Spanish ( Ã, ( listen ) ; espaÃÆ' Â ± ol Ã, ) or Castilian ( Ã, ( listen ) , < span> Ã, castellano Ã, ), is a Western Romance language originating from the Castile region of Spain and currently has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain. Usually regarded as the most widely used native language in the world, after Mandarin.
Spain is part of the Ibero-Roman language group, which evolved from several Latin Vulgar dialects in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with Spanish traces are from northern central Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written usage takes place in Toledo, which was the capital of the Castile Kingdom, in the 13th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spain was brought to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire, mainly to America, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania and the Philippines.
About 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary comes from Latin. Ancient Greece has also contributed substantially to the Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, where it has a great impact.
Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date, having been developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With about 8% of the vocabulary derived from Arabic, this language is the second most important influence after Latin. It is also influenced by the Basque, Iberian, Celtiberian, Visigothic, and by adjacent Ibero-Roman languages. In addition, he has absorbed vocabulary from other languages, especially the French, Italian, Occitan, Catalan, and Sardinian Romance languages, as well as from Nahuatl, Quechua, and other indigenous languages ​​in America.
Spanish is one of the six official languages ​​of the United Nations. It is also used as an official language by the European Union, Organization of American States, the United Nations of South America, the Community of Latin America and the Caribbean, the African Union and by many other international organizations.
Video Spanish language
Estimated number of loudspeakers
It is estimated that over 437 million people speak Spanish as an original language, which qualifies as the second language in the language list with the number of native speakers. Instituto Cervantes claims that there are an estimated 477 million Spanish speakers with original competence and 572 million Spanish speakers as first or second language - including speakers with limited competence - and over 21 million Spanish students as foreign languages.
Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, and 19 countries in America. Speakers in the Americas are approximately 418 million. In the EU, Spain is the native language of 8% of the population, with an additional 7% speaking as a second language. Spanish is the second most popular language studied in the United States. In 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million US Hispanic population aged five and over, 38 million spoke Spanish at home.
Maps Spanish language
Language name
In Spain and in some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only Spanish espaÃÆ'Â Â ol (Spanish ) but also Castellano (Castilian), the language of the Castile empire, distinguishes it from other languages ​​spoken in Spain such as Galician, Basque, Asturian, Catalan, Aragon and Occitan.
The Spanish Constitution of 1978 used the term "spell lang =" es "title =" subtitles "> castellano to define the official languages ​​of all Spanish countries differing from las demÃÆ'¡s lenguas espaÃÆ' Â ± olas (lit. "other Spanish"). Article III reads as follows:
Castilian is the official Spanish language of the Country.... Other Spanish languages ​​will also be authorized in each Autonomous Community...
Castile is the official Spanish Country.... Other Spanish languages ​​must also be authorized in their respective Autonomous Commun...
The Spanish Royal Academy, on the other hand, currently uses the term espaÃÆ' Â ± ol in the publication, but from 1713 to 1923 it is called the language castellano .
The Diccionario panhispÃÆ'¡nico de dudas (language guide published by the Spanish Royal Academy) states that, although the Spanish Royal Academy prefers to use the term espaÃÆ' Â ± ol in publications when referring in Spanish, both terms - espaÃÆ' Â ± ol and castellano - are considered synonymous and equally valid.
Two etymologies for espaÃÆ' Â ± ol have been suggested. The Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary takes the term from ProvenÃÆ'§al espaignol , and which in turn is from the medieval Latin word Hispaniolus , 'from - or related to-- Hispania'. Another authority connects it with the Latin word that should * hispani? Ne , with the same meaning.
History
Spanish language evolved from vulgar Latin, which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War, beginning in 210 BC. Previously, some pre-Roman languages ​​(also called Paleohispanic languages) - unrelated to Latin, and some unrelated even to Indo-Europe - were pronounced in the Iberian Peninsula. These languages ​​include the Basque (still spoken today), Iberia, Celtiberian and Gallaecian.
The first document to show the traces presently regarded as the predecessor of modern Spanish dates from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era, the most important influence on Spanish lexicons comes from the neighboring Romance languages ​​- Mozarabic (Andalusi Romance), Navarro-Aragonese, Leonese, Catalan, Portuguese, Galician, Occitan, and later, French and Italian. Spain also borrows quite a number of words from Arabic, as well as the minor influences of the German Gothic language through the migration of tribes and periods of Visigothic rule in Iberia. In addition, more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and liturgical language of the Church. The loan words were taken from both Latin Classical and Latin Renaissance, a Latin form used at that time.
