An author is a person who uses written words in various styles and techniques to communicate their ideas. The author produces various forms of literary arts and creative writing such as novels, short stories, poems, plays, scenarios, and essays, as well as various reports and news articles that may be of interest to the public. Writers' writings are published in various media. Skilled writers capable of using language to express ideas well often contribute significantly to the cultural content of the community.
The term "author" is also used elsewhere in art - such as songwriters - but as a stand-alone "author" usually refers to the creation of written language. Some writers work from oral traditions.
Authors can produce material in a number of genres, fiction or non-fiction. Other authors use a lot of media - for example, graphics or illustrations - to improve the communication of their ideas. Other recent requests have been created by civil and government readers for the work of non-fictitious technical writers, whose skills are to create understandable and scientifically or scientifically interpretative documents. Some authors can use images (drawing, painting, graphics) or multimedia to add to their writing. In rare cases, creative writers can communicate their ideas through music as well as words.
As well as producing their own papers, authors often write on how they write (that is, the process they use); why they write (that is, their motivation); and also commented on the work of other authors (critics). Authors work professionally or non-professionally, that is, for payment or without payment and can be paid either up front (or at reception), or only after their work is published. Payments are just one of the motivations of the authors and many are never paid for their work.
The term author is often used as a synonym of the author , although the latter term has a somewhat wider meaning and is used to convey legal responsibility for a post, even if the composition is anonymous, unknown or collaborative.
Video Writer
Type
Authors choose from different literary genres to express their ideas. Most writings can be adapted for use in other media. For example, the work of a writer can be read personally or read or done in a drama or film. Satyr for example, can be written as poetry, essay, film, comic game, or piece of journalism. The author of the letter may include elements of criticism, biography, or journalism.
Many writers work across genres. Genre sets parameters but all types of creative adaptations have been tried: novels for movies; poetry to play; musical history. Authors can start their careers in one genre and move on to other genres. For example, historian William Dalrymple began in the literary genre of travel and also wrote as a journalist. Many authors have produced works of fiction and non-fiction and others write in the genre that crosses both. For example, historical romance writers, such as Georgette Heyer, find characters and stories that are set in historical periods. In this genre, the historical accuracy and the level of factual detail in both works are likely to be debated. Some authors write creative fiction and serious analysis, sometimes using different names to separate their work. Dorothy Sayers, for example, writes crime fiction but is also a playwright, essayist, translator, and critic.
Literature and creative
Poems
Poetry maximizes the use of language to achieve emotional and sensory and cognitive effects. To create this effect, they use rhyme and rhythm and they also exploit the properties of words with various other techniques such as alliteration and assonance. A common theme is love and its changes. The famous Shakespeare story of Romeo and Juliet, for example, written in various forms of poetry, has been done in many theaters and made into at least eight cinematic versions. John Donne is another famous poet for his love poetry.
Novelis
Novelis wrote novels - stories that explore a universal theme through fiction. They place characters and plots in narratives that are designed to be credible and entertaining.
"Every novel worth mentioning as any other planet, whether large or small, has its own laws as well as having its own flora and fauna, so the Faulkner technique is certainly best to paint the Faulkner world, and the nightmare Kafka has produced myths that "Benjamin Constant, Stendhal, Eugène Fromentin, Jacques RiviÃÆ'¨re, Radiguet, all using different techniques, taking on different freedoms, and organizing themselves different tasks." FranÃÆ'§ois Mauriac, the novelist
Satiris
A satirist uses intelligence to make fun of the lack of society or the individual, with the intent of uncovering ignorance. Usually, satire subjects are contemporary issues such as ineffective political or politician decisions, although human evil such as greed is also a common and universal subject. Filosofer Voltaire wrote an allusion to the optimism called Candide, which later turned into opera, and many famous lyricists wrote for him. There is an element of Absurdism in Candide, as it is in the contemporary satirical work of Barry Humphries, who wrote a comic allusion to his character Dame Edna Everage for performing on stage.
Satirists use various techniques such as irony, sarcasm and hyperbole to make their point and they choose from various possible genres in prose or poetry or dialogue in film, for example. One of the most famous satirists is Jonathan Swift who wrote the work of four volumes of Gulliver's Travels and many other satires, including A Simple Proposals and Book Battles
It's amazing to me that... our age is almost completely illiterate and almost never produces a writer on any subject.
