The Tychonic system (or Tychonian system ) is a Solar system model published by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century that combines what it sees as the merits of the Copernican mathematical system with philosophical benefits and "physical" of the Ptolemaic system. This model may be inspired by Valentin Naboth and Paul Wittich, a mathematician and astronomer of Silesia. Similar models are implied in the calculations of the previous century by Nilakantha Somayaji from the school of Kerala astronomy and mathematics.
This conceptually is a geocentric model: The Earth is at the center of the universe, the Sun and the Moon and the stars rotate around the Earth, and the other five planets revolve around the Sun. At the same time, planetary motion is mathematically equivalent to the motion in the Copernicus heliocentric system under simple coordinate transformations, so that, as long as there is no postulated power law to explain why planets move as described, there is no objective reason for choosing the Tychonic system or Copernican.
Video Tychonic system
Motivasi untuk sistem Tychonic
Tycho admired aspects of the Copernicus heliocentric model of the solar system, but felt that it had problems such as physics in question, star astrology, and religious observations. Regarding the Copernican system, Tycho wrote,
This innovation is expert and totally avoids all that is exaggerated or discordant in the Ptolemy system. At no point does it allude to mathematical principles. Yet it is attached to the Earth, a gigantic body, lazy, unfit to move, movement as fast as that of aethereal torch, and three times movement on it.
In terms of physics, Tycho argues that Earth is too slow and heavy to keep moving. According to Aristotelian physics accepted at that time, the heavens (whose motions and cycles are continuous and endless) are made of "Aether" or "Quintessence"; this substance, is not found on Earth, light, strong, and unchanging, and its natural state is a circular motion. On the contrary, the Earth (where things seem to move only when it moves) and the objects on it are composed of heavy substances and whose natural state is resting. As a result, Earth is considered a "lazy" body that is not easily removed. So while Tycho admits that the daily rise and setting of the sun and stars can be explained by Earth's rotation, as Copernicus says, still
such rapid movements can not belong to the earth, a body that is very heavy and dense and opaque, but belongs to the heaven itself whose form and subtle and constant matter are more suitable for eternal movement, however quickly.
In terms of stars, Tycho also believes that if the Earth orbits the Sun every year there must be a parallax of stars that can be observed over a six-month period, in which the orientation of a particular star angle will change thanks to the position of the altered earth (this parallax) does exist, small was not detected until 1838, when Friedrich Bessel discovered a parallax of 0.314 arcseconds of 61 Cygni star). Copernicus's explanation for this lack of parallax is that stars are a great distance from Earth so that Earth's orbit is almost insignificant by comparison. However, Tycho notes that this explanation introduces another problem: Stars as seen by the naked eye appear small, but to a certain extent, with more prominent stars such as Vega appear larger than lower stars such as Polaris, which in turn appear larger than many others.. Tycho had determined that a typical star measured about a minute of arc size, with a more prominent two or three times greater. In writing to Christoph Rothmann, a Copernican astronomer, Tycho uses basic geometry to show that, assuming a small parallax that only escapes detection, the distance to the stars in the Copernican system must be 700 times greater than the distance from the sun to Saturn. In addition, the only way the stars can be so far and still appears the size they do in the heavens will be if even a giant average star - at least as big as Earth's orbit, and certainly much bigger than the sun. (In fact, most of the stars visible to the naked eye are giants, supergiants, or big bright stars.) And, Tycho says, the more prominent stars must be even bigger. And what if the parallax is even smaller than people think, so the stars are still farther away? Then they all have to be even bigger. Tycho said
Delegate these things geometrically if you like, and you will see how many absurdities (not to mention others) accompany this assumption [of the earth's movement] with conclusions.
Copernicans offers a religious response to Tycho's geometry: the titanic, the distant stars may seem absurd, but they are not, because the Creator can make his creation as big as he wants. In fact, Rothmann responded to this Tycho argument by saying
[W] hat so unreasonable [average star] has the same size as the whole [Earth orbit]? Is this contrary to the divine will, or is it impossible by the divine Nature, or is unacceptable to the infinite Nature? These things should be fully demonstrated by you, if you want to deduce from here, anything absurd. Things that are considered unreasonable by unreasonable people at first are not easily burdened with absurdity, for in fact the Wisdom and Divine Majesty is much greater than they understand. Give the extent of the Universe and the size of the stars to be as big as you like - this is still not worth the unlimited Creator. It is estimated that the larger the king, so much bigger and bigger the palace that corresponds to his majesty. So how much do you think the palace suits the LORD?