According to the theory of Ramón Menetral Pidal, local sociolects Vulgar Latin evolved into Spain, north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos, and the dialect was then taken to the city of Toledo, where Spanish written standards were first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spain developed a very different variant of its close cousin, Leonese, and, according to some writers, is distinguished by the heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance). These different dialects spread to southern Spain with Spanish Reconquista reconquista and, while collecting lexical influences which is rather from the Arabic Al-Andalus, largely indirectly, through the Mozarabic Romance dialect (about 4,000 Arabic words, making up about 8% of the current language). The written standards for this new language were developed in the cities of Toledo, in the 13th to 16th century, and Madrid, from the 1570s.
The development of the Spanish sound system of Latin Vulgar shows most of the distinctive changes of the western Romance language, including the inter-vowel consonant lenition (so Latin v? Ta Spanish spider language annum & gt; Spanish aÃÆ' Â ± o and Latin < i> anellum & gt; Spain anillo ).
The consonant letter is written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Latin Classical may have been "fortified" into fricative bilabial /?/ in Latin Vulgar. In early Spain (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) joined the consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative alopons). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between orthography pronunciations b and v , with some exceptions in Caribbean Spanish.
Strange for the Spanish (as well as the Gascon dialect of the neighboring Occitan, and associated with the Basque substrate) is a mutation of the early Latin f to h - each time followed by a non-dipped vowel. The h - , still retained in spelling, is now silent in most languages, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects it is still respected in a few words. Due to loans from Latin and from neighboring Roman languages, there are many f -/ h - epithets in modern Spanish: Fernando and < i> Hernando (Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (Spanish for "in", but fondo means "down" while hondo means "in"); hacer (Spanish for "create") in accordance with the basic satisfacer (Spanish for "satisfying"), and hecho ("Made" ) is also similar to the basic satisfecho (Spanish for "satisfied").
Compare the example in the following table:
Some Latin consonant groups also produce different results in this language, as shown in the example in the following table:
In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spain experienced a dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonant, known in Spanish as reajuste de las sibilantes >, which produces velar [x] pronunciation letters? j? and - in most Spanish - interdental characteristics [?] ("th-sound") for letters? z? (and for? c? before? e? or? I?). See Spanish History (The modern development of the Old Spanish brothers) for details.
The GramÃÆ'¡tica de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija, is a grammar first written for modern European languages. According to popular anecdotes, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I, she asked him what was the point of such a work, and he replied that language was an imperial tool. In his introduction to grammar, dated August 18, 1492, Nebrija writes that "... language has always been an imperial companion."
From the sixteenth century onwards, the language was brought to America and the East Indies through Spanish occupation of America. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, author of Don Quixote , is a well known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("Cervantes language").
In the twentieth century, Spain was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and Western Sahara, and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as the Spanish Harlem in New York City. For details on borrowing words and other external influences on Spanish, see Influence on Spanish.
Grammar
Most of the grammatical features and typology of the Spanish language are shared with other Roman languages. Spanish is a fusional language. The system of nouns and adjectives shows two genders and two numbers, in addition to articles and some pronouns and determinants having a single neutral gender. There are about fifty forms of conjugation per verb, with three words: past, present, future; 2 aspects to the past: perfect, imperfect; 4 moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative; 3 people: first, second, third; 2 numbers: singular, plural; 3 forms of verboid: infinitive, gerund, and past participle. Verbs express the difference of T-V by using different people for formal and informal addresses. (For a detailed overview of the verbs, see the Spanish verbs and irregular Spanish verbs.)
The Spanish syntax is considered to be a right-branched, meaning that subordinates or modified constituents tend to be placed after the words of their head. Language uses prepositions (rather than postposition or inflection of nouns for the case), and usually - though not always - places adjectives after nouns, as do most other Roman languages.
