The volcano is burst in the crust of a planet-mass object, like Earth, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gas to escape from the magma space beneath the surface.
The volcano on Earth occurs because the crust is broken into 17 main tectonic plates floating in a layer that is hotter and softer in its mantle. Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are commonly found where tectonic plates are deviant or convergent, and most are found under water. For example, marine ridges, such as the Middle Atlantic Spine, have volcanoes caused by different tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Fire Ring has a volcano caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust plates, for example, in the East African Rift and Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic fields and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism is under the umbrella of the "vulkanisme" plate of hypotheses. "Vulkanism far from plate boundaries has also been described as coat fur.This so-called" hot spot ", for example Hawaii, is postulated to emerge from a rising diapir with magma from the core boundary -the coat, 3,000 km in the Earth.The volcano is usually not formed where two tectonic plates shift to each other.
The volcano that erupts can pose many dangers, not just around the eruption. One such danger is that volcanic ash can pose a threat to aircraft, especially those with jet engines in which ash particles can be melted by high operating temperatures; the melted particles then stick to the turbine blades and change their shape, disrupting the operation of the turbine. Large eruptions can affect temperatures such as ash and droplets sulfuric acid obscures the sun and cools lower Earth atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thus warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere). Historically, volcanic winter has caused a famine.
Video Volcano
Etimologi
The word volcano is derived from the name Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolia Islands in Italy whose name comes from Vulcan, the god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology, sometimes spelled volcanology .
Maps Volcano
Plate tectonics
The boundaries of the evolved plate
In the midwestern mountains, two tectonic plates deviate from each other as the new oceanic crust is formed by cooling and compacting hot liquefied rocks. Because of the very thin crust on this ridge due to the pull of the tectonic plate, the release of pressure leads to adiabatic expansion (without heat transfer or matter) and partial smelting of the mantle, causing volcanism and creating a new oceanic crust. The most distinct plate boundaries are at the bottom of the ocean; therefore, most of the volcanic activity on Earth is a submarine, forming a new seabed. Black smokers (also known as deep sea holes) are evidence of this volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea level, volcanic islands are formed; for example, Iceland.
Convergent plate boundaries
The subduction zone is a place where two plates, usually oceanic plates and continental plates, collide. In this case, the oceanic plate sublimes, or is submerged, beneath the continental plate, forming a deep sea trench just offshore. In a process called flux smelting, water released from the subduction plate lowers the melting temperature of the overcoat mantle, thus creating a magma. This magma tends to be very thick because of its high silica content, so it often does not reach the surface but it cools and hardens at depth. When it reaches the surface, however, a volcano is formed. Common examples are Mount Etna and the volcano in the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Hotspot
Hot spots are volcanic regions believed to be formed by clumps of mantles, which are hypothesized to be a column of heat material rising from the core-mantle boundary in a fixed space that causes large volume melting. As the tectonic plate moves across it, each volcano becomes inactive and eventually reshapes as the plate moves over the postulated plum. The Hawaiian Islands are said to have been formed in such a way; as well as the Snake River Plain, with Yellowstone Caldera being part of the North American plate above the hot spots. This theory, however, has been in doubt.
Volcanic features
The most common perception of a volcano is a conical mountain, spewing lava and poisonous gas from the crater at its peak; However, this only describes one of the many types of volcanoes. The volcano features are much more complicated and their structure and behavior depends on a number of factors. Some volcanoes have craggy peaks formed by lava domes rather than peak craters while others have landscape features such as the plateau. Vents that remove volcanic materials (including lava and ash) and gases (especially steam and magmatic gases) can develop anywhere in the landform and can lead to smaller cones such as Pu ? u ? ? ? ? on the K Hawaiian side? lauea. Other volcanic species include cryovolcanoes (or ice volcanoes), especially in the months Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune; and volcanic mud, which is a formation often unrelated to known magmatic activity. Active volcanic mud tends to involve much lower temperatures than frozen volcanoes except when the mud volcano is actually a vent from a frozen volcano.
Fissure vents
Volcanic fissure vents is a flat and linear fracture where lava appears.
Flaming volcano
Shield volcano , so named because of its broad profile, such as a shield, is formed by a low viscosity lava eruption that can flow very far from the vent. They generally do not explode simultaneously. Because of the low viscosity of magma is usually low in silica, shield volcanoes are more common in the oceans than are continental arrangements. The Hawaiian volcano chain is a series of conical shields, and they are common in Iceland, too.
