaire , which sets the image star as "blonde dumb". Although he played an important role in the creation and management of his public image throughout his career, he was disappointed when he was targeted and paid poorly by the studio. He was suspended in early 1954 for rejecting the film project but returned to the star in one of the greatest box office successes of his career, The Seven Year Itch (1955).
When the studio was still reluctant to change Monroe's contract, he founded a film production company in late 1954; he named it Marilyn Monroe Productions (MMP). He dedicated the year 1955 to building his company and began to study the methods that worked on Actors Studio. At the end of 1955, Fox gave him a new contract, which gave him greater control and a larger salary. Subsequent roles include critically-recognized performance in the Bus Stop (1956) and the first independent production of MMP, The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). Monroe won the Golden Globe for Best Actress for his work in Some Like It Hot (1959), a critical and commercial success. His last film was the drama The Misfits (1961).
Monroe's troubled personal life received a lot of attention. She struggles with substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. Her second and third marriages, with baseball star dancer Joe DiMaggio and playwright Arthur Miller, respectively, were very well publicized and both ended in divorce. On August 5, 1962, he died at the age of 36 from a barbiturate overdose at his home in Los Angeles. Although Monroe's death is considered a suicide, several conspiracy theories have been filed several decades after his death.
Video Marilyn Monroe
Kehidupan dan karier
1926-1943: Masa kecil dan perkawinan pertama
Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at Los Angeles County Hospital on June 1, 1926 as the third child of Gladys Pearl Baker (nÃÆ' Â © e Monroe, 1902-1984). Gladys is the daughter of two poor Midwesterns who migrated to California. At the age of fifteen, he married a man nine years older than him, John Newton Baker, and had two children by him, Robert (1917-1933) and Berniece (born 1919). He filed for divorce in 1921, and Baker took the boys with him to his home country, Kentucky. Monroe was not informed that she had a sister until she was twelve, and met her for the first time as an adult. After the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter in Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, he married his second husband, Martin Edward Mortensen, but they split up only a few months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father is unknown and he most often uses Baker as his last name.
Monroe's childhood was stable and happy. Gladys is mentally and financially unprepared for a child, and soon after birth he can place Monroe with foster parents Albert and Ida Bolender in the rural town of Hawthorne. They raise their foster children according to the principles of evangelical Christianity. At first, Gladys stayed with the Bolenders and went back to work in Los Angeles, until her longer shift forced her to return to the city in early 1927. She then began visiting her daughter on weekends, often taking her to the movies and sight-seeing. in Los Angeles. Although the Bolenders wanted to adopt Monroe, in the summer of 1933, Gladys felt stable enough for Monroe to move with him and buy a small house in Hollywood. They share with the guests, actor George and Maude Atkinson and their daughter, Nellie. A few months later, in January 1934, Gladys suffered a mental disorder and was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. After several months at home break, he committed to the Metropolitan State Hospital. He spent the rest of his life inside and outside the hospital and rarely got in touch with Monroe.
Monroe became a state ward, and his mother's friend, Grace McKee Goddard, took responsibility for her affairs and her mother. In the next four years, he lives with several adoptive families and often switches to school. During the first sixteen months, he continues to live with Atkinsons; she's been sexually abused all along. Always a shy girl, she now also develops stutter and becomes drawn. In the summer of 1935, he stayed briefly with Grace and her husband Erwin "Doc" Goddard and two other families, until Grace placed her in the Los Angeles Orphans House in Hollywood in September 1935. While the orphanage was "a model institution" and Explained in positive terms by his friends, Monroe finds it placed there traumatically, for him "no one seems to want me".
Encouraged by the orphanage staff who thought that Monroe would be happier living in the family, Grace became her official guardian in 1936, although she could not take her out of the orphanage until the summer of 1937. Monroe's second stay with Goddards lasted only a few months because Doc harass him. After living with several of his relatives and friends and relatives of Grace in Los Angeles and Compton, Monroe found a more permanent home in September 1938, when he began living with Grace's aunt Ana Atchinson Lower in the district of Sawtelle. He enrolled at Emerson Junior High School and was taken to the weekly Christian Science service with Lower. Monroe was an average student, but he excelled in writing and contributing to the school newspaper. Due to older Elderly health problems, Monroe returned to life with Goddards at Van Nuys in late 1940 or early 1941. After graduating from Emerson, he began attending Van Nuys High School.
In early 1942, the company that hired Doc Goddard moved it to West Virginia. California's child protection laws prevent Goddards from taking Monroe out of the country, and he faces the possibility of having to return to the orphanage. As a solution, he married their neighbor son, 21-year-old factory worker James "Jim" Dougherty on June 19, 1942, just after his 16th birthday. Monroe then dropped out of school and became a housewife; He then stated that "marriage does not make me sad, but it also does not make me happy." My husband and I barely talk to each other, it's not because we're angry We can not say anything I'm dying of boredom. "In 1943, Dougherty was registered with the Merchant Marine and stationed on Catalina Island, where Monroe moved with him. 1944-1949: _Modeling_and_first_film_roles "> 1944-1949: First movie modeling and role
In April 1944, Jim Dougherty was sent to the Pacific; he will remain there for most of the next two years. Monroe moved in with her parents and started work at the Radioplane Munitions Factory in Van Nuys. At the end of 1944, he met photographer David Conover, who had been sent by the First Air Force Motion Force Image Unit to the factory to shoot images that boosted the morale of female workers. Although no photographs were used, he stopped working at the factory in January 1945 and began modeling for Conover and his friends. Against her deployed husband, she moved herself and signed a contract with Blue Book Model Agent in August 1945.
