Mascara is a cosmetic commonly used to enhance eyelashes. It can darken, thicken, lengthen, and/or define eyelashes. Usually in one of three forms - liquid, cake, or cream - modern mascara products have various formulas; however, most contain the same basic components of pigment, oil, wax, and preservative.
Video Mascara
Definisi
The Collins English Dictionary defines mascara as, "cosmetics for embalming, elongation, curling, staining, and lash thickening, applied with a brush or stem." The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) adds that mascara is sometimes used in eyeballs as well.
The OED is also a reference to mascaro of the work published at the end of the 15th century. In 1886, Peck & amp; The Snyder Catalog advertises, "Mascaro or Air Cosmetique... To darken eyebrows and whiskers without polishing it and making it stand out." In 1890, the Century Dictionary defined mascara as "a kind of paint used for eyebrows and eyelashes by actors." And in 1894, N. Lynn suggested in the Lynn Practice Instructions for Making , â € Å"to darken eyelashes, paint with mascara, or black paint, with a small brush.
Maps Mascara
Etymology
The source of the word "mascara" is unclear. The Spanish word mÃÆ'¡scara which means 'mask' or 'stain', and the Italian word maschera meaning 'mask' is the possible origin. A related Catalan word describes black soot or black spots, and the Portuguese word mÃÆ'¡scara means 'mask' and mascarra means dark stain or red spots). There is even strong support for possible sources of the Arabic word maskharah or 'clown'. Hebrew word ?????? (MaSQROTh) related to the female eye is found in Isaiah 3:16.
Latin treats sometimes use the word mascara when referring to witches.
History
Aesthetic jewelry is a universal culture and mascara can be documented in ancient Egypt. Records of about 4000 BC refer to a substance called kohl which is used to darken eyelashes, eyelids, and eyebrows. Kohl is used to cover the eyes, is believed to drive out evil spirits and protect the soul, both by men and women. Often consists of galena; Malachite; and charcoal or soot, crocodile dung; honey; and water is added to keep the kohl from running. Through the influence of Egypt, the use of kohl remained in the subsequent kingdoms of Babylon, Greece, and Rome. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Kohl was not used on the continent of Europe, where it was considered only cosmetics; on the contrary, it continues to be widely used in the Middle East for religious purposes.
The makeup is considered unsightly and rough in Western culture until the Victorian era. During the Victorian era, social opinion shifted radically toward cosmetic promotion, and women are known to spend most of their day with beauty regimens. Great efforts are made to create the illusion of long and dark eyelashes. Trying this, Victorian women make a kind of mascara in their own home. They will heat up a mixture of ash or soot and elderberry juice on a plate and apply a heated mixture to their lashes.
Products that people will recognize as mascara do not currently develop until the 19th century. A chemist named EugÃÆ'¨ne Rimmel developed cosmetics using the newly discovered petroleum jelly. The name Rimmel becomes synonymous with substance and still translates to "mascara" in Portuguese, Spanish, Greek, Turkish, Romanian, and Persian at this time.
Across the Atlantic Ocean and at about the same time, in 1915, Thomas Lyle Williams created a substance very similar to his sister Maybel. In 1917 he started a mail order business from a product that grew into a Maybelline company.
The mascara developed by these two men consists of petroleum jelly and coal in the prescribed ratio. It is undeniably a mess, and a better alternative is soon developed. A wet brush is rubbed on a cake containing black soap and dye of the same proportion and applied to the lashes. Still very messy. No significant increase occurred until 1957 with innovation by Helena Rubinstein.
Events leading to Rubinstein's reform began in Paris at the beginning of the 20th century. There, in the fashion capital of the world, mascara quickly gained popularity and common usage. Elizabeth Arden and Helena Rubinstein, two giants in the American beauty industry, watched and kept abreast of her progress. After the First World War, American consumers became excited about new products. Feeling the odds, both Rubinstein and Arden launch their own cosmetic brand that includes mascara. Through the efforts of these two rivals and public temperaments, mascara finally gained honor and support in American society.
The discovery of the photograph and the film unveiled the popularity and further use of mascara in the United States. Motion pictures primarily advertise new standards of beauty and sex appeal. The famous actresses of the classic cinema era, such as Theda Bara, Pola Negri, Clara Bow, Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich, Bette Davis, and Jean Harlow, rely heavily on mascara for their glamorous looks, which the average woman tries to imitate.