Lava dome
The lava dome is built by a slow eruption of very thick lava. They sometimes form within the volcano's earlier volcanic crater, as in the case of Mount Saint Helens, but can also be formed independently, as in the case of Lassen Peak. Like stratovolcano, they can produce explosive eruptions that are malignant, but their lava generally does not flow away from the ventilation that originated.
Cryptodomes
Cryptodomes are formed when thick lava is forced upwards causing the surface to swell. The eruption of Mount Helens in 1980 is an example; lava below the surface of the mountain creates an upward bulge that glide on the north side of the mountain.
Volcanic cones (cinder cones)
The volcanic cone or cinder cone is generated from the eruption of mostly small pieces of scoria and pyroclastics (both resembling cinder, hence the name of this volcano) that builds around the vents. This could be a short-lived eruption that produces a cone-shaped hill that may be 30-400 meters tall. Most cinder cones only once erupted. A cinder cone can form as a grid over a larger volcano, or occur by itself. Parácutin in Mexico and Sunset Crater in Arizona are examples of cinder cones. In New Mexico, Caja del Rio is a volcanic field of more than 60 cinder cones.
Based on satellite imagery it is suggested that cinder cones may occur in other terrestrial bodies in the Solar System as well; on the surface of Mars and the Moon.
Stratovolcanoes_.28composite_volcanoes.29 "> Stratovolcanoes (composite volcano)
Stratovolcanoes or composite volcano is a high conical mountain consisting of lava flows and other ejecta in alternate layers, a layer that gives rise to a name. Stratovolcanoes are also known as composite volcanoes because they are made of various structures during different types of eruptions. Stratum/composite volcanoes are made of ash, ash, and lava. Cinder and ash pile on top of each other, lava flows over the ashes, where it cools and solidifies, and then repeats process. Classic examples include Mount Fuji in Japan, Mayon Volcano in the Philippines, and Mount Vesuvius and Stromboli in Italy.
Throughout recorded history, the ashes produced by explosive stratovolcano eruptions have posed the greatest volcanic danger to civilization. Not only does the stratovolcano have a greater pressure buildup than the underlying lava flows than the shield volcano, but the fissure holes and monogenetic volcanic fields (volcanic cones) also have stronger eruptions as they are often under extension. They are also steeper than volcano shields, with a slope of 30-35 Â ° compared to generally 5-10 Â ° slopes, and their loose tephra is a material for dangerous lava. Large pieces of tephra are called volcanic bombs. Large bombs can measure more than 4 feet (1.2 meters) and weigh several tons.
Supervolcanoes
A supervolcano usually has a large caldera and can produce destruction on a very large, sometimes continental scale. The volcano can cause a very cold global temperature for many years after the eruption due to the large volume of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere. They are the most dangerous volcano. Examples include: Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park and Valles Caldera in New Mexico (both western United States); Lake Taupo in New Zealand; Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia; and Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania. Due to the vast area that they can cover, the super volcano is difficult to identify centuries after the eruption. Similarly, large-scale provinces are also regarded as super volcanoes because of the abundance of basal lava that erupts (although the lava flows do not explode).
Underwater Volcano
Underwater Volcano is a common feature of the ocean floor. In shallow waters, active volcanoes reveal their existence by blasting steam and rocky debris high above sea level. At sea depths, the tremendous weight of the above water prevents the explosive release of vapors and gases; However, they can be detected by hydrophones and water discoloration due to volcanic gas. The lava pillow is a common underwater volcanic eruption product and is characterized by a thick sequence of intermittent cushioned mass formed underwater. Even large submarine eruptions may not interfere with sea level due to the rapid cooling effect and increased water buoyancy (compared to air) which often causes volcanic vents to form steeply-shaped pillars on the seafloor. Hydrothermal ventilation is common near this volcano, and some support strange ecosystems based on dissolved minerals. Over time, formations made by undersea volcanoes can become so large that they break the sea level as new islands or floating floating stones.
Subglacial volcano
Sub-glacial volcano develops under the ice sheet. They consist of flat lava that flows over the top of the pillow lava and the broad palagonite. As the ice melts, the lava above collapses, leaving a flat mountain. This volcano is also called table mountain, tuyas, or (unusual) mobergs. A very good example of this type of volcano can be seen in Iceland, but there are also tuyas in British Columbia. The origin of the term comes from Tuya Butte, which is one of several tuyas in the Tuya River area and Tuya Range in northern British Columbia. Tuya Butte is the first landform to be analyzed and therefore his name has entered the geological literature for such volcanic formations. Tuya Mountains Provincial Park was recently established to protect this unusual landscape, which lies north of Lake Tuya and south of the Jennings River near the border with the Yukon Territory.