Languages ​​are classified as subject-verb language; however, as in most Roman languages, constituent constituents vary greatly and are governed primarily by localization and focus rather than by syntax. This is the language of "pro-drop", or "null-subject" - that is, it allows the removal of the subject pronoun when pragmatic is not necessary. Spanish is described as the language of "framed verb", meaning that the direction movement is expressed in verbs while the mode activator is verbally expressed (eg subur corriendo > or salir volando ; each English equivalent of these examples - 'run' and 'fly out' - indicates that English, by contrast, is "satellite-framed", in propulsion mode expressed in verb and direction in adverbial modifier).
Blocking subjects/verbs is not required in the question, and thus declarative or interrogative recognition may be entirely dependent on intonation.
Phonology
The Spanish phonemic system was originally derived from the Latin Vulgar. Its development shows some of the same features as the neighboring dialects - especially Leonese and Aragon - as well as other features unique to Castile. Castile is unique among its neighbors in aspiration and eventually loses the voice/f/Latin sound (eg Cast. harina vs. Leon and Arag. farina ). The initial Latin consonant sequence pl - , cl - , and fl - in Spanish usually becomes ll - (originally pronounced [?]), while in Aragon they are preserved, and in Leonese they present various results, including [t?], [?], and [?]. Where Latin has -li - before a vowel (eg filius ) or ending -susic , -icula ( eg auricula ), the ancient Spanish produced [?], which in Spanish Modern becomes the fricative velar [x] ( hijo , oreja , where the language neighbor has a lateral palatal [?] (eg Portuguese filho , orelha ; Catalan content , orella ).
Segmental phonology
The Spanish phonemic inventory consists of five vowel phonemes (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ , /u/) and 17 to 19 consonant phonemes (exact number depending on dialect). The main allophonic variation among vowels is the reduction of high vowels /i/ and /u/ to glide - [j] and [w] each - when not pressed and adjacent to another vowel. Some examples of the middle vowel /e/ and /o/, lexical, alternating with diphthong /je/ and /we/ each when emphasized, in a better process is described as morphophonemic rather than phonological, because it is unpredictable from phonology alone.
The Spanish consonant system is characterized by (1) three nasal phonemes, and one or two (depending on the dialect) of the lateral phoneme (s), which in the final position of the syllable loses its contrast and is subject to assimilation in the next consonant; (2) three voiceless stops and affricate /t?/; (3) three or four (depending on the dialect) fictive noiseless; (4) a set of obstruents voiced - /b/, /d/, /?/, and sometimes /?/ - alternating between close alopons and plosives depending on the environment; and (5) the phonemic distinction between "tapping" and "trilled" r -the sound (single? r? and double? rr? in orthography).
In the following table the consonant phoneme, /?/ is marked with an asterisk (*) to indicate that it is retained only in multiple dialects. In most dialects have been combined with /?/ in the merge called yeÃÆ'smo . Similarly, /?/ is also marked with an asterisk to indicate that most dialects do not distinguish it from /s/ (see seseo ), though this is not an actual incorporation but the result of a different evolution of sibilant in Southern Spain.
Phonem /?/ in brackets () to indicate that it only appears in loan words. Each phonetic obstruent is vocal /b/, /d/, /?/, and /?/ appears to the right of the pairs of the voiced phoneme, to show that, while the phoneme voiced maintains phonemic contrast between plosive (or affricate) and fricative, voiced alternately allophonic (ie without phonemic contrast) between the plosive and almost flattening.
Prosody
Spanish is classified by its rhythm as a syllable language: each syllable has almost the same duration regardless of stress.
Spanish intonation varies significantly according to dialect but generally fits the falling tone pattern for declarative sentences and wh-questions (who, what, why, etc.) and the rising tone for yes/no questions. There is no syntactic marker to distinguish between questions and statements and thus, declarative or interrogative claims are wholly dependent on intonation.
Stress is most common in one of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions in the last or previous fourth syllable. Tendency stress assignments are as follows:
- In words ending in vowels, stress is most common in the second syllable from the back.
- In words ending in consonants, stress most often falls in the last syllable, with the following exceptions: Grammatical end -n (for third-person nouns) and -s (whether for the noun and adjunct plural or for a second-person verb) does not change the location of stress. Thus, a regular verb ending in -n and most words ending in -s are emphasized in the penulty. Although a large number of nouns and adjectives that end in -n also emphasize penult ( joven , virgen , mitin ), most nouns and adjectives ending in -n are emphasized on their last syllable ( capitÃÆ'¡n , almacÃÆ' Â © n , jardÃÆ'n , corazÃÆ'³n ).
