Transform fault

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A change the error or change the boundary is the plate boundary where motion is predominately horizontal. It ends abruptly and connects to other transformations, spreading ridges, or subduction zones.

Most of these errors are hidden in the deep sea, where they balance the different limits in the short zigzag resulting from the deployment of the seabed, the most famous (and the most damaging) are those in the land on the periphery of continental tectonic plates. Transform errors are the only type of strike-slip faults that are classified as plate boundaries.

Video Transform fault

Nomenclature

These errors are also known as conservative plate boundaries, because they do not create or destroy the lithosphere.

Maps Transform fault

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Geophysicist and geologist John Tuzo Wilson acknowledges that the seawater balance by fractures does not follow the classical pattern of offset fencing or geologic markers in Reid's rebound theory of fractures, from which the slip flavor is lowered. The new class of errors, called altering errors, result in a slip in the opposite direction of what would be guessed from the standard interpretation of offset geological features. Shifting along the change of error does not increase the distance between the separated backs; the distance remained constant in the earthquake as the mountains spread. This hypothesis was confirmed in a fault field study study that showed slippage at fault points of transformation in the opposite direction of classical interpretation would suggest.

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Difference between transformation and transcurrent error

Error transformation is closely related to transcurrent error and is generally confused. Both types of errors are strike-slip or side-to-side in motion; Nevertheless, changing the error ends at plate boundary intersections or other types of interference, while transcurrent errors die without a connection. Additionally, changing errors have the same deformation across fault lines, while transcurrent errors have larger displacements in the middle of the fault zone and less on the margins. Finally, changing the error can form the boundary of the tectonic plate, while the transcurrent error can not.

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Mechanics

The effect of the error is to relieve the tension, which can be caused by compression, extension, or lateral pressure on rock layers on the surface or deep below the Earth's surface. Error transformations typically relieve tension by transporting strains between mountains or subduction zones. They also act as areas of weakness, which can lead to splits in the rift zone.

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Example

Error transformations are commonly found linking mountain segments or mid-oceanic deployment centers. These middle seas are places where new seafloor continues to be created through the upwelling of new basaltic magma. With the freshly driven and pulled out seabed, the older seabed slowly slid away from the mountains in the middle of the ocean to the continent. Although only separated by tens of kilometers, the separation between these mountainous segments causes the seabed to push each other in opposite directions. The lateral movement from the seafloor to each other is where the current error change is active.

Changing moving errors is different from strike-slip errors on the mid-oceanic ridge. Instead of the mountains moving away from each other, as they do with other strike-slip faults, switch switchers remain in the same fixed location, and the new ocean floor created on the ridge away from the ridge. Proof of this movement can be found in paleomagnetic striping on the seafloor.

A paper written by Gerya theorized that the creation of transformational mistakes between ridge mountains in the middle of the ocean is associated with parts that are rotated and stretched from the middle ridge of the oceans. This happens over a long period of time with a spreading center or ridge that slowly changes shape from a straight line to a curved line. Finally, fractures along these plane shapes change errors. When this happens, the error changes from a normal fault with an extensional voltage to a strike strike fault with lateral pressure. In a study conducted by Bonatti and Crane, peridotite and gabbro rocks were found on the ridge's edge. These rocks are deep inside Earth's mantle and then quickly dug into the surface. This evidence helps to prove that the new seabed is being made in the middle mountains of the ocean and further supports the theory of tectonic plates.

The error of active transformation is between two tectonic or cesarean structures. The fracture zone represents a previously-active distraction-transformation line, which has since passed through an active transformation zone and is pushed toward the continent. These elevated hills on the seafloor can be traced for hundreds of miles and in some cases even from one continent across the ocean to another.

The most prominent example of mid-oceanic ridge change zone is in the Atlantic Ocean between South America and Africa. Known as the St Paul, Romanche, Chain, and Ascension fracture zones, this area has deep and easily recognizable fault and mountain changes. Other locations include: East Pacific Ridge located in the South East Pacific Ocean, which meets the San Andreas Fault to the North.

The transformation of error is not limited to oceanic crust and dispersion centers; many of them are on the edge of the continent. The best example is the San Andreas Fault on the Pacific coast of the United States. The San Andreas Fault linked the Eastern Pacific Rising off the western coast of Mexico (Gulf of California) to Mendocino Triple Junction off the coast of the Northwestern United States, making it a ridge-to-change style blunder. The establishment of the San Andreas Fault system occurred fairly recently during the Oligocene Period between 34 million and 24 million years ago. During this period, the Farallon plate, followed by the Pacific plate, collided with the North American plate. The collisions caused the subduction of the Farallon plate under the North American plate. After the spreading center separating the Pacific and Farallon plates was sublimited beneath the North American plate, the San Andreas Continental Transform-Fault system was created.

Other examples include:

• Dead Sea Transformation of the Middle East
• Broken Alpine New Zealand
• Chaman Fault Pakistan
• Turkey's Northern Anatomy Error
• The Charlotte Charlotte Blunder in North America

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Type

In his work on a fault-transformation system, geologist Tuzo Wilson says that altering errors must be related to other faults or plate boundaries at both ends; because of that requirement, changing errors can grow long, keep the length constant, or reduce the length. This change in length depends on the type of error or tectonic structure associated with the transformation error. Wilson describes six types of transformation errors:

Growing length: In situations where a transformation error connects the dispersion center and block over the subduction zone or where the two upper subduction zone blocks are connected, the transformation error itself will grow in length.

Constant Length: In other cases, changing the error will remain at a constant length. This stability can be attributed to many different causes. In the case of ridge-to-ridge transformation, its firmness is due to the persistent growth by the two outward bulges, canceling any change in length. The reverse occurs when a ridge connects to the subduction plate, where all the lithosphere (the new seabed) created by the ridge is damaged, or swallowed, by a subduction zone. Finally, when the two upper subduction plates are connected there is no change in length. This is because the plates move parallel to each other and no new lithosphere is created to change that length.

Reduce length errors: In rare cases, changing errors can shrink in length. This occurs when two descending subduction plates are connected by a transformation error. Over time when the plates are subconscious, the transformation error will be reduced in length until the transformation error is completely lost, leaving only two subduction zones facing the opposite direction.

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See also

• Fracture zone
• Leaky changes the fault
• List of tectonic plate interactions
• Plate tectonics
• Strike-slip tectonics
• Structural geology

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References

• International Tectonic Dictionary - AAPG Memoir 7, 1967
• Structural Geological Encyclopedia and Plate Tectonics - Ed. by Carl K. Seyfert, 1987

Source of the article : Wikipedia