In 1933, a woman known in court records as Mrs. Brown agreed to have her eyelashes permanently dyed. Unfortunately, the product, Lash Lure, uses the -phenylenediamine, a highly toxic chemical for the body, as a dye. At that time, cosmetics were not regulated by the Federal Drug Administration, and the dangers of paraphenylenediamine were unknown. Within hours of treatment, Ny. Brown began to experience severe symptoms from stinging and burning eyes. The next morning, Mrs. Brown's eyes had developed an outward and swollen boil. The use of Lash Lure leads to blindness in Mrs. Brown and fifteen other women and also caused the death of others. Only after the Lash Lure incident and several others liked it, documented in Ruth deForest Lamb's book entitled American Chamber of Horrors , that Congress gave the FDA the right to regulate cosmetics in 1938.
Years later in 1957, Rubinstein invented a formula that evolved mascara from a hard cake into a lotion-based cream. He packs new mascara in a tube for sale with a brush. For use, the cream is squeezed into a brush and applied to the lashes. Although still a mess, it is a step towards modern mascara products.
Soon, patented grooved rods. This device takes the same amount of mascara for each use. Then the grooved stems were changed to a brush similar to the one used today. Applicator changes cause mascara to be easier to use, and its popularity increases.
Mascara is now a trend toward multi-functional use, with many mascaras including lash-boosting, botanical, and pro-vitamin enriched formulas. Korean technology is at the forefront of development, and a number of brands use a tubing formula to coat the lashes. Some of the widely available brands that offer these capabilities include Eyeko, Clinique and Blinc.
Materials and manufacturing
All formulations contain pigments, oils, and candles.
Cosmetic pigments
Pigmentation for black mascara is similar to those used by Egyptian and Victoria women. Black and chocolate masks are usually colored with iron oxide. Some mascaras contain ultramarine blue.
The mascara is composed of a basic mixture of pigments, waxes, and oils with various supporting components. The most common mascara pigments include iron oxide and titanium dioxide which provide mascara with the desired color. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) accounts for more than 65% of the sales volume of inorganic pigments. TiO 2 gives white pigment while different iron oxides provide various colors such as red, yellow, brown, and black. The size of the opaque pigment particles ranges from 0.2-0.3 Ã,Âμm.
Oil, candles, etc.
Among the many oils used, linseed oil, castor oil, eucalyptus oil, lanolin, and turpentine oil are commonly found. Sesame oil is also commonly used. The candles usually found in mascara are paraffin wax, carnauba wax, and beeswax.
Some mascaras made by using fish scales.
The desired effect of mascara account for most material variations. Waterproof mascara requires hydrophobic materials, such as dodecane. Non-aqueous mascara has a water-soluble base material. Mascaras designed to lengthen or curl the eyelashes often contain microfiber nylon or rayon. In addition, the cerebellum, gum tragacanth, and methyl cellulose are common ingredients serving as stiffener.
Producing
Mascara is often used every day around the world. In 2016 alone, US consumers spend 335.6 million USD for the top 10 brands of mascara.
In a single method of production, called anhydrous, all wax, oil, and pigment are mixed, heated, and anxious simultaneously. An alternative method, called an emulsion, begins by combining water and thickener. Separately, waxes and emulsifiers are combined. The pigments are then added individually to both mixtures. Finally all are incorporated in a homogenizer, which acts as a high-speed stirrer to mix oil, water, wax, and emulsifier thoroughly - ingredients that naturally exterminate each other.
Mascara has a shelf life of two to four months.
Security
United States
Mercury compounds can be used as a preservative in eye make-up and sometimes found in mascara.
It is more common to develop a swell, or swollen eyelid. Styes and swollen eyelids are better classified as an allergic reaction. Allergic reactions can be induced by one component of mascara but are usually associated with methylparaben, aluminum powder, ceteareth-20, butylparaben, or benzyl alcohol.
Psychology
The use of mascara may help to replicate neoteny, youthful appearance or child believed to be correlated with beauty in women. In many cultures, typical characteristics of children - gentle cheeks, round face, soft skin, large eyes, upturned noses, and short chin - are often seen as ideal facial characteristics for women. The mascara pulls the eyelash from the edge of the eye creating an illusion like a bigger, more open eye. The wide eyes may be related to the youth.
References
External links
Media related to Mascara on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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