- Stress before going to sleep (the pressure on the fourth to last syllable) is rare, only on the verb with the attached cliche prc ( guardÃÆ'¡ndoselos 'saving them for themselves/you/you').
In addition to the many exceptions to this tendency, there are many minimal pairs that only contrast with stress like sÃÆ'¡bana ('sheet') and savana ('savannah'); lÃÆ'mite ('limit'), limite ('[that] he/she restricts') and limitÃÆ' Â © ; lÃÆ'quido ('liquid'), liquido ('I sell') and liquidÃÆ'³ ('he sold').
The orthographic system clearly reflects where the pressure occurs: in the absence of an accent mark, stress falls on the last syllable except the last letter is? N?,? S ?, or vowels, in which cases of stress fall on the next syllable (last from behind). Exceptions to these rules are indicated by acute accent marks above the emphasized syllable vowel. (See Spanish orthography.)
Geographic distribution
Spanish is the main language of 20 countries around the world. It is estimated that the total number of Spanish speakers is between 470 and 500 million, making it the second most widely used language in terms of native speakers.
Spanish is the language most spoken by the number of speakers (after Mandarin and English). Internet usage statistics for 2007 also show Spanish as the third most commonly used language on the Internet, after English and Mandarin.
Europe
In Europe, Spain is the official language of Spain, the country which is then named and where it came from. This language is used extensively in Gibraltar, and is also commonly used in Andorra, although Catalan is the official language there.
Spanish is also spoken by small communities in other European countries, such as Britain, France, Italy and Germany. Spanish is the official language of the European Union. In Switzerland, which has a large influx of Spanish migrants in the 20th century, Spanish is the native language of 2.2% of the population.
America
Hispanic Americans
Most Spanish speakers are in Latin America; of all countries with a majority of Spanish speakers, only Spain and Equatorial Guinea are outside the United States. Nationally, Spanish is the official language - either de facto or de jure - from Argentina, Bolivia (co-official with Quechua, Aymara, Guarani and 34 other languages) ), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay (co-official with GuaranÃÆ'), Peru - official with Quechua, Aymara, and "other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay, and Venezuela. Spain has no official recognition in the former British colony in Belize; However, according to the 2000 census, it was spoken by 43% of the population. In particular, it is spoken by Hispanic descendants who had been in the region since the seventeenth century; However, English is the official language.
Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries, Trinidad and Tobago and Brazil have applied the teaching of Spanish to their educational system. The Government of Trinidad launched the initiative of Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) in March 2005. In 2005, the Brazilian National Congress approved the bill, signed into law by the President, making it compulsory for schools. to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law was repealed by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as PortuÃÆ' Â ± ol is spoken.
United States
According to 2006 census data, 44.3 million people of the US population are Hispanic or Hispanic Americans by origin; 38.3 million people, 13 percent of the population over five years speak Spanish at home. Spanish has a long history of presence in the United States due to the beginnings of Spain and, later, the Mexican administration of the territory now form the southwestern states, as well as Florida, which is the territory of Spain until 1821.
Spanish is the second most common language in the United States with over 50 million total speakers if non-native language speakers or a second language are included. While English is the country's de facto national language, Spanish is often used in public services and notifications at federal and state levels. Spain is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico. Language also has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles, Miami, San Antonio, New York, San Francisco, Dallas, and Phoenix; as well as the latest, Chicago, Las Vegas, Boston, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Salt Lake City, Atlanta, Nashville, Orlando, Tampa, Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, DC due to 20th and 21st century immigration.
Africa
In Africa, Spanish is official (along with Portuguese and French) in Equatorial Guinea, as well as the official language of the African Union. In Equatorial Guinea, Spanish is the primary language when native and non-native speakers (about 500,000 people) are counted, while Fang is the language most widely used by a number of native speakers.
Spain is also spoken in the integral region of Spain in North Africa, which includes the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla, Plazas de soberanÃÆ'a, and the Canary Islands (population 2,000,000), located about 100 km (62 mi) to the northwest. coastline of mainland Africa.
