The Tokugawa shogunate , also known as Tokugawa bakufu ( ???? ) and < b> Edo bakufu ( ???? ) , is the last feudal Japanese military government, existing between 1600 and 1868 The head of government is sh? Gun , and each is a member of the Tokugawa clan. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle and the shogunate years known as the Edo period. This time is also called Tokugawa or pre-modern period ( Kinsei ( ?? ) ).
Video Tokugawa shogunate
History
After the Sengoku period ("period of state war"), the central government was largely re-established by Oda Nobunaga during the Azuchi-Momoyama period. After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, the central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Society in the Tokugawa period, unlike in previous shogunates, should be based on a strict class hierarchy founded by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimy? (lords) are on top, followed by a samurai warrior caste, with farmers, craftsmen, and merchants ranked below. In some parts of the country, especially the smaller areas, daimy? and samurai more or less identical, because daimy? may be trained as samurai , and samurai may act as local rulers. Otherwise, the highly inflexible nature of the social stratification system releases disturbing forces over time. Taxes on farmers are fixed at a fixed sum that does not take into account inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, tax revenues collected by samurai landowners are fewer and less over time. This often led to many confrontations between the noble but poor samurai and the rich peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much larger rebellions. However, nothing proves sufficiently compelling to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.
A 2017 study found that farmer insurgency and collective desertion ("flight") lowered tax rates and impeded state growth in the Tokugawa shogunate.
In the mid-19th century, the alliance of some of the stronger daimy? , along with the titular Emperor, successfully overthrew the shogun after the Boshin War, culminating in the Meiji Restoration. The Tokugawa shogunate came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa sh? Gun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, which leads to the "restoration" (????, ? Sei fukko ) rule of the empire. Despite the ultimate overthrow that underpins the more modern and less feudal form of government of the Meiji Restoration, the Tokugawa Shogunate oversaw the longest period of peace and stability in Japanese history, which lasted for more than 260 years. Maps Tokugawa shogunate
Government
Shogunate and domain
The baked taisei ( ???? ) is a feudal political system in the Japanese Edo period. Baku stands for bakufu , which means "military government" - that is, the shogunate. The han is the domain led by daimy? .
Vassals hold the land of inheritance and provide military service and reverence to their master. The baked taisei divides the feudal forces between the shoguns in Edo and the provincial domains throughout Japan. Provinces have sovereignty and are allowed independent administration of han in return for allegiance to sh? Gun , which is responsible for foreign relations and national security. The sh? Gun and master are all daimy? : feudal lords with their own bureaucracy, policy, and territory. The sh? Gun also set the most powerful han , the hereditary heritage of the House of Tokugawa. Each level of government regulates its own taxation system.
The emperor, nominally a religious leader, has no real power; is it invested in sh? gun . The shogunate has the power to remove, annex, and change domains. The sankin-k? Tai an alternative residence system is required of each daimy? to stay in alternate years between han and court in Edo. During their absence from Edo, it is also necessary that they leave the family as hostage until they return. Big expenses sankin-k? Tai that is worn on every day helps to focus aristocratic alliances and ensures loyalty to sh? Gun because each representative doubles as a potential hostage.
The Tokugawa descendants further ensure loyalty by maintaining dogmatic insistence on loyalty to sh? Gun . Fudai daimy? is a hereditary follower of Ieyasu, as well as his descendants. Tozama ("outsider") became a follower of Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara. Shinpan ("family") is a collateral from Tokugawa Hidetada. At the beginning of the Edo period, the shogunate considers tozama the least likely to be loyal; from time to time, strategic marriages and system defenses make tozama less likely to rebel. In the end, it's a big tozama from Satsuma, Ch? Sh? and Tosa, and to a lesser extent Hizen, who destroyed the shogunate. These four countries are called the Four Western Clans, or Satchotohi for short.
The number han (about 250) fluctuated throughout the Edo period. They are ranked by size, measured as the amount of brown rice the domain generates each year. One Relationship with Caesar
Regardless of the Emperor's political title, sh? Guns of the Tokugawa family controlled Japan. The administration of ( ?? , taiseii ) from Japan is a task assigned by Imperial Courts in Kyoto for the Tokugawa family, who returned to court in the Meiji Restoration. While the Emperor officially has a prerogative to lift sh? Gun , he does not actually have a voice in state affairs. The shogunate appoints a liaison, Kyoto Shoshidai ( Shogun's Representative in Kyoto ), to deal with Caesar, palace and nobility.