As a model, Monroe occasionally uses the name Jean Norman. He straightened his curly hair and painted it blonde to make it easier to work. His figure is considered more suitable for pin-up than fashion modeling, and he is featured primarily in advertising and men's magazines. The agency's owner, Emmeline Snively, says that Monroe is one of the most ambitious and hard-working models; in early 1946, he appeared on 33 magazine covers for publications such as Pageant , US. Camera , Laff , and Peek .
Through Snively, Monroe received a contract with the acting agency in June 1946. After a failed interview at Paramount Pictures, he was given a screen test by Ben Lyon, the 20th Century-Fox executive. Chief executive Darryl F. Zanuck was not enthusiastic about it, but he was persuaded to give him a standard six-month contract to avoid him being signed by RKO Pictures studio. The Monroe contract began in August 1946, and he and Lyon chose the stage name "Marilyn Monroe". The first name was chosen by Lyon, who was reminded of Broadway star Marilyn Miller; the last one taken by Monroe after his mother's maiden name. In September 1946, he divorced Dougherty, who opposed him to work.
Monroe has no film role during the first months of his contract and instead dedicates his days to acting, singing and dancing classes. Want to learn more about the movie industry and to promote himself, he spends time in the studio to observe other people working. His contract was renewed in February 1947, and he was given two of his first film roles, small parts in Dangerous Year (1947) and Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948). The studio also enrolled at the Performer Theater Theater, an acting school that teaches techniques from Group Theater; He then stated that it was "my first taste of real acting in a real drama, and I was hooked". The Monroe contract was not renewed in August 1947, and he returned to modeling while also doing odd jobs in the studio.
Monroe is determined to make her an actress, and she continues to study at the Actor Lab. In October 1947, he appeared as a blonde vamp in the short drama Glamor Preferred in Bliss-Hayden Theater, but the production was not reviewed by any major publications. To promote himself, he often visited the producers' offices, making friends with gossip columnist Sidney Skolsky, and entertaining influential male guests in various studio functions, a practice he started at Fox. He also became a friend and occasional partner of Fox executive sex Joseph M. Schenck, who persuaded his friend Harry Cohn, chief executive of Columbia Pictures, to sign him in March 1948.
While on Fox, Monroe was given the role of "neighbor girl"; at Columbia, he imitated Rita Hayworth. Her hairline lifted and her hair bleached into a platinum blonde. He also began working with head studio drama coach, Natasha Lytess, who will remain mentor until 1955. Her film in the studio is just a low-budget musician Ladies of the Chorus (1948), in which she has a leading role as a choir girl approached by a rich man. He was also screentested for the lead role in Born Yesterday (1950), but his contract was not renewed in September 1948. Ladies of the Chorus was released the following month and was not a success.
After Columbia, Monroe became protà © à © gÃÆ' © e of Johnny Hyde, who was vice president of the William Morris Agency. Hyde represented her and their relationship soon became sexual, with her even proposing a marriage. He paid a silicon prosthesis to be implanted in Monroe's jaw and possibly for nasal surgery, and set up a little part in the Marx Brothers Love Happy movie (1950). Monroe also continued modeling, and in May 1949 he posed nude for a photo taken by Tom Kelley. Although her role in Love Happy was so small, she was chosen to participate in a movie promotional tour in New York that year.
1950-1952: Breakthrough years
In 1950, Monroe had small parts in Love Happy , A Ticket to Tomahawk , Right Cross and The Fireball All About Eve and the John Huston crime film The Asphalt Jungle . Although it only appears on the screen for a few minutes at the last, he gets a mention in Photoplay and according to Spoto "moves effectively from movie model to actress seriously". In December 1950, Hyde was able to negotiate a seven-year deal for Monroe with 20th Century Fox. He died of a heart attack just days later, which ruined him.
The Fox contract gives Monroe more publicity. In March 1951, he became presenter at the 23rd Academy Awards, and in September, Collier's became the first national magazine to publish his complete profile. That same year, he had a supporting role in four low-budget films: in the drama MGM Home Town Story , and in three successful comedy for Fox, As Young as You Feel >, Love Nest , and Let's Make It Legal . According to Spoto, the four films feature "essentially as sexy ornaments", but he received some praise from critics: Bosley Crowther of The New York Times described it as "extraordinary" in As Young As You Feel and Ezra Goodman of Los Angeles Daily News called him "one of the most radiant actresses" for Love Nest . To further develop his acting skills, Monroe began taking classes with Michael Chekhov and mime Lotte Goslar. His popularity with the audience also increased: he received several thousand fan letters a week, and declared "Miss Cheesecake of 1951" by the Star and Strip's army newspaper, reflecting the military's preference in the Korean War. In his personal life, Monroe was in a relationship with director Elia Kazan, and also briefly dated several other men, including director Nicholas Ray and actors Yul Brynner and Peter Lawford.
In his second year of contract, Monroe became the top actress. Columnist Gossip Florabel Muir named him "the girl" in 1952 and Hedda Hopper described it as a "queen of cheesecake" that turned into a "box office smash". In February, he was named the "best young box office personality" by the Foreign Press Association of Hollywood, and started a highly publicized romance with retired New York Yankee Joe DiMaggio, who was one of the most famous sports figures of the era.
In March 1952, a scandal broke out when Monroe revealed during an interview that in 1949, he had posed for naked photographs, which are now featured in the calendar. The studio had studied the upcoming calendar publication a few weeks earlier, and together with Monroe decided that in order to avoid damaging his career, it was best to admit it while emphasizing that he had been bankrupt at the time. The strategy gained public sympathy and increased interest in the films; The following month, she is featured on the cover of Life as "The Talk of Hollywood". Monroe added to his reputation as a new sex symbol with another publicity action that year: he wore an open dress when acting as Grand Marshal in the Miss America Pageant march, and told Earl Wilson's rumor columnist that he usually did not wear underwear.