In Northern Morocco, a former Spanish protectorate geographically close to Spain, about 20,000 speak Spanish as a second language, while Arabic is de jure's official language. A small number of Moroccan Jews also speak Spanish Sephardic Haketia (related to the Ladino dialect spoken in Israel). Spanish is spoken by several small communities in Angola because of the Cuban influence of the Cold War and in Southern Sudan among the natives of Southern Sudan who moved to Cuba during the Sudan war and returned in time to their country's independence.
In Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, Spanish was officially spoken at the end of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Currently, Spain in the disputed territory is administered by the nomadic population of about 500,000 Sahrawi, and is de facto official with Arabs in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, although this entity receives limited international recognition.
Asia-Pacific
Spanish was present on Easter Island, being annexed as a province of Chile in 1888.
Spanish is the official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish rule in 1565 until constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonialism (1565-1898) it was the language of government, commerce and education, and was pronounced as the first language by the Spaniards and educated Filipinos. In the mid-nineteenth century, the colonial government established a free public education system with Spain as a medium of instruction. The increased use of Spanish throughout the island led to the creation of a Spanish-language intellectual class called Ilustrados . Until Philippine independence in 1898, Spanish was used by about 10% of the population as the first and only language. About 60% of the population speak Spanish as their second or third language, which makes a total of 70%.
Despite the American administration after the Spanish defeat in the Spanish-American War in 1898, Spanish usage continued in the Philippine literature and the press during the early years of American rule. However, gradually, the American government began to promote the use of English, and it marked Spain as a negative influence of the past. Finally, in 1920, English became the primary language of administration and education. But despite significant deterioration of influence and speakers, Spanish continues to be the official Filipino language when it became independent in 1946, in addition to English and Filipino, the standard version of Tagalog.
Spain was removed from official status in 1973 under the government of Ferdinand Marcos, but regained its status as an official language two months later pursuant to Presidential Decree no. 155, dated March 15, 1973. This language remained the official language until 1987, with the ratification of the current constitution, where it was re-established as a voluntary and optional language. In 2010, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo encouraged the re-introduction of Spanish teaching in the Philippine education system. But by 2012, the number of secondary schools in which the language becomes compulsory subject or elective subjects becomes very limited. Today, despite the Spanish government's promotion, less than 0.5% of the population reported being able to speak the language proficiently. In addition to standard Spanish, Spanish-based creole language - Chavacano - developed in the southern Philippines. The number of Chavacano speakers is estimated to reach 1.2 million in 1996. However, it can not be understood together with Spanish. Speakers from various Zamboangueà ± a of Chavacano number around 360,000 in the 2000 census. The local Filipino language also retains some Spanish influence, with many words coming from Mexican Spain, due to the control of the islands by Spain through Mexico City until 1821, and later directly from Madrid until 1898.
Spanish is also used by colonial and educated governments in the former Netherlands East Indies, which consists of modern Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Marshall Islands and Micronesia, in addition to the Philippines. Spanish loan words are present in the local language in these areas as a legacy of colonial rule. Today, Spanish is not officially spoken in one of these former Spanish regions. In Guam, this language is spoken by Catholics and Puerto Rican people.
Judaeo-Spanish was originally spoken by the Sephardic Jewish community in India, but was later replaced by Judeo-Malayalam.
Speakers of Spanish by country
The following table shows the number of Spanish speakers in about 79 countries.
Variations of dialect
There are important variations (phonological, grammatical, and lexical) in Spanish spoken from various regions of Spain and throughout Spanish-speaking regions of America.
Varieties with most speakers are Mexican Spanish. It is spoken by over twenty percent of the Spanish speakers in the world (over 112 million out of a total of over 500 million, according to the above table). One of its main features is the reduction or loss of vocals without pressure, especially when they are associated with sound/s/.
In Spain, the northern dialects are considered closer to the standard, although the positive attitude toward southern dialect has increased significantly in the last 50 years. Even so, the Madrid speech, which has a southern characteristic like yeÃÆ'smo and aspirations, is a standard variation for use in radio and television. The most well-educated Madrid varieties affect the written standards for the Spanish language.
Phonology
The main morphological variation between the Spanish dialect involves the use of different pronouns, especially from the second person and, to a lesser extent, the pronoun of the object of the third person.
Voseo
Almost all Spanish dialects make the distinction between formal and familial registers in a single second person and thus have two different pronouns meaning "you": usted in formal and good tÃÆ'º or vos in the family (and each of the three pronouns has the corresponding verb form), with the option of tÃÆ'º or vos vary from one dialect to another. The use of vos (and/or the verb form) is called voseo . In some dialects, the three pronouns are used, with usted , tÃÆ'º , and vos indicating each formality, intimacy, and intimacy.