Jonathan Swift, satirist (1704)
Short story writer
A short story writer is a short story writer, a work of fiction that can be read in one sitting.
Performative
Librettist
Libretti (plural of the libretto) is a text for musical works such as opera. Venetian poet and poet Lorenzo Da Ponte, for example, wrote libretto for some of Mozart's greatest operas. Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa are the authors of Italian librett who wrote for Giacomo Puccini. Most opera composers collaborate with a libretist but amazingly, Richard Wagner writes music and libretti for his own work.
Who are they? I am a poet. What should I do? I write. And how am I living? Vivo.
("Who am I? I am a poet What do I do? I write and how I live? I live.") Rodolpho, in Puccini's La bohÃÆ'¨me
Lyricist
Usually writing in verses and choruses, a lyricist specializes in writing lyrics, words that accompany or underline a song or opera. Lyric writers also write words for songs. In the case of Tom Lehrer, this is a satire. Lyricist Noà  «Coward, who wrote musicals and songs such as" Mad Dogs and Englishmen "and the song read" I Went to a Marvelous Party ", also wrote dramas and movies and performed on stage and screen as well. The lyricist, like both, adjusts the work of other authors as well as makes the pieces completely original.
"Making the lyrics feel natural, sitting in music in such a way that you do not feel the author's efforts, so they shine and bubble and up and down, very, very hard to do." Stephen Sondheim, lyricist
Playwright
A playwright wrote a drama that may or may not be performed onstage by the actor. Drama stories are driven by dialogue. Like novelists, playwrights usually explore themes by showing how people respond to a set of situations. As a writer, the scriptwriter must make the language and dialogue successful in terms of characters who speak the lines and also in the game as a whole. Since most games are performed, instead of being read personally, playwrights must produce a text that works in oral form and can also attract the attention of the audience during the period of the show. The drama tells "a story to watch out for by the audience", so the writer has to cut anything that works against it. Drama can be written in prose or verse. Shakespeare wrote dramas on the iambic pentameter as well as Mike Bartlett in his game King Charles III (2014).
Playwrights also adapt or rewrite other works, such as previously written dramas or original literary works in other genres. Famous playwrights such as Henrik Ibsen or Anton Chekhov have adapted their works many times. Early Greek drama dramas Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus still performed. The adaptation of the playwrights may be faithful to the original or creatively construed. If the author's purpose in rewriting the drama is to produce the film, they must prepare the scenario. Shakespeare's game, for example, though still often featured in its original form, is often adapted and assembled, especially for cinema. An example of a modern, creative adaptation of a drama that still uses the original words of the author, is Baz Luhrmann's version of Romeo and Juliet . The name amendment for Romeo Juliet shows the audience that the version will be different from the original. Tom Stoppard drama Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is a game inspired by Shakespeare Hamlet that takes on two of Shakespeare's smallest characters and creates a new game in which they are the protagonists.
Players : That's what the best actors do. They must use whatever talent is given to them, and their talents are dying. They can die bravely, funny, ironic, slow, sudden, disgusting, enchanting or altitude. Tom Stoppard Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Die (Round Two)
Scriptwriter
Screenwriters write scenarios - or scripts - that provide words for the production of media such as movies, television programs, and video games. Screenwriters can start their careers by writing scenarios speculatively; that is, they write the manuscript without any down payment, demand or contract. On the other hand, they can be hired or assigned to adapt the work of a playwright or novelist or other writer. Self-employed writers who are paid on contract to write are known as freelancers and screenwriters often work under this type of arrangement.
Screenwriters, playwrights, and other writers are inspired by great themes and often use similar and familiar plot devices to explore them. For example, in Shakespeare Hamlet is the "game in the drama", which the hero uses to demonstrate the king's fault. Hamlet gained the cooperation of the actors to organize the drama as something "where I will capture the king's conscience". telephoto writer Joe Menosky deploys the same "play in drama" device in an episode of the Star Trek science fantasy series: Voyager . The drameplay/bronze age hero enlists the support of Star Trek's crew members to create a drama that will convince the ruler (or "protector" as he is called), from the futility of war.
Speechwriter
A speech writer prepares texts for a speech to be given before a group or crowd at a particular event and for a specific purpose. They are often meant to be persuasive or inspiring, such as speeches given by expert orators like Cicero; charismatic or influential political leaders such as Nelson Mandela; or for use in court or parliament. The speech writer may be the person who is meant to deliver it, or may be prepared by someone who is hired for a task on behalf of another person. That's what happens when the speech writers are employed by many senior and senior-level elected officials and executives in both the public and private sectors.