Despite her popularity and sex appeal, Monroe wants to present more of her acting range. He appeared in two successful commercial dramas in the summer of 1952. The first was Fritz Lang's Clash by Night , which he loaned to RKO and played as a fish canneller; to prepare, he spends time at a fish canning factory in Monterey. He received positive reviews for his performance: The Hollywood Reporter stated that "he deserves starring in status with his excellent interpretation", and Variety writes that he "has easy shipping that makes it easy for popularity ". The second film is the thriller Do not Bother to Knock, where he plays a mentally disturbed nanny and who Zanuck assigns to him to test his skills in a more severe dramatic role. It received mixed criticism from critics, with Crowther deeming it too inexperienced for a difficult role, and Variety blaming the script for the movie problem.
Three other Monroe movies in 1952 continued typecastingnya in a comic role that focused on her sex appeal. In We Not Married! , her main role as a beauty contestant contest was created solely to "present Marilyn in two swimsuits", according to author Nunnally Johnson. In Howard Hawks' Monkey Business, where he is shown in front of Cary Grant, he plays a secretary who "stupid, childish blond, unconsciously unaware of the chaos caused by sexiness all around him". At O. Henry's Full House , his last film of the year, he has a small role as a prostitute.
During this period, Monroe earned a reputation for being difficult on film sets; difficulty worsening as his career develops. He is often late or does not show up at all, does not remember his dialogue, and will demand multiple retakes before he is satisfied with his performance. Monroe's dependence on his acting coach - first Natasha Lytess and then Paula Strasberg - also irritates the director. Monroe's problems have been linked to a combination of perfectionism, low self-esteem, and stage fright; he disliked the lack of control he had in his work on the movie set and never experienced the same problem during the shoot, where he said more for his performance and could be more spontaneous than following the script. To reduce her chronic anxiety and insomnia, she started using barbiturates, amphetamines, and alcohol, which also exacerbated her problem, although she did not become heavily addicted until 1956. According to Sarah Churchwell, some of Monroe's behaviors - especially later in her career. - also a response to the condescending and sexism of his male co-star and director. Likewise, Lois Banner has stated that she was bullied by many of her directors.
1953: New star
Monroe starred in three films released in 1953 and emerged as a major sex symbol and one of Hollywood's most bankable players. The first is the no-no Technicolor movie Niagara, where she plays a femme fatale plotting to kill her husband, played by Joseph Cotten. At that time, Monroe and her make-up artist Allan "Whitey" Snyder has developed a look of make-up that became associated with her: dark curved eyebrows, pale skin, "sparkling" red lips and beauty marks. According to Sarah Churchwell, Niagara is one of the most outspoken sexual films of Monroe's career, and that includes scenes where her body is covered only by a sheet or towel, considered to be surprising by contemporary audiences. The most famous scene is a 30-second long shot behind Monroe where he is seen walking with his hip sway, which is very often used in movie marketing.
When Niagara was released in January, female clubs protested that the movie was immoral, but the film proved popular with viewers and grossed $ 6 million at the box office. While Variety considers it "clichÃÆ' Â © d" and "morbid", The New York Times commented that "waterfall and Miss Monroe is something to behold", as if Monroe may not be a "perfect actress at the moment... she can flirt - even when she's walking". Monroe continued to attract attention by wearing an open suit in publicity events, most notably at the Photoplay award in January 1953, in which he won the "Fastest Star" award. She wore a tight gold dress, which prompted veteran star Joan Crawford to describe her behavior as "an undeserved actress and woman" to the press.
While Niagara made Monroe a sex symbol and formed her "appearance," the second film of the year, the satirical musical comedy Gentlemen Prefer Blondes stipulated her screen persona as a "stupid blonde". Based on Anita Loos bestselling novel and its Broadway version, the film focuses on two "gold dancers", Lorelei Lee and Dorothy Shaw, played by Monroe and Jane Russell. Lorelei's role was originally intended for Betty Grable, which had become the most popular 20th Century-Fox "blast bomb" of the 1940s; Monroe quickly eclipsed him as a star that could appeal to both male and female audiences. As part of the film publicity campaign, she and Russell pressed their hands and footprints on wet concrete outside Grauman's Chinese Theater in June. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes was released shortly thereafter and became one of the biggest box office successes of the year with gross revenues of $ 5.3 million, more than double the cost of production. Crowther of The New York Times and William Brogdon of Variety both made positive comments on Monroe, notably noting his performance "Dondonds Are a Girl's Best Friend"; according to the latter, he demonstrates "the ability to sex a song as well as show the eye value of a scene with its presence".
In September, Monroe made his television debut on Jack Benny Show playing Jack's fantasy girl in the Honolulu Trip episode. She starred alongside Betty Grable and Lauren Bacall in her third film of the year, How to Marry a Millionaire , released in November. It features Monroe in a naÃÆ'¯ve model role that works with his friends to find rich husbands, repeating the successful Gentlemen Prefer Blondes formula. This is the second movie ever released on CinemaScope, the expected big-screen format Fox will pull viewers back to theaters when television starts causing losses for the movie studios. Despite the diverse reviews, the film was Monroe's biggest box office success at the time in his career, earning $ 8 million in home rentals.
Monroe was listed in the annual Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll in 1953 and 1954, and according to Fox historian Aubrey Solomon became the studio's "biggest asset" with CinemaScope. Monroe's position as a prominent sex symbol was confirmed in December 1953, when Hugh Hefner featured it on the cover and as the middle fold in the first edition of Playboy. The cover image is a photograph taken from him at the Miss America Pageant parade in 1952, and the center fold shows one of his 1949 nude photos.