In voseo , vos is the subject form ( vos decÃÆ's ," you say ") and the form for the preposition object ( voy con vos ," I go with you "), whereas the direct and indirect object forms, and possives, are the same as those associated with tÃÆ'º : Vos sabÃÆ' Â © s que tus amigos te respetan ("You know friends You respect you ").
The common voido verb form is the same as that used with tÃÆ'º except in present tense (indicative and imperative) verbs. The forms for vos can generally be derived from vosotros (the traditional second person who is familiar plural ) by removing the glide [i?] , or /d/, where it appears in ending: vosotros pensÃÆ'¡ i s & gt; vos pensÃÆ'¡s ; vosotros volvÃÆ' Â © i s & gt; vos volvÃÆ' Â © s , pensa d ! ( vosotros ) & gt; pensÃÆ'¡! ( vos ), volve d ! ( vosotros ) & gt; volvÃÆ' Â ©! ( vos ).
In Chile voseo on the other hand, almost all verb forms are different from their standard tÃÆ'º -forms.
The use of the vos pronoun with the form verb tÃÆ'º ( vos piensas ) is called "pronominal voseo ". Conversely, the use of the verb form vos with the pronouns tÃÆ'º ( tÃÆ'º pensás or tÃÆ'º pensÃÆ'¡i i>) is called "verbal voseo ".
In Chile, for example, verbal vosso is much more common than the actual use of the vos pronoun, which is usually reserved for a very informal situation.
And in Central America voseo , one can see the difference even further.
Distribution in Spanish-speaking regions of America
Although Spanish tuteo (usage tÃÆ'º ) in the field -these fields: almost all of Mexico, the West Indies, Panama, mostly Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and the coast of Ecuador.
Tuteo as a cultured form interchangeably with voseo as a popular or rural form in Bolivia, in northern and southern Peru, in Andean Ecuador, in the small Andean zone of Venezuela (and especially in the state of Zulia Venezuela), and in most of Colombia. Some researchers argue that voseo can be heard in parts of eastern Cuba, and others assert that it does not exist on the island.
Tuteo exists as a second-person use with a more intimate intermediate formality level voseo in Chile, in the state of Zulia, Venezuela, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, on the Azuero Peninsula in Panama, in the Mexican state of Chiapas, and in parts of Guatemala.
Umum area voseo termasuk Argentina, Nikaragua, Bolivia timur, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Kosta Rika, Paraguay, Uruguay they give departemen Kolombia Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda, Quindio, give Valle del Cauca.
You
Ustedes serves as a formal and informal second person in over 90% of the Spanish-speaking world, including all American Hispanics, Canary Islands, and some areas of Andalusia. In Seville, Huelva, Cadiz, and other parts of western Andalusia, the familiar form was built as ustedes vais, using the traditional plural of the two traditional people of the verb. Most of Spain maintains a formal/familiar distinction with ustedes and vosotros respectively.
Usted
Usted is an ordinary second person pronoun in the formal context, but is used in conjunction with a single third person voice of the verb. It is used to pay homage to someone who is an older generation or has a higher authority ("You, sir"/"you, ma'am"). It is also used in the context of familiar by many speakers in Colombia and Costa Rica and in parts of Ecuador and Panama, to the exclusion of tÃÆ'º or vos ustedeo in Spanish.
In Central America, especially in Honduras, usted is often used as an official pronoun to convey respect between romantic couple members. Usted is also used similarly between parents and children in the Andean region of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.
Third person pronoun
Most speakers use (and the Real Academia EspaÃÆ' Â ± ola prefer) pronouns lo and la to redirect objects (masculine and feminine respectively, regardless of the animation, meaning "he", "he", or "that"), and le for the indirect object ( regardless of gender or animation, means "to him," "for him," or "for that"). This use is sometimes called "etymological", since the direct and indirect object pronouns are a continuation, respectively, of the accusative language pronouns and the Latin word, the language of the Spanish ancestors.
The deviations of this norm (more generally in Spain than in America) are called " leÃÆ'smo ", " loÃÆ'smo ", or " laÃÆ'smo replace each, le , lo , or la , has evolved beyond the etymological use ( le as a direct object , or lo or la as an indirect object).