Interpretation and academic
Biografer
Biographers write accounts about the lives of others. Richard Ellmann (1918-1987), for example, is a renowned and award-winning biographer whose work focuses on Irish writers James Joyce, William Butler Yeats, and Oscar Wilde. For Wilde's biography, he won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography 1989.
Criticism
Critics consider and assess the extent to which a work is successful in its purpose. Jobs under consideration may be literary, theatrical, musical, artistic, or architectural. In assessing the success of a work, critics take into account why it is done - for example, why the text is written, for whom, in what style, and under what circumstances. After making such judgments, critics write and publish their evaluations, add value from their scholarships and think to support any opinion. The theory of criticism is the field of study itself: a good critic understands and is able to incorporate the theory behind the work they evaluate into their judgments. Some critics have become writers in other genres. For example, they may be novelists or essays. Influential and respected authors/critics including art critic Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) and literary critic James Wood (born 1965), both of which publish books containing their collection of critics. Some critics are poor writers and only produce superficial or unproved works. Therefore, whilst anyone can be an unknowing critic, the outstanding characteristics of a good critic is understanding, insight, and the ability to write well.
We can claim at least as much accuracy as the famous author claims from his books, that no newspaper dares to print what we have to say. Are we going to be very cruel and rude, then? It does not mean: on the contrary, we will be impartial. We have no friends - it's a great thing - and no enemies. "
Charles Baudelaire, introduces the Review of the Paris Salon of 1845
Editor
An editor prepares literary material for publication. The material may be the original work of the editor itself but more generally, the editor works with the material of one or more others. There are different types of editors. Copy the text format editor for a particular style and/or fix errors in grammar and spelling without substantively altering the text. On the other hand, an editor may suggest or make significant changes to the text to improve readability, taste or structure. This latter type of editor can go as far as to cut some parts of the text, add new sections, or restructure the whole. The work of an ancient text editor or manuscript or collection of works in different editions. For example, there are many Shakespeare drama editions by leading editors who also donate original introductions to the resulting publications. Editors who work in journals and newspapers have varying degrees of responsibility for the text - they can write original material, in particular, editorial; choose what to include from the various items offered; formatting material; or check the accuracy.
Encyclopaedist
Encyclopaedists create an organized body of knowledge. Denis Diderot (1713-1784) is best known for his contributions to EncyclopÃÆ' Â © die . The encyclopaedist Bernardino de SahagÃÆ'ºn (1499-1590) is a Franciscan who is the broadest encyclopedia of Mesoamerican civilization, commonly referred to as Codex Firentine of the Historia general de las cosas de Nueva EspaÃÆ' Â ± a < , after the Italian manuscript library that holds the best preserved copy.
Essayist
Essay authors write essays, which are original works of moderate length in which the author makes a case to support his opinion. They are usually in prose, but some authors use poetry to present their arguments.
Historian
A historian is one who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority over it. The goal of a historian is to use historical analysis to create a coherent narrative that explains "what happened" and "why or how it happened". Professional historians usually work in colleges and universities, archival centers, government agencies, museums, and as freelance writers and consultants. Six volumes of Edward Gibbon History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire affect the development of historiography.
Lexicographer
The author who creates the dictionary is called a lexicographer. One of the most famous is Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), whose English Dictionary is considered not only as a great personal academic achievement but also a dictionary of such excellence, which would have been referred to by writers such as Jane Austen.
Researcher/Student
Researchers and scholars who write about their inventions and ideas sometimes have a profound effect on society. Scientists and philosophers are a good example because their new ideas can revolutionize the way people think and how they behave. The three most famous examples of such revolutionary effects are Nicolaus Copernicus, who wrote De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543); Charles Darwin, who wrote On the Origin of Species (1859); and Sigmund Freud, who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams (1899).
These three works are very influential, and at first very controversial, changing the way people understand their place in the world. Copernicus's heliocentric view of the cosmos removed humans from their previously accepted place at the center of the universe; Darwin's theory of evolution puts man firmly in, as opposed to, the order of nature; and Freud's idea of ​​the power of the unconscious mind overcomes the belief that humans consciously control all their own actions.