1954-1955: Conflict with 20th Century-Fox and marriage with Joe DiMaggio
Although Monroe has become one of the greatest stars of the 20th-century Fox, his contract has not changed since 1950, which means that he is paid much less than other stars of his stature and can not choose his project or coworkers. He is also tired of being a typecast, and his attempt to appear in movies other than comedy or musical has been thwarted by Zanuck, who has a strong personal dislike of him and does not expect him to get as much studio income in the drama. When he refused to start filming another musical comedy, the movie version of The Girl in Pink Tights, which is opposite Frank Sinatra, the studio suspended it on January 4, 1954.
The suspension was front page news, and Monroe immediately started a publicity campaign to fight negative press and strengthen his position in the conflict. On January 14, he and Joe DiMaggio, whose relationship has been a media concern since 1952, married in San Francisco City Hall. They then travel to Japan, combining a honeymoon with a business trip. From there, he traveled alone to Korea, where he performed songs from his film as part of a USO show for more than 60,000 US Marines over a four-day period. Upon returning to Hollywood in February, he was awarded Photoplay ' s "The Most Popular Female Star". She reached completion with the studio in March: it includes a new contract to be made at the end of the year, and a lead role in the movie version of Broadway drama The Seven Year Itch, where she is receiving a $ 100,000 bonus.
Monroe's next film was Otto Preminger's Western River of No Return, which had been filmed before the suspension and featured Robert Mitchum as his co-star. He calls it "the Z-class cowboy movie in which acting finishes second to Scenery and CinemaScope process", though it's popular amongst the audience. The first film he made after returning to Fox was a musical No Business Like Business Show , which he did not like but the studio required him to exchange by dropping The Girl in Pink Tights . The musical was not successful after it was released in December, and Monroe's performance was considered vulgar by many critics.
In September 1954, Monroe began making Billy Wilder's comedy The Seven Year Itch, in which she starred Tom Ewell as the woman who became the object of her married neighbors' sexual fantasies. Although the film was taken in Hollywood, the studio decided to generate publicity early by rolling out a scene shooting on Lexington Avenue in Manhattan. In the filming, Monroe was standing on a trench subway with the air blowing up her white dress skirt, which became one of the most famous scenes of her career. The photoshoot lasted for several hours and attracted a crowd of nearly 2,000 spectators, including professional photographers.
The publicity action puts Monroe on the international front page, and it also marks the end of his marriage to DiMaggio, who is furious with the action. Unions have been in trouble from the start by his jealousy and his controlling attitude; Spoto and Banner also asserted that he was physically rude. After Monroe returned to Hollywood, he hired a famous lawyer Jerry Giesler and announced in October 1954 that he filed for divorce from DiMaggio after just nine months of marriage. The Seven Year Itch was released in June and earned $ 4.5 million at the box office, making it one of the biggest commercial success of the year.
After filming for The Seven Year Itch wrapped in November, Monroe embarked on a new battle to control his career and leave Hollywood for the East Coast, where he and photographer Milton Greene set up their own production company, Marilyn Monroe Productions (MMP) - an action that was later called "instrumental" in the collapse of the studio system. Announcing his foundation at a press conference in January 1955, Monroe stated that he was "tired of the same old sex role, I want to do better things, people have scope, you know." He insists that he is no longer under contract for Fox, since the studio has not fulfilled his duties, as paid for the promised bonus for The Seven Year Itch. It started a year-long legal battle between him and the studio. The Press mostly mocks Monroe for his actions and he is parodied in The Seven Year Itch , author George Axelrod's Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1955), where she resembles Jayne Mansfield playing a stupid actress who started her own production company.
Monroe dedicated in 1955 to learn his skills. He moved to Manhattan and took an acting class with Constance Collier and attended a workshop on methods that worked at Actors Studio, run by Lee Strasberg. He grew up close to Strasberg and his wife Paula, receiving private lessons at home for his embarrassment, and soon became a member of the family. He dismissed his old drama coach, Natasha Lytess, and replaced him with Paula; Strasbergs remains an important influence for the rest of his career. Monroe also began to undergo psychoanalysis on the recommendation of Strasberg, who believed that an actor must face their emotional trauma and use it in their show.
In his personal life, Monroe continues his relationship with DiMaggio despite the ongoing divorce proceedings; she also dated actor Marlon Brando and playwright Arthur Miller. He was first introduced to Miller by Kazan in the early 1950s. The affair between Monroe and Miller became more serious after October 1955, when his divorce from DiMaggio was settled and Miller parted ways with his wife. The FBI also opens a file to it. The studio is worried that Monroe will be blacklisted and urged him to end his affair, as Miller is being investigated by the FBI over allegations of communism and has been summoned by the UN Organization's Events Committee. Despite the risks to his career, Monroe refused to end the relationship, then called the head of the studio "born as a coward".
At the end of the year, Monroe and Fox have reached agreement on a new seven-year contract. It's clear that MMP will not be able to afford the film itself, and the studio is eager to have Monroe working again. The contract required him to make four films for Fox for seven years. the studio will pay $ 100,000 for each film, and granted her the right to choose his own projects, directors and cinematographers. He will also be free to create a single movie with MMP per completed movie for Fox.