Vocabulary
Some words can differ significantly in different Hispanic countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognize the specific use of America. For example, Spanish mantequilla , aguacate and albaricoque (respectively, 'butter', 'avocado', 'apricot') correspond to manteca (the word used for lard in Spanish Peninsular), palta , and damasco , respectively, in Argentina, Chile (except manteca ), Paraguay, Peru (except manteca and damasco ), and Uruguay.
Relation to other languages ​​
Spanish is closely related to other Western Iberian Roman languages, including Asturian, Aragonese, Galician, Ladino, Leonese, Mirandese, and Portuguese.
It is generally recognized that Portuguese and Spanish speakers can communicate, with varying levels of mutual understanding. Meanwhile, the reciprocal honesty of Spanish and Portuguese written written is very high, and the occasional difficulty of oral form is based more on phonology than on grammatical and lexical differences. Ethnologue gives an approximate lexical similarity between the corresponding languages ​​in terms of the exact percentage. For Spain and Portugal, that figure is 89%. Italy, on the other hand - although its phonology is similar to Spain - has a lexical similarity that is lower than 82%. The mutual silence between Spain and France or between Spain and Romania is still lower, given the lexical equivalence ratings of 75% and 71% respectively. And the understanding of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied languages ​​is much lower, about 45%. In general, thanks to the general features of the Roman language writing system, the interlingual understanding of the written word is greater than oral communication.
The following table compares the form of some common words in some Roman languages:
1. Also nosmos in early modern Portuguese (eg The Lusiads ) , and in Galician.
2. French in French.
3. Also noialtri in dialect and Southern Italian.
4. Medieval Catalan (eg Llibre dels fets ).
5. Depending on the written norm used (see Reintegrationism) 6. From Basque esku , "hand" erdi , "half, incomplete". Note that this negative meaning also applies to the Latin sinistra (m) ("dark, unfavorable").
7. Romanian language ca? (from Latin c? Sevs ) means a cheese. The universal term for cheese in Romanian is brÃÆ' Â ¢ nz? (from unknown etymology).
Judaeo-Spanish
Judaeo-Spain, also known as Ladino, is a Spanish variety that retains many features of Spanish and medieval Portuguese and is pronounced by Sephardi Jewish descendants who were expelled from Spain in the 15th century. In contrast, in Portugal most Portuguese Jews repented and became 'New Christians'. Therefore, his relationship with Spain is proportional to Yiddish to German. Ladino's speakers today are almost exclusively Sephardi Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece, or the Balkans, and most live in Israel, Turkey, and the United States, with some communities in Hispanic America. Judaeo-Spain does not have a Native American vocabulary obtained by standard Spanish language during the Spanish colonial period, and retains many of the ancient features that have been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary not found in standard Spanish, including the vocabulary of Hebrew, French, Greek and Turkish, and other languages ​​spoken in which Sephardim settled.
Judaeo-Spain is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are parents and also parents of immigrants (immigrants to Israel) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, he experienced a minor revival among the Sephardi community, especially in music. In the case of the Latin American community, the danger of extinction is also due to the risk of assimilation by modern Castile.
The corresponding dialect is Haketia, Judaeo-Spain from northern Morocco. It also tends to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region.
Writing system
Spanish written in Latin script, with additional characters? ÃÆ' Â ±? ( eÃÆ' Â ± e , represents the phoneme /?/, a letter different from? n?, although typographically composed of? n? with tilde). Previously digraph? Ch? ( che , represents the phoneme /t ??/) and? ( elle , represents the phoneme /?/), is also considered a single letter. However, digraph? Rr? Spanish erre fuerte , 'strong r', erre doble , 'double r', or just erre ), which also represent different phonemes /r/, not the same is considered as one letter. Since 1994? Ch? and? have been treated as mailing pairs for collection purposes, even though they remain part of the alphabet until 2010. Words with? ch? now sorted alphabetically between them with? cg? and? ci?, instead of following? cz? like it used to be. The situation is similar to? Ll ?.
Dengan demikian, alfabet Spanyol memiliki 27 huruf berikut:
- A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, ÃÆ' ', O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.
Since 2010, no digraph ( ch, ll, rr, gu, qu ) is considered a letter by the Spanish Royal Academy.