Mud volcano
Volcanic mud or a mud dome is a formation made by liquids and geo-excited gases, although there are several processes that can cause such activity. The largest structure is 10 kilometers in diameter and reaches 700 meters.
Erupted material
lava composition
Another way to classify volcanoes is by material composition that erupts, as this affects the shape of the volcano. Lava can be broadly classified into four different compositions:
- If the erupted magma contains a high percentage (& gt; 63%) silica, lava is called felsic.
- felsic lava (dacite or rhyolite) tends to be very thick (not too fluid) and erupts as a dome or short and fat stream. Viscous lava tends to form stratovolcanoes or lava domes. Lassen Peak in California is an example of a volcano formed from felsik lava and is actually a large lava dome.
- Because the magma is very lustrous, they tend to trap volatiles (gases) that exist, causing magma to erupt simultaneously, eventually forming stratovolcano. Pyroclastic flows (ignimbrites) are a very dangerous product of the volcano, as they are composed of volcanic ash liquid that is too heavy to rise into the atmosphere, so they embrace the slopes of the volcano and travel away from their vents during major eruptions. Temperatures as high as 1,200 ° C are known to occur in pyroclastic flows, which will burn all flammable objects in its path and a thick layer of pyroclastic heat deposits can be deposited, often up to several meters thick. The Alaska Valley Ten Thousand Smokes, formed by the Novarupta eruption near Katmai in 1912, are examples of thick pyroclastic flows or an over-the-counter deposit. The volcanic ash which is light enough to erupt high into the Earth's atmosphere can travel many miles before falling back to the ground as a tuff.
- If the erupted magma contains 52-63% silica, lava is the intermediate composition .
- This "andesitic" volcano generally occurs only above the subduction zone (eg Mount Merapi in Indonesia).
- Andesite lava usually forms at boundaries of tectonic plate boundaries, by several processes:
- Melting of hydration from peridotite and fractional crystallization
- Melting of subduction plate containing sediment
- Mixing of magma between the folic and morphic basalms of magma in the medium reservoir prior to emplacement or lava flows.
- If the erupted magma contains & lt; 52% and & gt; 45% silica, lava is called mafic (because it contains higher percentage of magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe)) or basaltic. This lava is usually much thicker than rhyolitic lava, depending on the temperature of the eruption; they also tend to be hotter than lavas felsic. Mafic lava occurs in a variety of settings:
- In the mountains in the middle of the ocean, where two oceanic plates away each other, basaltic lava erupts as a cushion to fill the gap;
- Shield volcanoes (eg the Hawaiian Islands, including Mauna Loa and Kilauea), in both oceanic and continental crusts;
- As a continental flood basin.
- Some magma that erupts contains & lt; = 45% silica and produces ultramafic lava. The flow of ultrasas, also known as komatiites, is very rare; indeed, very little has erupted on the Earth's surface since the Proterozoic, when the planet's heat flow was higher. They are (or) hottest lavas, and may be more fluid than ordinary mafic lavas.
Lava texture
Two types of lava are named according to the surface texture: ? A ? a (pronounced ['? A? A] ) and p? hoehoe ( [pa: 'ho.e'ho.e] ), both Words of Hawaii. ? A ? a is marked by a rough surface, clinkery and is a typical texture of viscous lava flows. However, even basal or mafic flows can erupt as ? a ? a stream, especially if the eruption rate is high and the slope is steep.
P? Hoehoe is characterized by its smooth and often ropey or wrinkled surface and is generally formed from a more fluid lava flow. Usually, only mafic streams will erupt as p? Hoehoe, as they often erupt at higher temperatures or have the right chemical arrangement to allow them to flow with greater fluidity.
Volcanic activity
Popular classification of the volcano
A popular way to classify magmatic volcanoes is by the frequency of the eruptions, with eruptions regularly called active , which have erupted in historical times but now silence is called inactive or inactive , and which has not erupted in the historical age called extinct . However, this popular classification - extinct in particular - is practically meaningless to scientists. They use a classification that refers to the process of formation and certain volcanic eruptions and the resulting form, described above.
Active
There is no consensus among volcanologists on how to define an "active" volcano. The age of a volcano can vary from months to several million years, making such distinctions sometimes meaningless when compared to human life span or even civilization. For example, many volcanoes on Earth have erupted dozens of times in the last few thousand years but currently show no signs of eruption. Given the longevity of such volcanoes, they are very active. However, with human life spans, they are not.