Religion played a role in Tycho's geocentrism as well - he quoted scriptural authority in describing the Earth as being at rest. He rarely uses biblical arguments (for him it is a secondary objection to the idea of ​​the Earth movement) and over time he comes to focus on scientific arguments, but he does take biblical arguments.
Tycho advocated an alternative to Ptolemaic geocentric systems of the "geoheliocentric" system (now known as the Tychonic system), which he developed in the late 1570s. In such systems, the sun, moon, and stars surround the center of the Earth, while the five planets orbit the Sun. The fundamental difference between the sky (including the planets) and the Earth remains: Motion remains in the proper sky; immobility resides with a very slow Earth. It is a system that Tycho says does not violate the laws of physics or scripture - with stars located outside of Saturn and a reasonable size.
Precursors for geoheliocentrism
Tycho was not the first to propose a geoheliocentric system. It used to be thought that Heraclides in the 4th century BC have suggested that Mercury and Venus revolve around the Sun, which in turn (along with other planets) revolves around the Earth. Macrobius Ambrose Theodosius (395-423 AD) then described this as the "Egyptian System", which states that "it is not out of Egyptian skill", although no other evidence is known in ancient Egypt. The difference is that the Tycho system has all the planets (with the exception of the Earth) that revolve around the Sun, not just the planets of Mercury and Venus interior. In this case, it was anticipated in the fifteenth century by the Kerala school astronomer Nilakantha Somayaji, whose geoheliocentric system also had all the planets revolving around the Sun. The difference between these two systems is that Tycho's model of Earth does not rotate daily, as Heraclides and Nilakantha claim, but is static.
Maps Tychonic system
History and development
The Tycho system is envisaged, in part, by Martianus Capella, which describes the system in which Mercury and Venus are placed in epicles around the Sun, which surround the Earth. Copernicus, citing Capella's theory, even mentions the possibility of extension in which three other of the six known planets will also surround the Sun. This was overshadowed by the Irish Carolingian scholar, Johannes Scotus Eriugena in the 9th century, who went further than Capella by suggesting both Mars and Jupiter orbiting the sun as well. In the fifteenth century, his work was anticipated by Nilakantha Somayaji, an Indian astronomer from Kerala's school of astronomy and mathematics, who first presented a geoheliocentric system in which all the planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) orbit the Sun, which in turn orbit Earth.
The Tychonic system, announced in 1588, became a major competitor with the Copernican system as an alternative to Ptolemaic. After Galileo's observation of the Venus phase in 1610, much of the cosmological controversy subsequently settled on a variety of Tychonic and Copernican systems. In some ways, the Tychonic system proves to be more philosophically intuitive than Copernicus, because it reinforces the notion of common sense about how the Sun and planets move while the Earth does not. In addition, the Copernican system would suggest the ability to observe the parallax of stars, which could not be observed until the 19th century. On the other hand, due to the intersection of Mars and the Sun intersections (see diagram), he opposes the idea of ​​Ptolemaic and Aristotelian that the planets are placed in nested spheres. Tycho and his followers revived the ancient Stoic philosophy instead, because he used a heaven that could accommodate the intersecting circle.
Legacy
After Tycho's death, Johannes Kepler used Tycho's own observations to show that the orbits of the planets were ellipses rather than circles, creating a modified Copernican system that eventually replaced the Tychonic and Ptolemaic systems. However, the Tychonic system was very influential in the late 16th and 17th centuries. In 1616, during Galileo's affairs, the papal Congregation of the Index banned all books advocating the Copernican system, including works by Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and other authors until 1758. Tychonic is an acceptable alternative because it explains the observed phases of Venus with a static Earth. A Jesuit astronomer in China uses it, as do a number of European scholars. Jesuits (such as Clavius, Christoph Grienberger, Christoph Scheiner, Odo Van Maelcote) support the Tychonic system.
The discovery of star aberration at the beginning of the 18th century by James Bradley proves that the Earth is indeed moving around the Sun and Tycho's system is no longer used by scientists. In the modern era, some modern geocentris use a modified Tychonic system with elliptical orbits, while rejecting the concept of relativity.
See also
- The principle of equality
References
External links
- Copernican and Tychonian animated oration; click "Copernican" or "Tychonian" in the bottom right corner
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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