1956-1959: critical acclaim and marriage to Arthur Miller
Monroe began in 1956 announcing his victory over 20th Century Fox; The press, which had previously ridiculed it, is now writing well about his decision to fight the studio. Time calls him "smart business entrepreneur" and Look predicts that the victory will be "an example of an individual against a herd for years to come". In March, he officially changed his name to Marilyn Monroe. His relationship with Miller prompted some negative comments from the press, including Walter Winchell's remark that "the most famous American blonde star now is a left-wing intellectual lover." Monroe and Miller were married in a civil ceremony at Westchester County Court in White Plains, New York, on June 29, and two days later held a Jewish ceremony at his agent's home in Waccabuc, New York. With the marriage, Monroe converted to Judaism, which caused Egypt to ban all his films. The media saw unity as mismatched portraying its star image as a sex symbol and its position as an intellectual, as shown by Egghead Weds Hourglass's headline "Egghead Weds Hourglass" Variety '.
The Bus Stop drama is Monroe's first movie to be created under a new contract; the film was released in August 1956. He portrayed ChÃÆ'Â © rie, a saloon singer whose dreams became a star by a cowboy na na who fell in love with him. For her role, she studied Ozark accents, chose costumes and make-up that did not have the glamor of previous films, and gave mediocre singing and dancing. Broadway director Joshua Logan agreed to direct, though initially cast doubt on his acting skills and knowing his reputation for being difficult. Filming took place in Idaho and Arizona in early 1956, with Monroe "technically responsible" as the head of the MMP, occasionally making decisions about cinematography and with Logan adapting to his chronic delay and perfection.
That experience changed Logan's opinion of Monroe, and he then compared it to Charlie Chaplin in his ability to combine comedy and tragedy. Bus Stop became a box office success, grossed $ 4.25 million, and received very favorable reviews. The Saturday Review of Literature writes that Monroe's appearance "effectively eliminates once and for all the notion that he is just a glamorous personality" and Crowther states: "Hold onto your seat, everyone, and prepare for a surprising shock Marilyn Monroe has finally proved herself an actress. "She received a Golden Globe for Best Actress nomination for her performance.
In August 1956, Monroe began filming the first independent production of MMP, The Prince and the Showgirl , at Pinewood Studios in England. It was based on Terence Rattigan The Sleeping Prince , a drama about an affair between a stage girl and a prince in the 1910s. The first major role was played on stage by Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh; he changed his role and directed and produced the film together. Production is complicated by the conflict between him and Monroe. She angers him with a condescending statement "All you have to do is be sexy", and by wanting him to imitate Leigh's interpretation. He also dislikes the constant presence of Paula Strasberg, acting coach of Monroe, on set.
In retaliation for what he perceived as Olivier's "demeaning" behavior, Monroe began to arrive late and became uncooperative, stating later that "if you do not respect your artist, they can not work well." Drug use increased, and according to Spoto she was pregnant and miscarried during production. He also argued with Greene about how MMP should be run, including whether Miller should join the company. Despite the difficulties, the film is completed as scheduled at the end of the year. It was released for mixed reviews in June 1957 and proved unpopular with American audiences. It was better received in Europe, where he was awarded the David Star Donatello award from Italy and the French Crystal Star, and was nominated for BAFTA.
Upon returning to the United States, Monroe took an 18 month absence from work to concentrate on marriage life on the East Coast. He and Miller split their time between Manhattan apartments and the eighteenth-century farmhouse they bought in Roxbury, Connecticut; they spent the summer at Amagansett, Long Island. She was pregnant in mid 1957, but ectopics and had to be stopped. She suffered a miscarriage a year later. Her gynecological problems are mostly caused by endometriosis, a disease she suffered during her adult life. Monroe also had been hospitalized during this time due to a barbiturate overdose. During hiatus, he fired Greene from the MMP and bought his stake in the company because they could not resolve their disapproval and he began to suspect that he was embezzling money from the company.
Monroe returned to Hollywood in July 1958 to compete against Jack Lemmon and Tony Curtis in Billy Wilder's comedy about gender roles, Some Like It Hot . Though he regards Sugar Kane's role as another "stupid blonde", he accepts it because of Miller's encouragement and an offer to receive ten percent of the movie's profits in addition to his standard pay. The difficulty during film production has become "legendary". Monroe will demand dozens of take-backs, and can not remember the lines or act accordingly - Curtis famously states that kissing him "kisses Hitler" for the amount of retrieval. Monroe himself personally likened the production to sinking vessels and commented on fellow stars and directors who say "[but] why should I worry, I do not have phallic symbols to lose." Many of the problems stem from the conflict between him and Wilder, who also has a difficult reputation, about how he should play the characters. Monroe angered Wilder by asking him to change many of his scenes, which in turn made his stage worse, and suggested that he deliberately destroy some scenes to act their way.
In the end, Wilder pleased with the performance of Monroe and declared: "Anyone can remember the line, but it takes a real artist to come on the set and do not know the line and not on a show that he did!" Despite the difficulty of production, Some Like It Hot became a commercial success and critical when it was released in March 1959. Monroe appearance earned him the Golden Globe for Best Actress, and requested Variety to call him "a comedian with a combination of sex appeal and the time that can not be defeated. " Has been selected as one of the best films ever made in a poll by the BBC, the American Film Institute, and Sight & amp; Sound .
1960-1962: Decrease in career and personal difficulties
After One Some It's Hot, Monroe returned hiatus until the end of 1959, when he returned to Hollywood and starred in the musical comedy Let's Make Love, about an actress and a millionaire who fell in love when appeared in a satirical drama. He chose George Cukor to direct and Miller rewrote parts of the manuscript, which he considered weak; he received the part solely because he was behind his contract with Fox, as it only made one of the four promised films. The film's production was delayed because it was often absent from the set. He had an affair with Yves Montand, his opponent, who was widely reported by the press and used in film publicity campaigns. Let's Make Love did not work after it was released in September 1960; Crowther describes Monroe as "somewhat unkempt" and "less... old Monroe dynamism", and Hedda Hopper calls the film "the most vulgar picture he has ever done". Truman Capote lobbied for him to play Holly Golightly in the adaptation movie at Breakfast at Tiffany's, but the role was directed at Audrey Hepburn as his producers feared Monroe would complicate production.