Towards the end of the shogunate, however, after centuries the emperor had very little say in the affairs of the country and became isolated in the palace of Kyoto, and in the wake of reigning sh? Gun , Tokugawa Iemochi, married Emperor K's sister? mei (r.1846-1867), in 1862, the Imperial Court in Kyoto began to enjoy increased political influence. The Emperor was sometimes consulted on various policies and shoguns even visiting Kyoto to visit the Emperor.
Shogun and foreign trade
Foreign affairs and trade are monopolized by the
The visit of the Nanban ship from Portugal was originally the main vector of trade exchanges, followed by the addition of Dutch, British and sometimes Spanish vessels.
From 1603 onwards, Japan began to participate actively in foreign trade. In 1615, the embassy and trade missions under Hasekura Tsunenaga were sent across the Pacific to Nueva Espaà ± a (New Spain) in a galleon built in Japan San Juan Bautista . Until 1635, the Shoguns issued many permits for the so-called "red seal vessels" destined for Asian trade.
After 1635 and the introduction of Khalwat law, inbound ships were only allowed from China, Korea, and the Netherlands.
Shogun and Christian
Followers of Christianity first began to emerge in Japan during the 16th century. Oda Nobunaga embraced Christianity and Western technology imported with him, like a rifle. He also saw it as a tool he could use to suppress the power of the Buddha.
Although Christianity was allowed to grow until the 1610s, Tokugawa Ieyasu soon began to see it as a growing threat to the stability of the shogunate. As ? Gosho ("Cloistered Sh? Gun "), he influenced the application of a law prohibiting the practice of Christianity. His successors followed him, adding to Ieyasu's law. The prohibition of Christianity is often associated with the creation of seclusion laws, or Sakoku, in the 1630s.
Shogun institution
R? j? and wakadoshiyori
The r? J? ( ?? ) is a senior member of the shogunate. They are watching "metsuke, machi-bugy", ongokubugy? (ja: ????) and other officials, overseeing relations with Imperial Courts in Kyoto, Kuge (members of nobility), daimy ?, Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines, and attending such things as the division of territories. Usually, four or five people hold offices, and one is on duty for a month at a time in turn. They are given for the things that are very important. In the administrative reform of 1867 (Kei? Reformasi), the office was abolished for the bureaucratic system with ministers for interior, finance, foreign affairs, army, and navy.
In principle, the requirements for appointment to the office r? J? is to be fudai daimy? and have the fonts rated on 50 000 koku or more. However, there are exceptions to both of these criteria. Many designated people come from offices close to sh? Gun , such as soba y? Nin (ja: ???), Kyoto Shoshidai, and Osaka j? Dai.
Irregularly, sh? Guns designates a r? J? to position tair? (the great elders). The office was confined to clan members Ii, Sakai, Doi, and Hotta, but Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu was given a tair status? as well. Among the most famous are Ii Naosuke, who was killed in 1860 outside the Sakuradamon Gate from Edo Castle (Sakuradamon incident).
The wakadoshiyori next in status under r? J ?. Results from the beginning of six people rokuninsh? (???, 1633-1649), the office took its last name and form in 1662, but with four members. Their main responsibilities are the management of the affairs of hatamoto and gokenin, a direct follower of sh? Gun .
Some sh? Guns designate soba y? Nin . This person acts as a liaison between sh? Gun and r? J? . The soba y? Nin increased its importance during the fifth time sh? Gun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, when a wakadoshiyori, Inaba Masayasu, killed Hotta Masatoshi, the tair? Worrying for his personal safety, Tsunayoshi moves r? J? to the further part of the castle. Some of the most famous soba y? Nin is Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu and Tanuma Okitsugu. ? metsuke and metsuke
? Metsuke and metsuke are officials who report to r? J? and wakadoshiyori . Fifth ? Metsuke is in charge of overseeing the affairs of the daimy , kuge and the imperial palace. They are in charge of finding the threat of rebellion. At the beginning of the Edo period, daimy? S like Yagy? Munefuyu holds office. Immediately, however, it falls into hatamoto with 5,000 koku or more. To give them authority in their relationship with daimy? S , they are often ranked 10,000 koku and titled us (ancient titles, usually signifying provincial governors) such as Bizen-no-kami .