Translator
Translators have the task of finding some correspondence in other languages ​​with the author's meaning, intentions and style. Translators whose work has significant cultural influences include Al-? Ajj? J ibn Y? Suf ibn Ma? Ar, who translated the Elements from Greek into Arabic and Jean-FranÃÆ'§ois Champollion, who translated Egyptian hieroglyphics with the result that he was able to publish the first translation of Rosetta Stone hieroglyphs in 1822. Difficulties with translation were exacerbated when words or phrases include rhymes, rhythms, or words of words; or when they have a connotation in one language that is not in another language. For example, the title of Le Grand Meaulnes by Alain-Fournier should not be translatable because "there is no English adjective that will convey all the nuances of meaning that can be read into simple French word ['] which takes the tone as the story goes. "Translators also become part of an event where political figures who speak different languages ​​meet to see relationships between countries or resolve political conflicts. It is important for the translator to convey the correct information because a drastic impact can occur if a mistake occurs.
Even if translation is not possible - we have no choice but to do it: to take the next step and start translating.... The job of translators is to make us forget or enjoy the difference. Robert Dessaix, translator, author
Reporting
Blogger
Blog authors, who have appeared on the World Wide Web since the 1990s, do not require authorization to be published. The contents of these short opinion pieces or "posts" form comments on issues of special interest to readers who can use the same technology to interact with the author, with busyness until now impossible. The ability to connect to other sites means that some blog writers - and their writings - can become suddenly and unpredictably popular. Malala Yousafzai, a young Pakistani education activist, became famous for his blog for the BBC.
A blog writer uses technology to create messages that are in some ways like bulletins and in other ways, like personal letters. "The biggest difference between a blog and a photocopy school bulletin, or an annual family mail photocopied and sent to a hundred friends, is a potential audience and an increased potential for direct communication between members of the audience". So, as with other forms of letters, the author knows some readers, but one of the main differences is that "some viewers will be random" and "that might change the way we write [writers]." It has been argued that the blog owes to the Renaissance essay Michel de Montaigne, the Essais ("effort"), published in 1580, because Montaigne "wrote as if he were chatting with his readers: only two friends, noon in conversation ".
columnist
The columnist writes regularly for newspapers and other magazines, usually containing a lively and entertaining expression of opinion. Some columnists already have their best collection of works published as collections in a book, so readers can reread what should not be available anymore. The columns are fairly short so that columnists often write in other genres as well. An example is Elizabeth Farrelly's columnist, who besides being a columnist, is also an architectural critic and book author.
Diarist
Authors who record their experiences, thoughts, or feelings in sequential form over a period of time in a diary are known as diarists. Their writings can provide valuable insights into periods of history, specific events or individual personalities. Examples include Samuel Pepys (1633-1703), English administrator and Member of Parliament, whose detailed personal diary provides eyewitness accounts of events during the 17th century, mainly from the Great Fire of London. Anne Frank (1929-1945) is a 13-year-old girl whose diary from 1942 to 1944 records her experiences as a persecuted Jew in World War II and a teenager who deals with family relationships.
Journalist
Journalists write reports on current events after investigating them and gathering information. Some journalists write reports on predictable or scheduled events such as social or political meetings. Others are investigative journalists who need to do enough research and analysis to write an explanation or explanation of something complex that is hitherto unknown or unintelligible. Often investigative journalists report criminal or corrupt activities that put them at risk personally and mean that what is possible is that efforts can be made to attack or suppress what they write. An example is Bob Woodward, a journalist who investigates and writes about criminal activities by the US President.
Journalism... is public trust, responsibility, to report facts with context and completeness, to speak the truth to power, to hold the foot of politicians and officials to the fire of exposure, comfortable discomfort, to comfort those who suffer. Geoffrey Barker, reporter.
Memoirist
Memoir authors produce stories from their own life memories, which are considered unusual, important, or embarrassing enough to attract the general reader. Although intended to be factual, the reader is informed of the possibility of some inaccuracies or biases against idiosyncratic perception by the choice of genre. A memoir, for example, is permitted to have a much more selective set of experiences than an autobiography that is expected to be more complete and make a greater effort on balance. Famous memoirists include Frances Vane, Viscountess Vane, and Giacomo Casanova.
Utilitarian
Ghostwriter
The ghost writers write for, or in style, the other person so the credit is given to the person in the name of his writing made.