The last film that Monroe completed was John Huston's The Misfits , which Miller wrote to give him a dramatic role. She plays Roslyn, a recently divorced woman who became friends with three old cowboys, played by Clark Gable, Eli Wallach and Montgomery Clift. Filming in the Nevada desert between July and November 1960 was again difficult. The four-year marriage of Monroe and Miller effectively ended, and he started a new relationship with set photographer Inge Morath. Monroe did not like that he had based his part partly on his life, and considered him inferior to the male role; he also struggled with Miller's habit of rewriting the night scene before filming. His health also failed: he was in pain because of gallstones, and his drug addiction was so severe that his makeup usually had to be applied when he was still asleep under the influence of barbiturates. In August, the filming was stopped for him to spend a week detox in Los Angeles hospital. Despite the problem, Huston states that when Monroe plays Roslyn, he "does not pretend to be emotion, it is the real thing, he will go deep inside him and find it and bring it into consciousness."
Monroe and Miller split up after filming wrapped up, and he was given a quick divorce in Mexico in January 1961. The Misfits released the following month, but failed at the box office. His reviews varied, with Variety complaining about the development of "choppy" characters, and Bosley Crowther called Monroe "completely empty and unexpected" and stated that "unfortunately for the film structure, it all turned to him". Apart from the initial failure of the film, the film has received better reviews from film critics and scientists in the 21st century. Geoff Andrew of the British Film Institute has called him a classical scholar, Huston Tony Tracy has described Monroe's performance of "the most mature interpretation of his career", and Geoffrey McNab from The Independent has praised him for being "extraordinary" in describing "the power of Roslyn's empathy".
Monroe subsequently starred in a television adaptation of W. Somerset Maugham's short story Rain for NBC, but the project failed because the network did not want to hire director Lee Strasberg's choice. Instead of working, he spent the first six months of 1961 preoccupied with health problems. Monroe underwent surgery for his endometriosis, underwent cholecystectomy, and spent four weeks in hospital care - including brief assignments in mental wards - for depression. She is assisted by her ex-husband Joe DiMaggio, with whom she is now reviving friendship. In the spring of 1961, Monroe also moved back to California after six years on the East Coast. He dated Frank Sinatra for several months, and in early 1962 bought a house in Brentwood, Los Angeles.
Monroe returned to the public eye in the spring of 1962; she received the Golden Globe Award "Favorite World Film" and began filming a new movie for 20th Century Fox, Something To Be Given , re-make of My Favorite Wife (1940). It will be produced jointly by MMP, directed by George Cukor and for co-stars Dean Martin and Cyd Charisse. A few days before the filming began, Monroe was stricken with sinusitis; Despite medical advice to delay production, Fox started it as planned in late April. Monroe was too ill to work for most of the next six weeks, but despite confirmation from several doctors, the studio tried to suppress him by publicly accusing him of faking. On May 19, she took a break to sing "Happy Birthday" on stage at President John F. Kennedy's birthday celebration at Madison Square Garden in New York. She drew attention with her costume: a beige and glittering dress that was covered with rhinestones, which made her look naked. Monroe's trip to New York caused more irritation for Fox executives, who wanted him to cancel it.
Monroe then filmed a scene for Something's To Give where she swam naked in the pool. To generate publicity in advance, the press is invited to take photographs of the scene, which are then published on Life ; this is the first time a big star posed naked while at the peak of their career. When he was on sick leave for several days, Fox decided that he could not have another movie running behind schedule when it was struggling to cover the rising cost of Cleopatra (1963). On June 7, Fox fired Monroe and sued him for $ 750,000. He was replaced by Lee Remick, but after Martin refused to make a movie with anyone other than Monroe, Fox sued him as well and shut down production. The studio blamed Monroe for the movie's death and began spreading negative publicity about it, even claiming that he was mentally disturbed.
Fox soon regretted his decision and reopened negotiations with Monroe in June; completion of new contracts, including restarting Something to Be Given and the leading role in black comedy What A Way to Go! (1964), was reached later that summer. To improve his public image, Monroe was involved in several publicity ventures, including interviews for Life and Cosmopolitan and his first photo shoot for Vogue . For Vogue, he and Bert Stern photographer collaborated for two series of photographs, one standard mode editorial and the other naked styled, both of which were then published posthumously titled The Last Sitting . In the last weeks of his life, he also plans to star in the biopic of Jean Harlow.
Maps Marilyn Monroe
Death
During the last months of his life, Monroe stayed at 12305 Helena Drive Fifth in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. The housekeeper, Eunice Murray, spent the night at home on the night of August 5, 1962. Murray woke up at 3:00 Ã, a.m. on August 6th and feel something is wrong. Although he saw the light from under Monroe's room door, he could not get an answer and found the door locked. Murray then telephoned Monroe's psychiatrist, Dr. Ralph Greenson, who arrives home soon afterwards and enters the bedroom through the window, finds Monroe dead in his bed. He was declared dead by his doctor, Dr. Hyman Engelberg, who arrived home at about 3:50 Ã, a.m. At 4:25 AM they spelled the Los Angeles Police Department.