Scientists usually think volcanoes will erupt or erupt if they erupt now, or show signs of unrest such as unusual earthquake activity or significant new gas emissions. Most scientists consider active volcanoes if they have erupted in the past 10,000 years (Holocene times) - the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program uses this definition active . Most of the volcanoes are located in the Pacific Ring of Fire. An estimated 500 million people live near an active volcano.
Historical time (or historical record) is another timeframe for active . The Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World , published by the International Association of Volcanology, uses this definition, with which there are over 500 active volcanoes. However, recorded historical ranges vary from region to region. In China and the Mediterranean, it reaches nearly 3,000 years, but in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Canada, it reaches back less than 300 years, and in Hawaii and New Zealand, only about 200 years.
In 2013, the following is considered the most active volcano on Earth:
- K? lauea, the famous Hawaiian volcano, has been continuous, effusive eruptions (where lava continues to flow to the ground) since 1983 and has the longest observed lava lake.
- Mount Etna and Stromboli nearby, two Mediterranean volcanoes in "almost continuous eruptions" since antiquity.
- Mount Yasur, in Vanuatu, has erupted "almost constantly" for over 800 years.
In August 2013, the longest (but not necessarily sustainable) phase of the longest volcanic eruption is:
- Mount Yasur, 111 years old
- Mount Etna, 109 years
- Stromboli, 108 years
- Santa MarÃÆ'a, 101 years
- Sangay, 94 years old
Other active volcanoes include:
- Mount Nyiragongo and its neighbor, Nyamuragira, are the most active volcano in Africa .
- The Python de la Fournaise, in the RÃÆ'Â © union, erupts quite often to become a tourist attraction.
- Erta Ale, in the Afar Triangle, has defended lava lake since at least 1906.
- Mount Erebus, in Antarctica, has defended lava lake since at least 1972.
- Mount Merapi
- Whakaari/White Island, has been in a state of continuous release of volcanic gas since before European observations in 1769.
- Ol Doinyo Lengai
- Ambrym
- Arenal Volcano
- Pacaya
- Klyuchevskaya Sopka
- Sheveluch
Extinct
The missing volcano is what scientists think is impossible to erupt again because volcanoes no longer have magma inventory. Examples of extinct volcanoes are many volcanoes in the Hawaiian-Hawaiian Hawaiian hill chain in the Pacific Ocean (though some volcanoes at the eastern end of the chain are active), Hohentwiel in Germany, Shiprock in New Mexico, and Zuidwal volcanoes in the Netherlands. Edinburgh Castle in Scotland is famously situated on top of an extinct volcano. Otherwise, whether the volcano is truly extinct is often difficult to determine. Because the "supervolcano" caldera can have an eruptive life span that is sometimes measured in millions of years, the caldera that has not produced eruptions within tens of thousands of years is likely to be deemed inactive rather than extinct. Some volcanologists call the extinct volcano as inactive, although the term is now more commonly used for inactive volcanoes that were once thought to have become extinct.
Inactive and re-enabled
It is difficult to distinguish an extinct volcano from an inactive one (inactive). The inactive volcano is what has not erupted for thousands of years, but is likely to erupt again in the future. Volcanoes are often considered extinct if there is no written record of their activities. However, volcanoes can remain active for long periods of time. For example, Yellowstone has a rest period of approximately 700,000 years, and Toba is about 380,000 years old. Vesuvius is depicted by Roman writers because it was covered by gardens and vineyards before its eruption in AD 79, which destroyed the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Prior to the mighty 1991 eruption, Pinatubo was an inconspicuous volcano, unknown to most people in the surrounding area. Two other examples are the long SoufriÃÆ'¨re Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat, which is thought to be extinct before the activity resumed in 1995, and Mount Fourpeaked in Alaska, which, prior to the September 2006 eruption, has not erupted since before 8000 BC. and has long been considered extinct.
Technical classification of the volcano
Standby-volcanic level
The three popular classifications of volcanoes can be subjective and some extinct volcanoes have erupted again. To help prevent people from false beliefs they are not at risk when living in or near the volcano, countries have adopted a new classification to describe the various levels and stages of volcanic activity. Some warning systems use different numbers or colors to specify different stages. Other systems use colors and words. Some systems use a combination of both.