Letter Writer
Letter authors use a reliable form of message transmission among individuals, and a surviving collection of letters provides insights into the motivations, cultural contexts, and events in the lives of their authors. Peter Abelard (1079-1142), philosopher, logician, and theologian is known not only for the heresy contained in some of his works, and the punishment for burning his own book, but also for the letters he wrote to HÃÆ'Ã… © Loa ¯ se d'Argenteuil (1090? -1164) .
The letters (or letters) of the Apostle Paul greatly influenced that during the 2000 years of Christian history, Paul became "second only to Jesus in influence and the amount of discussion and interpretation produced".
Report author
Report authors are people who collect information, organize and document it so that it can be presented to multiple people or authorities in a position to use it as a basis for decision. A well-written report affects both policy and decision. For example, Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) wrote a report intended to influence administrative reform in matters relating to health in the military. He documented his experience in the Crimean War and showed his determination to see the improvement: "... after six months of the fabulous industry he collected and wrote with his own hands The record affects the Health, Efficiency and Administration of the British Army Hospital.
The logs and reports of the marine expert William Bligh contribute to him being honorably released in a military court inquiring about the disappearance of HMS Scribe
A scribe writes ideas and information on behalf of others, sometimes copying from other documents, sometimes from verbal instructions on behalf of illiterate people, sometimes copying from other media such as tape recordings, shortlists, or personal notes.
Being able to write is a rare achievement for over 500 years in Western Europe so the monks who copied the texts were clerks responsible for storing many texts from classical times. Monasteries, where monks who know how to read and write live, provide a fairly stable environment for writing. Irish monks, for example, came to Europe around the year 600 and "found manuscripts in places like Tours and Toulouse" they copied. The monastic writers also illustrate their books with highly skilled artwork using rare gold and color.
Technical writer
A technical writer prepares instructions or manuals, such as user manuals or owner manuals for equipment users to follow. Technical writers also write various procedures for business, professional or domestic use. Since the purpose of technical writing is more practical than creative, the most important quality is clarity. Technical writers, unlike creative writers, must adhere to relevant style guides.
Maps Writer
Processes and methods
The writing process
There are various approaches that writers take for writing assignments. Each writer needs to find his own process and most describe it as a struggle more or less. Sometimes writers have the bad luck to lose their jobs and have to start again. Prior to the invention of photocopiers and electronic text storage, the work of the authors had to be stored on paper, which meant it was particularly vulnerable to fires in particular. (In the very beginning, writers used vellum and clay with stronger material.) The authors whose work was destroyed before completion included LL Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, whose working years were thrown into flames by his father because he feared that his "son will be considered spying code ". The essay and historian Thomas Carlyle, lost the only copy of the manuscript to the French Revolution: A History when it was mistakenly thrown into the fire by a maid. He wrote it again from the beginning. The author usually develops a personal schedule. Angus Wilson, for example, writes for several hours every morning.
The author's block is a relatively common experience among writers, especially professional writers, when for a period of time the author feels unable to write for reasons other than lack of skill or commitment.
Glad those who have no doubts about themselves and pen that fly across the courtyard Gustave Flaubert wrote to Louise Colet
Sole
Most authors write themselves - usually they engage in solitary activities that require them to struggle with both the concepts they are trying to express and how best to express them. This may mean choosing the best genres or genres and choosing the best words. Authors often develop idiosyncratic solutions to problems finding the right words to put on a page or blank screen. "Did not Somerset Maugham also write facing an empty wall?... Goethe can not write lines if there are other people anywhere in the same house, or so he says at some point."
Collaborative
Collaborative writing means that many writers write and contribute to writing. In this approach, it is very likely that the author will collaborate to edit it as well. A more general process is that editing is done by an independent editor after the author submits a draft version.
In some cases, such as between librarian and composer, the author will collaborate with other artists on creative work. One of the most famous of this type of collaboration is between Gilbert and Sullivan. Librettist W. S. Gilbert writes words for comic operas created by the partnership.