Monroe has died between 8:30 am. and 10:30 p.m. on August 5, and toxicology reports reveal that the cause of death is acute barbituric poisoning. He has an 8mg% (milligram per 100 milliliters solution) of chloral hydrate and 4.5 mg% pentobarbital (Nembutal) in his blood, and 13mg further than pentobarbital in his liver. An empty medicine bottle was found beside her bed. The likelihood that Monroe accidentally overdoses is ruled out because the doses found on his body are several times more than deadly limits.
The Los Angeles County Coroner's Office was assisted in their investigation by the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Team, which has expert knowledge on suicide. Doctor Monroe stated that he was "susceptible to frequent fear and depression" with "sudden and unexpected mood swings," and had overdosed several times in the past, perhaps on purpose. Due to these facts and the lack of indications of fraud, coroner representative Thomas Noguchi classified his death as a possible suicide.
Monroe is an international star and his sudden death is front-page news in the United States and Europe. According to Lois Banner, "it is said that the suicide rate in Los Angeles is doubled a month after she died, the circulation level of most newspapers extends that month," and the Chicago Tribune reported that they had received hundreds of phone calls of community members requesting information about his death. French artist Jean Cocteau commented that his death "should be a very bad lesson for everyone, whose main occupation consists of spying and torturing movie stars," former fellow star Laurence Olivier considers it a "complete victim of ballyhoo and sensation", and Bus Stop director Joshua Logan stated that he was "one of the most unappreciated people in the world". His funeral, held at Westwood Village Memorial Cemetery on August 8, was private and was attended by only his closest associates. This service is governed by Joe DiMaggio and his business manager, Inez Melson. Hundreds of spectators thronged the streets around the cemetery. Monroe was later buried in the basement of No. 24 in the Corridor of Memories.
In the following decades, several conspiracy theories, including unintentional killings and overdoses, have been introduced to oppose suicide as the cause of Monroe's death. Speculation that Monroe had been murdered first gained major attention with the publication of Norman Mailer Marilyn: A Biography in 1973, and in subsequent years became extensive enough for Los Angeles County County Attorney John Van de Kamp to undertake "threshold investigation" in 1982 to see whether a criminal investigation should be opened. No fraud proof found.
Personnel display and reception
When 20th Century Fox began to develop the image of Monroe stars, they wanted to replace the old Betty Grable, the most popular "blonde bomb" of the 1940s. The 1940s were a tough and intelligent actress's heyday, like Katharine Hepburn and Barbara Stanwyck, movie stars that appeal to a female-dominated audience. The studio wants Monroe to be the star of a new decade that will attract men to the cinema. From the beginning, he played an important role in the creation of his public image, and towards the end of his career, Monroe exercised complete control over it. Monroe devised many of his publicity strategies, fostering friendships with gossip columnists like Sidney Skolsky and Louella Parsons, and controlling the use of his images. In addition to Grable, he is often compared to other blond-haired stars of the 1930s, Jean Harlow. The comparison was driven in part by Monroe, Harlow as his childhood idol, wanted to play it in a biopic, and even hired Harlow's hairstylist to dye his hair.
Monroe screen personnel centered on his blonde hair and the stereotypes associated with it, especially baldness, naÃÆ'¯vetÃÆ'Â ©, sexual availability and falsehood. He often uses breathless and childish voices in his films, and in the interviews gives the impression that everything he says is "totally innocent and uncountable," parodies him with a double coercion known as "Monroeisms." For example, when he was asked what he did in the 1949 naked photo shoot, he replied, "I have a radio". Monroe started his career as a pin-up model, and his hourglass figure is often one of the most famous features. Film scholar Richard Dyer writes that Monroe is often positioned so that his curved silhouette is on display, and that he often poses like a publicity photo. His typical and hip-swinging path also attracted attention to his body and gave him the nickname "girl with a horizontal path".
Clothes play an important factor in Monroe's star image. She often wore white clothing to accentuate her blond hair, and drew attention by wearing an open suit that flaunted her figure. His publicity act often revolves around his clothes, which show a large number of his body or even damage to the wardrobe, such as when one of the shoulder straps of her dress is suddenly broken during a press conference. In the press story, Monroe is portrayed as the embodiment of the American Dream, a girl who has risen from a miserable childhood into a Hollywood star. In his studio biography, stories of time spent in host families and an orphanage are exaggerated and even partially contrived.
Although Monroe's typographical screen personality as an elaborate but sexually attractive blonde is a carefully crafted action, the audience and film critics believe it is her true personality and that she is not acting in her comedies. This becomes an obstacle in his later career, when he wants to change his public image and pursue other roles, or be respected as an entrepreneur. Academician Sarah Churchwell studied the narrative about Monroe and has stated:
Her biggest myth is she's a fool. The second is he is fragile. The third is that he can not act. He's far from stupid, though he's not formally educated, and he's very sensitive about that. But he was very smart - and very tough. He had to defeat Hollywood studio system in the 1950s. [...] The stupid blonde is a role - she is an actress, for God's sake! Such a good actress no one believes that she is anything but what she portrays on the screen.
Lois Banner has written that Monroe often subtly parodies his status as a sex symbol in the film and his public appearances, and that the "Marilyn Monroe character" he created is a brilliant archetype that stands between Mae West and Madonna in the 20th century tradition. -memory-century separators. "Monroe himself claims that he is influenced by the West, learning" some tricks from him - the impression of laughing, or mocking, his own sexuality ". In the 1950s, he also studied comedy in classes given by pantomime and Lotte Goslar dancers, famous for his comic-stage shows, and accompanied him on film sets to teach him. In Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, one of the films in which he plays a stupid blond hair model, Monroe has the phrase "I can be smart when it matters, but most men do not like it" added to it. line characters in the script.