Volcano warning scheme from the United States
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has adopted a national general system to characterize the level of unrest and eruption activity in volcanoes. The new volcanic warning level system classifies the volcano now in its normal stage, advisory, supervisory, or warning. In addition, colors are used to indicate the amount of ash produced. Details of the US system can be found in the US Volcano warning scheme.
Volcano decade
The Decade of Volcanoes are 17 volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Interior of the Earth (IAVCEI) as worthy of special studies in light of their great history, destructive eruptions and proximity to the populated areas. They are named Decade Volcanoes because the project started as part of the UN-sponsored International Disaster Relief Decade. 17 Current Decade Volcanoes
The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project, an initiative of the Deep Carbon Observatory, monitors nine volcanoes, two of which are Decade volcanoes. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project focus is to use the Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System instrument to measure the CO 2 /SO 2 ratio in real-time and in high resolution to enable pre-degassing detection increased magma, increased predictions of volcanic activity.
Volcano effect
There are many types of volcanic eruptions and related activities: phreatic eruptions (steam-generated eruptions), explosive eruptions of high silica lava (eg, rhyolite), low effusion of silica lava (eg, basalt), pyroclastic flow, lahars (debris flow) and carbon dioxide emissions. All of these activities can pose a danger to humans. Earthquakes, hot springs, fumaroles, mud pots and geysers often accompany volcanic activity.
Volcanic gas
Different concentrations of volcanic gases may vary from one mountain to the next. Water vapor is usually the most abundant volcanic gas, followed by carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Other major volcanic gases include hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride. A large number of small gases and traces are also found in volcanic emissions, such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, halocarbons, organic compounds, and volatile metal chlorides.
Large volcanic eruptions and explosive injects water vapor (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF) and ash (crushed stone and pumice stone) to the stratosphere to a height of 16-32 kilometers (10-20Ã, mi) above the Earth's surface. The most significant impact of this injection comes from the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), which condenses rapidly in the stratosphere to form fine sulfate aerosols. SO 2 only emissions from two different eruptions are sufficient to compare their potential climate impacts. Aerosols increase Earth's albedo - the reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space - and thereby cooling the lower atmosphere or troposphere of the earth; however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thus heating the stratosphere. Several eruptions over the past century have caused a decrease in average temperatures on Earth's surface by half a degree (Fahrenheit scale) for a period of one to three years; sulfur dioxide from the Huaynaputina eruption probably caused the Russian famine 1601-1603.
Significant consequence
Prehistoric
The volcanic winter is said to have occurred some 70,000 years ago after the supereruption of Lake Toba on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. According to the Toba catastrophe theory that some anthropologists and archaeologists subscribe to, it has global consequences, killing most people and then living and creating population barriers that affect the genetic inheritance of all humans today.
It has been argued that volcanic activity causes or contributes to the mass extinction of End-Ordovician, Permian-Triassic, Devonian Late, and possibly others. The massive eruption that formed the Siberian Trap, one of the largest volcanic events known from the last 500 million years of Earth's geological history, continued for a million years and is considered the probable cause of the "Great Death" some 250 million years ago estimated to have killed 90% of the species that existed at the time.
Historical
The eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 created a global climate anomaly known as the "Year Without Summer" because of its effects on North American and European weather. Farming failed crops and livestock to die in most of the northern hemisphere, resulting in one of the worst hunger in the 19th century.
The freezing winter of 1740-41, which caused widespread famine in northern Europe, may also owe its origins to volcanic eruptions.
Acid rain
Aerosol sulfate promotes complex chemical reactions on its surface that convert chemical species of chlorine and nitrogen in the stratosphere. This effect, along with an increase in stratospheric chlorine levels from chlorofluorocarbon contamination, results in chlorine monoxide (ClO), which destroys ozone (O 3 ). As the aerosols grow and thicken, they settle in the upper troposphere where they function as the core for cirrus clouds and further modify the Earth's radiative balance. Most of the hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) are dissolved in water droplets in the eruption cloud and quickly fall to the ground as acid rain. The injected ash also falls rapidly from the stratosphere; mostly removed within a few days to several weeks. Finally, explosive volcanic eruptions release carbon dioxide greenhouse gases and thus provide a deep carbon source for biogeochemical cycles.
Gas emissions from volcanoes are a natural contributor to acid rain. Volcanic activity releases about 130 to 230 diagrams (145 million to 255 million tonnes) of carbon dioxide each year. Volcanic eruptions can inject aerosols into Earth's atmosphere. Large injections can cause visual effects such as very colorful sunsets and affect the global climate especially by cooling it down. Volcanic eruptions also provide the benefits of adding nutrients to the soil through the process of weathering volcanic rocks. This fertile soil helps the growth of plants and plants. Volcanic eruptions can also create new islands, because the magma cools and solidifies after contact with water.