Committee
Sometimes, the writing assignment is given to the author's committee. The most famous example is the task of translating the Bible into English, sponsored by King James VI of England in 1604 and completed by six committees, some at Cambridge and some at Oxford, which are allocated different parts of the text. The King James Version allowed, published in 1611, has been described as an "eternal miracle" because its authors (ie, their translators) seek to "consciously refrain from being prepared between claims of accessibility and beauty, innocence and wealth, simplicity and majesty, and the king, "with the result that the language communicates itself" in a way that is largely unaffected, literary or academic, not historical, or reconstructive, but transmits an almost extraordinary proximity from one end of human civilization to another. "
Multimedia
Some authors support the verbal part of their work with images or graphics that are an integral part of the way their ideas are communicated. William Blake is one of the rare poets who created his own paintings and drawings as an integral part of his works such as Songs of Innocence and of Experience. Cartoonist is a writer whose work relies heavily on images drawn by hand. Other authors, especially writers for children, include painting or drawing in more or less sophisticated ways. Shaun Tan, for example, is a writer who uses images extensively, sometimes combining facts, fiction and illustrations, sometimes for didactic purposes, sometimes on commissions. The children's authors Beatrix Potter, May Gibbs, and Theodor Seuss Geisel are also known for their illustrations for their texts.
Crowd sourced
Some authors contribute a very small part to the writing that accumulates as a result. This method is perfect for very large jobs, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias. The most famous example of the first is the Oxford English Dictionary , under the editor of lexicographer James Murray, which is given with the productive and useful contribution of W.C. Minor, at that moment a hospital inmate for a crazy madman.
The most famous example of the latter - the crowdsourced encyclopedia - is Wikipedia that relies on contributions from thousands of volunteer writers and editors worldwide, such as Simon Pulsifer.
Motivation
The author has many different reasons for writing, among them usually some combination of self-expression and recording facts, history or research results. Many physician authors, for example, have combined their observations and knowledge of the human condition with their desire to write and contribute many poems, plays, translations, essays and other texts. Some authors write much about their motivation and on possible motivations from other authors. For example, George Orwell's "Why I Write" (1946) essay sees this as his subject. Like "what constitutes success or failure for an author," it has been described as "a complicated business, where material rubbing against the spiritual, and psychology plays a big role".
The moral I draw is that the author should seek his reward in the pleasure of his work and escape from this burden of thought; and, indifferent to others, no matter whatsoever to praise or condemn, fail or succeed.
W. Somerset Maugham in The Moon and Sixpence (1919)
Command
Some authors are authors of certain military orders whose clarity will determine the outcome of the battle. Among the most controversial and unsuccessful are Lord Raglan's orders in the Charge of the Light Brigade, which are unclear and misinterpreted, leading to defeat with many victims.
Expand skill/explore ideas
Some authors use writing assignments to develop their own skills (in writing or in other fields of knowledge) or explore ideas when they are producing writing. Philologist J. R. R. Tolkien, for example, created a new language for his fantasy book.
For me the personal action of poetry writing is song writing, confession, diary keeping, speculation, problem solving, storytelling, therapy, anger management, skill, relaxation, concentration, and spiritual adventure all in one cheap package.
Stephen Fry, writer, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist
Entertain
Some genres are a great choice for writers whose main purpose is to entertain. Among them are limos, lots of comics and thrillers. Children's literature writers seek to entertain children but are also usually aware of the educative functions of their work as well.
Influence
Anger has motivated many writers, including Martin Luther, angry at religious corruption, who wrote the Nineties of Theses in 1517, to reform the church, and Zola (1840-1902) wrote miles public letter, J'Accuse in 1898 to bring public attention to the government's injustice, as a result he had to flee to England from his native France. Such authors have significantly influenced ideas, opinions, or policies.
Payments
Authors can write specific sections for payments (even if at other times they write for other reasons), such as when they are assigned to create new work, write old ones, translate the works of other authors, or write to someone who is illiterate or unclear. In some cases, writing is the only way a person can earn an income. Frances Trollope is an example of a woman who writes to save herself and her family from poverty, at a time when there is very little job opportunity that is socially acceptable to them. His book on his American experience, called the American Domestic Lesson became a huge success, "despite his age of more than fifty years and never written before in his life" after that "he continued to write aloud, carrying this is almost entirely before breakfast ". According to his son, Anthony Trollope, "his books save the family from destruction".
I write for two reasons; partly to make money and partly to win the respect of the people I respect .
E. M. Forster, novelist, essayist, author of librettist
Teach
Aristotle, who became a teacher for Alexander the Great, wrote to support his teachings. He wrote two treatises for the young prince: "On Monarchy", and "On Colonies". and the dialogue also appears well written "as lecture notes or discussion papers for use in his philosophical school at Athena Lyceum between 334 and 323 BC" They include 'scientific' (metaphysics, physics, biology, meteorology, and astronomy, and logic and argument) 'non-scientific' works (poetry, speech, ethics and politics), "a major element in the tradition of Greek Education and Roman ".