Over time, the function ? Metsuke evolved into one of the passing orders from the shogunate to daimy? S , and arranged the ceremony inside Edo Castle. They also take on additional responsibilities such as overseeing religious affairs and controlling firearms. The metsuke , reported to wakadoshiyori , oversees the affairs of the followers sh? Gun . They are a police force for thousands of hatamoto and gokenin concentrated in Edo. Han individuals have their own San-bugy?
The san-bugy? ("three administrators") is jisha , kanj? , and machi-bugy? , which oversees temples and shrines, accounting, and cities. The jisha-bugy? has the highest status of all three. They oversaw the administration of Buddhist temples ( ji ) and Shinto shrines (sha ), many of which hold the fief. Also, they hear lawsuits from some land ownership outside Kant eight? province. Appointments usually go to daimy? ; ? oka Tadasuke is the exception, even though he later became daimy? .
The kanj? -bugy? is next in status. These four office holders report to r? J? . They are responsible for the finances of the shogunate.
The machi-bugy? is the head of government of Edo city and other cities. Their roles include mayors, police chiefs (and, later, also from firefighters), and judges in criminal and civil matters that do not involve samurai. Two (in brief, three) men, usually hatamoto, holding office, and alternating months.
Three Edo machi bugy? has become famous through jidaigeki (movie period) :? Oka Tadasuke and T? Yama Kagemoto (Kinshir?) As a hero, and Torii Y? Z? (ja: ????) as a villain.
Tenry ?, use and define
The san-bugy? sit together on the board called hy? J? Sho . In this capacity, they are responsible for managing tenry? , watching gun (??), run (??) and the bugy turtle? (???), as well as a hearing case involving samurai.
Shogun directly deploying land in various parts of Japan. This is known as shihaisho (???); since the Meiji period, the term tenry? (??, "Emperor's Land") has become identical. In addition to the territory that Ieyasu held before the Battle of Sekigahara, this included the land he gained in the battle and the land acquired as a result of Sieges Osaka Winter and Winter. By the end of the seventeenth century, the shogun's land had reached four million koku. Major cities like Nagasaki and Osaka, and mines, including the Sado gold mine, are also included in this category.
Gaikoku bugy?
The gaikoku bugy? were designated administrators between 1858 and 1868. They were accused of overseeing trade and diplomatic relations with foreign countries, and based at the port of Nagasaki and Kanagawa (Yokohama) agreements.
End Tokugawa Shogunate (1853-1867)
The Tokugawa shogunate is a period between 1853 and 1867, in which Japan ended its foreign policy called sakoku i> and modernized from the feudal shogunate to the Meiji government. At the end of the Edo period and ahead of the Meiji era. The main ideological and political factions during this period were divided into pro-imperialist Ishin Shishi (nationalist patriots) and Shogunate forces, including the elite shinsengumi (newly chosen "corps").
Although these two groups are the most visible forces, many other factions try to use Bakumatsu era chaos to seize personal power. In addition, there are two other major driving forces for dissent; first, increased hatred tozama daimy? s , and secondly, the anti-Western sentiment that developed following the arrival of Matthew C. Perry. The first relates to nobles who have fought against the Tokugawa forces in Sekigahara (in 1600) and have since been permanently exiled from all strong positions in the shogunate. The second should be expressed in the sentence sonn? j? I ("honor the Emperor, drive out the barbarians"). The Bakumatsu turning point is the Boshin War and the Toba-Fushimi Battle, when the pro-shogunate forces were defeated.
Tokugawa list sh? guns
During the Edo period, influential relatives of the shogun included:
- Tokugawa Mitsukuni from Domain Mito
- Tokugawa Nariaki from Domain Mito
- Tokugawa Mochiharu from the Hitotsubashi branch
- Tokugawa Munetake from the Tayasu branch.
- Matsudaira Katamori from the Aizu branch.
- Matsudaira Sadanobu, born in the Tayasu branch, was adopted to Hisamatsu-Matsudaira from Shirakawa.
See also
- Keian Uprising
Note
References
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frà © monica and KÃÆ'¤the Roth. (2005). Japanese Encyclopedia . Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
Further reading
- Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01655-0; OCLC 185685588
- Totman, Conrad. The collapse of Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862-1868 . Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1980.
- Totman, Conrad. Politics in Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600-1843 . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
- Waswo, Ann Modern Japanese Society 1868-1994
- Center for East Asian Cultural Studies Meiji Japan Through Contemporary Sources, Volume Two 1844-1882
External links
- Japan
- Tokugawa Political System
- SengokuDaimyo.com Author Website Samurai and Historian Anthony J. Bryant
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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