Dyer has declared that the Monroe star image was created primarily for male views and that he usually plays "girl", determined solely by his gender, in his films. Her role is almost always a choir of girls, secretaries, or models; work where "the woman is on display, there for men's pleasure." Student film Thomas Harris, who analyzed Monroe's public image in 1957, wrote that the roots of the working class and the lack of family make it appear more sexually available, the "ideal playmate," unlike his contemporary Grace Kelly, who is also marketed as a blonde interesting, but because his higher class background came to be seen as a sophisticated actress, which can not be reached by the majority of male audiences.
According to Dyer, Monroe became "almost a household name for sex" in the 1950s and "his image must lie in the flow of ideas about morality and sexuality that mark the fifties in America", like Freudian ideas about sex, Kinsey Report (1953 ), and Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique (1963). By appearing vulnerable and unaware of his sex appeal, Monroe is the first sex symbol to present sex as natural and harmless, unlike the 1940s femme fatales. Spoto also describes it as the embodiment of "the American postwar ideal of gentle, gentle, transparent in need, adoring men, naively, offering sex without charge", which echoed in Molly Haskell's statement that "she is fifty fifty. "Norman Mailer contemporary Monroe writes that" Marilyn suggests sex might be difficult and dangerous with others but ice cream with him ", while Groucho Marx marked him as "Mae West, Theda Bara, and Bo Peep all rolled into one". According to Haskell, because of his status as a sex symbol, Monroe is less popular among women than men, because they "can not identify him and do not support him", although this will change after his death.
Dyer also believes that Monroe's platinum blond hair is a decisive feature because it makes it "racially unruly" and exclusively white as does the civil rights movement that begins, and that it should be seen as a symbol of racism in 20th century popular culture.. Banner agrees that it may not be a coincidence that Monroe launched the trend of platinum blonde actress during the civil rights movement, but also criticized Dyer, pointing out that in his personalized public life, Monroe is associated with people who are seen as "whites". ethnicity ", such as Joe DiMaggio (Italian-American) and Arthur Miller (Jew), according to Banner, he sometimes challenges the racial norms applicable in publicity photographs, for example, in the images shown in Look in 1951, he was featured in open clothes while practicing with African-American singer Phil Moore.
Monroe is considered a special American star, "a national institution also known as hot dog, apple pie, or baseball" according to Photoplay . Banner calls him the symbol of populuxe, a star whose public image is happy and glamorous "helping the country overcome the paranoia of the 1950s about the Cold War, atomic bombs and the totalitarian communist Soviet Union." Historian Fiona Handyside writes that French female audiences relate to whites/blonds to American modernity and hygiene, and so Monroe comes to symbolize a modern, "liberated" woman whose life takes place in the public sphere. Film historian Laura Mulvey has written about her as a support for American consumer culture:
If America wants to export glamor democracies to postwar Europe, poor, those films can be the windows of their stores... Marilyn Monroe, with all its American attributes and slender sexuality, comes symbolizing in a complex picture of this economic, political, and erotic. In the mid-1950s, he stood for the classless glamor brand, available to anyone who uses American cosmetics, nylon and peroxides.
Twentieth Century Fox benefited from Monroe's popularity by cultivating several similar actresses, including Jayne Mansfield and Sheree North. Other studios are also trying to create their own Monroes: Universal Pictures with Mamie Van Doren, Columbia Pictures with Kim Novak, and Rank Organization with Diana Dors.
Legacy
According to the Guide to Popular Culture of the United States , "as the icon of American popular culture, some of Monroe's competitors in popularity include Elvis Presley and Mickey Mouse... no other star ever inspires a variety of emotions - from lust to mercy, from jealousy to regret. "Art historian Gail Levin states that Monroe is probably" the most photographed person in the 20th century ", and The American Film Institute has named her the sixth largest female screen legend in American film history. The Smithsonian Institution has included it on the "100 Most Important Americans of All Time" list, and both Variety and VH1 placed it in the top ten ranking in their rankings of the world's largest popular cultural icon. Twentieth century.
Hundreds of books have been written about Monroe. He has been the subject of movies, dramas, operas, and songs, and has influenced artists and entertainers such as Andy Warhol and Madonna. He also remains a valuable brand: the images and names have been licensed for hundreds of products, and he has been featured in advertisements for multinational companies and brands such as Max Factor, Chanel, Mercedes-Benz, and Absolut Vodka.
Monroe's immortal popularity is attributed to his conflicting public image. On the one hand, it remains a sex symbol, a beauty icon and one of the most famous stars of classic Hollywood cinema. On the other hand, he is also remembered for his troubled personal life, unstable childhood, the struggle for professional rewards, as well as his death and conspiracy theories that surround him. He has been written by scientists and journalists interested in gender and feminism; these authors include Gloria Steinem, Jacqueline Rose, Molly Haskell, Sarah Churchwell, and Lois Banner. Some, like Steinem, have viewed him as a victim of the studio system. Others, such as Haskell, Rose, and Churchwell, instead emphasized Monroe's proactive role in his career and his participation in the creation of his public persona.
Due to the contrast between his fame and troubled personal life, Monroe is closely linked to a wider discussion of modern phenomena such as mass media, fame, and consumer culture. According to Susanne Hamscha's academy, Monroe continues to have relevance to the ongoing discussion of modern society, and he "has never been entirely in one place or time" but has become "a surface in which American cultural narratives can be built", and " serves as a type of culture that can be reproduced, altered, translated into a new context, and enacted by others ". Similarly, Banner calls Monroe the "eternal shapeshifter" recreated by "every generation, even every individual... for their own specifications".
While Monroe remains a cultural icon, critics are divided into heritage as an actress. David Thomson called his body work "not substantial" and Pauline Kael wrote that he was not bi
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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