The author of the textbook also uses writing for teaching and there are many instructional guides for writing on their own. For example, many people will feel the need to make a speech "in the service of your company, church, civil club, political party, or other organization" and thus, instructional authors have produced texts and guides for making speeches.
Tell the story
Many authors use their skills to tell the stories of their people, communities or cultural traditions, especially those that have a personal meaning. Examples include Shmuel Yosef Agnon; Miguel ÃÆ' ngel Asturias; Doris Lessing; Toni Morrison; Isaac Bashevis Singer; and Patrick White. Authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa, Herta MÃÆ'¼ller, and Erich Maria Remarque wrote about the effects of conflict, deprivation and war.
Woo is a lover
The author uses prose, poetry, and letters as part of the dating ritual. The game Edmond Rostand
Authorship
Pen name
Writers sometimes use pseudonyms, otherwise known as pen names or "nom de plume". The reason they do this includes separating their writing from other works (or other types of writing) they know; to increase the possibility of publication by reducing prejudices (such as those of female authors or authors of a particular ethnicity); to reduce personal risks (such as political risks from individuals, groups or countries that do not agree with them); or make their names better suited to other languages.
Examples of famous authors who use pen names include: George Eliot (1819-1880), whose real name is Mary Anne (or Marian) Evans; George Orwell (1903-1950), whose real name is Eric Blair; George Sand (1804-1876), whose real name is Lucile Aurore Dupin; Dr. Seuss (1904-1991), whose real name is Theodor Seuss Geisel; Stendhal (1783-1842), whose real name is Marie-Henri Beyle and Mark Twain (1835-1910), whose real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens.
Despite the number of works that can only be attributed to "Anonymous", there are a large number of writers who have been known and are now unknown. Efforts are made to find and republish the works of this author. One example is the publication of books like Japan As Seen and Described by Famous Author (reproductions of 2010 from pre-1923 publications) by "Anonymous". Another example is the establishment of the Library and Study Center for the Study of Early English Writing in Chawton, England.
Fictitious author
Some fictional writers are well known for their characterization power by the original author or the importance of their role as writers in the plot of a work. Examples of this type of fiction writer include Edward Casaubon, a fictional scholar at George Eliot's Middlemarch, and Edwin Reardon, a fictional writer at George Gissing New Grub Street. Casaubon's attempts to complete the authoritative study influenced the decisions taken by the protagonist in Eliot's novel and encouraged an important part of the plot. In Gissing's work, Reardon's efforts to produce high-quality writing made him at odds with other characters, who took a more commercial approach. Robinson Crusoe is a fictional writer who was originally credited by the true author (Daniel Defoe) as the author of a confession letter in a work of the same name. Bridget Jones is a comparable fiction writer created by author Helen Fielding. Both works became famous and popular; protagonists and their stories are further developed through many adaptations, including film versions. Cyrano de Bergerac is a true writer who creates a fictional character with his own name. The Sibylline Books , a collection of prophecies that should have been purchased from Cumaean Sibyl by the last king of Rome. Because they were consulted during the crisis period, it can be said that they are real cases of work created by a fictitious writer.
The author of the sacred text
Religious texts or scriptures are texts considered by religious traditions as sacred, or very important to their religious traditions. Some religions and spiritual movements believe that their sacred texts are inspired or inspired divinely or inspired, while others have individual authors.
Controversial writing
Skilled writers influence ideas and societies, so there are many instances where the author's work or opinion is unpopular and controversial. In some cases, they have been persecuted or punished. Aware that their writing will cause controversy or put themselves and others in jeopardy, some authors censor themselves; or withhold their work from publication; or hide their manuscripts; or use other techniques to preserve and protect their work. Two of the most famous examples are Leonardo da Vinci and Charles Darwin. Leonardo "has a habit of talking to himself in his writings and putting his thoughts into the clearest and simplest form". He uses "left handwriting or mirror" (a technique described as "his trademark") to protect his scientific research from other readers. The fear of persecution, social disgrace, and proved wrong to be regarded as contributing factors for Darwin to postpone the publication of the radical work and its influence on the Origin of Species.