Dangers
Ashes that are thrown into the air by eruption may pose a danger to aircraft, especially jet planes where particles can be melted by high operating temperatures; the melted particles then stick to the turbine blades and change their shape, disrupting the operation of the turbine. The dangerous encounter in 1982 after the eruption of Galunggung in Indonesia, and 1989 after the eruption of Mount Redoubt in Alaska raise awareness of this phenomenon. Nine Volcanic Advisory Centers Ash was established by the International Civil Aviation Organization to monitor the ash cloud and advise suitable pilots. The eruption of EyjafjallajÃÆ'¶kull in 2010 caused major disruption to air travel in Europe.
Volcano on other sky bodies
Earth Moon does not have a large volcano and no current volcanic activity, although recent evidence suggests it may still have a partially melted core. However, the Moon does have many features of volcanoes such as maria (dark patches seen on the moon), tassels and domes.
The planet Venus has a surface that is 90% basalt, indicating that volcanism plays a major role in shaping its surface. The planet probably had a major global coating event about 500 million years ago, from what scientists can know from the crater density on the surface. Lava flows are widespread and forms of volcanism that do not exist on Earth also occur. Changes in the planet's atmosphere and lightning observations have been linked to ongoing volcanic eruptions, although there is no confirmation of whether Venus is still volcanically active. However, the radar audible by Magellan's investigation revealed evidence for relatively recent volcanic activity at the highest volcano of Venus Maat Mons, in the form of ash flows near the summit and on the north side.
There are several extinct volcanoes on Mars, four of which are large shield volcanoes that are much larger than on Earth. They include Arsia Mons, Ascraeus Mons, Tholus Hecates, Olympus Mons, and Pavonis Mons. This volcano has been extinct for millions of years, but the spacecraft of Europe Mars Express has found evidence that volcanic activity has occurred on Mars in the past as well.
Moon Jupiter Io is the most volcanically active object in the solar system due to tidal interactions with Jupiter. It is covered with volcanoes that erupt sulfur, sulfur dioxide and silicate rocks, and as a result, Io keeps reappearing. Lava is the best known anywhere in the solar system, with temperatures exceeding 1,800 K (1,500 ° C). In February 2001, the largest recorded volcanic eruption in the solar system occurred on Io. Europa, the smallest of Galilee Galilee Jupiter, also appears to have an active volcanic system, except that its volcanic activity is entirely in the form of water, which frozen into ice on a cold surface. This process is known as cryovolcanism, and it seems most common in the solar system's outer moons.
In 1989, the Voyager 2 spacecraft observed cryovolcanoes (ice volcanoes) in Triton, the month of Neptune, and in 2005, the Cassini-Huygens Probe photographed the frozen frozen particles that erupted from Enceladus, the moon of Saturn. Ejecta may consist of water, liquid nitrogen, ammonia, dust, or methane compounds. Cassini-Huygens also found evidence of a methane-spewing cryovolcano on Saturn's moon Titan, which is believed to be a significant source of methane found in its atmosphere. It theorizes that cryovolcanism may also be present on Kuiper Belt Object Quaoar.
A 2010 study of the COROT-7b exoplanet, detected by transits in 2009, suggests that tidal heating of the parent star very close to neighboring planets and planets can produce volcanic activity similar to those found in Io.
Traditional beliefs about volcano
Many ancient tales consider volcanic eruptions to be a supernatural cause, such as the deeds of gods or gods. For the ancient Greeks, the fiery power of a volcano could only be described as an act of the gods, while German astronomers of the 16th/17th century, Johannes Kepler believed they were the channels for the tears of the Earth. One of the early ideas against this was proposed by Jesuit Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680), who witnessed the eruption of Mount Etna and Stromboli, then visited the Vesuvius crater and published his view of Earth with a central fire connected to many others caused by sulfur burning , asphalt and coal.
Various explanations were proposed for volcanic behavior before a modern understanding of the Earth's mantle structure as semisolid materials developed. For decades after the awareness that compression and radioactive material might be a source of heat, their contributions were specifically discounted. Volcanic action is often associated with chemical reactions and thin layers of molten rock near the surface.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- Volcano at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- US. Management Suggestions Federal Emergency Agency Volcano
- World Volcano
- Volcanos (Worsley School)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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