The letters k and w are only used in words and names derived from foreign languages ​​( kilos, folklore, whiskey, kiwi ).
With the exception of a small number of regional terms like MÃÆ' Â © xico (see Toponimi Mexico), pronunciation can be completely determined from spelling. Under the orthographic convention, a typical Spanish word is emphasized on a syllable before the end if it ends with a vowel (excluding? Y?) Or with a vowel followed by? N? or? s?; it is emphasized on the last syllable instead. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an acute accent on the emphasized vowel.
Acute accents are used, in addition, to distinguish between specific homophones, especially when one is the emphasized word and the other is klitika: compare el ('the', the article must be single masculine) with ÃÆ' Â © l ('he 'or' that '), or te (' you ', an object replace) with tÃÆ' Â © ('teh'), de (preposition 'of') versus dÃÆ' Â © ('giving' [formal requirement/third person present subjunctive]), and se (reflexive pronoun) versus sÃÆ' Â © ('I know' or 'imperative').
Spanish pronoun quÃÆ' Â © , cuÃÆ'¡l , dÃÆ'³nde , quiÃÆ' Â © n , etc.) also received accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstrative ( ÃÆ' Â © se , ÃÆ' Â © ste , aquÃÆ' Â © l , etc.) can be accented when used as a pronoun. Accent marks are used to be removed by capital letters (widespread practice in the days of typewriters and early days of computers when only lowercase letters are available with accents), despite the suggestion of Real Academia EspaÃÆ' Â ± ola against this and orthographic conventions are taught in schools enforcing the use of accents.
When u is written between g and the front vowel e or i , it shows "hard g" pronunciation. A diaeresis ÃÆ'¼ indicates that it is not silent as usual (eg, cigÃÆ'¼eÃÆ' Â ± a , 'stork', pronounced [? I 'e? A] ).
Interrogative clauses and clauses are introduced with question marks and exclamation points ( Ã,¿ and Ã,¡ , respectively).
Organization
Royal Spanish Academy
The Spanish Academy of Real is the Royal Spanish Academy, founded in 1713, along with the other 21 national ( see the Spanish Academy Association), apply the effect of standardization through widely publicized dictionary publications and grammar guides and styles. Due to influences and other socio-historical reasons, the standard language form (Spanish Standard) is widely recognized for use in literature, academic and media contexts.
Spanish Language Academy Association
The Spanish Academy Association ( Asociación de Academias de la Lengua EspaÃÆ' Â ± ola , or ASALE ) is an entity governing Spanish. It was made in Mexico in 1951 and represents the unification of all separate academies in the Spanish-speaking world. It consists of academies from 23 countries, ordered by the date of the Academy foundations: Spain (1713), Colombia (1871), Ecuador (1874), Mexico (1875), El Salvador (1876), Venezuela (1883), Chile (1885) Peru (1923), Panama (1926), Cuba (1926), Paraguay (1927), Dominican Republic (1927), Bolivia (1927), Nicaragua (1928) ), Argentina (1931), Uruguay (1943), Honduras (1949), Puerto Rico (1955), United States (1973) and Equatorial Guinea (2016).
Cervantes Institute
The Instituto Cervantes (Cervantes Institute) is a non-profit organization worldwide created by the Spanish government in 1991. The organization has branched out in more than 20 different countries with 54 centers devoted to the Spanish American culture and Hispanic and Spanish. The institute's main objective is to promote the universal education, study and use of Spanish as a second language, to support methods and activities that will help the Spanish education process, and to contribute to the advancement of Spanish and Hispanic American culture across non-English speaking countries Spanish.
Official use by international organizations
Spanish is one of the official languages ​​of the United Nations, the European Union, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the African Union, the United Nations of South America, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, the Latin Union, Caricom, Free Trade Agreement of North America, and many other international organizations.
See also
References
Bibliography
Further reading
- "Hats Off: The Rise of Spanish". The Economist . June 1, 2013.
- Erichsen, Gerald (May 20, 2017). "Is Spanish Fewer Words From English?". ThoughtCo . Dotdash.
External links
- Real Academia EspaÃÆ' Â ± ola (in Spanish)
- Spanish on BBC Online
- Tips for Quick Learn Spanish
- Spanish in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Spanish in Wikibooks
- Movies to learn Spanish
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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