One result of the controversy caused by the author's work is the scandal, which is a negative public reaction that causes damage to reputation and depends on public outrage. It has been said that it is possible for a public scandal because the public "wants to be surprised to confirm his own sense of mercy". The scandal may be caused by what the author wrote or by the style he wrote. In either case, content or style tends to have been broken with tradition or expectations. Making such a departure is in fact, a part of the author's intention or at least, part of the result introducing innovation into the genre in which he works. For example, novelist D H Lawrence challenges the notion of what is acceptable and what is expected in form. This can be regarded as a literary scandal, just as, in a different way, is a scandal involving writers who mislead the public about their identity, such as Norma Khouri or Helen Darville who, in deceiving the public, is considered to have committed fraud.
Writers can also lead to more general types of scandals - where people are angry with individual opinions, behaviors or lives (unlimited experience with authors). The poet Paul Verlaine made the public angry with his behavior and behavior towards his wife and children and his beloved. Among the many writers whose writing or life is influenced by scandals is Oscar Wilde, Lord Byron, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, and H. G. Wells. One of the most famous writers is Marquis de Sade who offends the public both by his writings and by his behavior.
Sentence
The consequences of a scandal for a writer may censor or discredit the work, or social exclusion of its creator. In some cases, punishment, mistreatment, or imprisonment follow. The list of journalists killed in Russia is an example. Others include:
- Balibo Five, a group of Australian television journalists who were killed while trying to report the Indonesian attack on Portuguese Timor in 1975.
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945), an influential theologian who wrote The Cost of Discipleship and was hanged for his resistance to Nazism.
- Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), who wrote political theory and criticism and was imprisoned by the Italian Fascist regime.
- GÃÆ'¼nter Grass (1927-2015), whose poem "What Must Be Said" caused him to be declared a persona non grata in Israel.
- Peter Greste (born 1965), a journalist imprisoned in Egypt for preaching "damaging national security."
- Primo Levi (1919-1987) who, among many Jews who were imprisoned during World War II, wrote a report about his imprisonment called If It's a Man . Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who was sentenced to imprisonment for heresy as a consequence of writing to support the controversial heliocentrism theory, although his sentence was almost immediately alleviated into house arrest.
- Sima Qian (145 or 135 BC - 86 BC) who "successfully defended the slandered master of defamation charges" and was given "choice between castration or execution." He "became a eunuch and had to bury his own book... to protect him from the authorities."
- Salman Rushdie (born 1947), whose novel The Satanic Verses is banned and burned internationally after causing storms around the world like fatw? issued to him. Although Rushdie survived, many others were killed in a novel-related incident. Roberto Saviano (b. 1979), whose bestselling Gomorrah provoked Camorra at Neapolitan, disrupted Silvio Berlusconi and caused him to receive permanent police protection.
- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008), who used his imprisonment experience as the subject of his writings in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and Cancer Ward - the last, while legally published in the Soviet Union, must obtain the approval of the Soviet Union Writers.
- William Tyndale (c.1494 - 1536), who was executed because he translated the Bible into English.
- Simon Sheppard (born 1957) who was imprisoned in England for expressing controversial opinions about race and the Holocaust.
Protection and representation
Organization Reporters Without Borders (also known as French: Reporters Sans FrontiÃÆ'¨res) was formed to help protect authors and advocate on their behalf.
The professional and industrial interests of the authors are represented by national or regional unions or unions. Examples include writers' guilds in Australia and the United Kingdom and associates in Arabia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Canada, Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Moldova, Philippines, Poland, Quà © Å © bà © c, Romania, Russia, Sudan, and Ukraine. In the United States, there are union writers and the National Writers Union.
Awards
There are many awards for writers whose writings have been convicted very well. Among them are the many literary awards given by each country, such as Prix Goncourt and Pulitzer Prizes, as well as international awards such as the Nobel Prize in Literature. Russian writer Boris Pasternak (1890-1960), under pressure from his government, reluctantly rejected the Nobel Prize he won in 1958.
See also
References
External links
- Media related to Authors on Wikimedia Commons
- Text on Wikisource:
- Letter of the Ages  © lard and HÃÆ'  © loÃÆ'¯se
- Luther Nineties Theses
- Shaman
- Gulliver's journey
- Simple Proposals
- The Book Battles
- The Guiltless Songs
- Experience Song
- The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
- Poems
- J'accuse...!
- Author: E. M. Forster
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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