Noun

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The noun noun (from Latin n? Men , which literally means "name") is a word that serves as the name of some thing or set of specific things, such as a living thing, thing, place, action, quality, state of being, or idea. Linguistically, the noun is a member of a large and open speech section whose members can appear as the main word in the subject clause, verb object, or front word object.

The lexical categories (parts of the words) are defined according to the ways in which their members join other types of expressions. The syntactic rules for nouns differ from language to language. In English, nouns are words that can occur with attributive articles and adjectives and can serve as a noun phrase head.

Video Noun

Histori

The word classes (parts of the speech) are described by Sanskrit experts from at least the 5th century BC. In Y? Ska Nirukta , noun ( n? Ma ) is one of the four main categories of words defined.

The equivalent Ancient Greeks are ÃÆ'³noma (?????), referred to by Plato in the Cratylus dialog, and then listed as one of the eight parts of the speech at The Art of Grammar , is associated with Dionysius Thrax (2nd century BC). The term used in Latin grammar is n? Men . All of these terms for "nouns" are also words that mean "name". The English word noun is derived from the Latin term, through Anglo-Norman noun .

Word classes are defined in part by the form of grammar they take. In Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by sex and diverted to letters and numbers. Since the adjectives divide these three grammatical categories, adjectives are placed in the same class as the noun Similarly, Latin n? Men include nouns (substantives) and adjectives, like the original English word noun , the two types are distinguished as substantive nouns and words the nature of the noun (or substantive noun and the adjective noun , or the words substantives and short < i> ). (The word nominal is now sometimes used to denote classes that include nouns and adjectives.)

Many European languages ​​use the cognate word of the substantive word as the basic term for a noun (for example, Spanish sustantivo , "noun"). The noun in the dictionary of such language is shown by the abbreviation s. or sb. rather than n. , which can be used for proper nouns or neutral nouns instead. In English, some modern authors use the word to refer to classes that include nouns (single word) and noun phrases (multi-word units, also called equivalent nouns). It can also be used as a partner for attributive when distinguishing between the nouns used as head (main words) of the noun phrase and the noun used as an additional word noun. For example, the noun knee can be used substantively in my knee pain , but in patient the patient needs knee replacement .

Maps Noun

Definition of the noun

Nouns are sometimes defined in terms of the grammatical categories to which they are subject (classified by sex, infected for cases and numbers). Such definitions tend to be language specific, since nouns do not have the same category in all languages.

Nouns are often defined, especially in an informal context, in terms of their semantic nature (meaning). The nouns are described as words that refer to people , places , objects , events , substance , quality , quantity , etc. However this type of definition has been criticized by contemporary linguists as uninformative.

Several examples of English nouns have no reference: dryness , fun , proficiency , name (such as found in ), and sake ( by i>). In addition, there may be a similar relationship to the reference in the case of the other parts of the utterance: the verb for rainy or for the mother ; many adjectives, such as red ; and there is a slight difference between the adverbia happily and the noun-based phrase happily .

There is a container name, such as legal fiction a reasonable person (whose existence is unquestionable), experiment artifact , or a personification like gremlin .

Linguists often prefer to define nouns (and other lexical categories) in terms of their formal nature. This includes morphological information, such as what prefixes or suffixes they take, as well as their syntax - how they combine with other words and expressions of a particular type. Such definitions may still be language-specific, since syntax and morphology vary between languages. For example, in English it may be noted that nouns are words that can occur along with a definite article (as stated at the beginning of this article), but this will not apply in Russian, which has no definite article.

There are several attempts, sometimes controversial, to produce a stricter definition of the nouns semantically. Some of them are referenced in the section Ã,§Ã, Further reading below.

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Gender

In some languages, gender is assigned to nouns, such as masculine, feminine and neutral (or any other combination). Gender nouns (as well as numbers and cases, if applicable) often require approval in words that alter or relate to it. For example, in French, the single form of a definite article is le with masculine nouns and la with feminine; certain adjectives and verb forms also change (with the addition of -e with feminine). Grammatical gender is often correlated with the noun form and the inflection pattern followed; for example, in the two most Italian and Russian nouns ending -a is feminine. Gender can also be correlated with the gender of the noun reference, especially in the case of nouns that show people (and sometimes animals). The nouns are arguably genderless in Modern English, although many of them show people or animals of a certain gender (or gender) , and the pronouns referring to nouns must take the gender which is appropriate for that noun. (The girl was lost her glasses.)

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Noise classification

Proper nouns and common nouns

A exact noun or exact name is a noun that represents a unique entity (like India , Pegasus Jupiter , "Kaumarya saurav", Confucius , or Pequod ), as distinguished from common nouns that illustrate entity classes (such as , animals , planet , people or ship ).

Countless and countless nouns

Counting nouns or computed noun is a common noun that can take plural, can be combined with numerals or arithmetic calculations (eg, one , two , some , each , most ), and can take indeterminate articles like a or an (in the language that has such articles). Examples of counting nouns are seats , noses , and opportunities .

Noun Mass or counted (or non-count ) noun is different from the exact counting idol that respects them: can not take the plural or combine with the word number or type of number above. For example, it is not possible to refer to furniture or three furniture . This is true even though pieces of furniture consisting of furniture can be counted. Thus the distinction between the mass and the noun nouns should not be made in terms of what the noun refers to, but rather in how the noun presents this entity.

Many nouns have countless and countless uses; for example, soda can be counted in "give me three sodas", but countless in "he likes soda".

Collective noun

collective noun is a noun that - even when they are inflected for singular - refers to a group of more than one individual or entity. Examples include committee , government , and police . In English these nouns can be followed by singular or plural verbs and are referred to by singular or plural pronouns, which are generally preferred when referring to the body as unit and plural are often preferred, especially in English English, while emphasizing individual members. Examples of acceptable and unacceptable uses given by Gowers in Plain Words include:

Concrete nouns and abstract nouns

Concrete nouns refer to a physical entity that, in principle, at least at least (ie various schools of philosophy and science may question assumptions, but, for the most part, people agree with the existence of something. For example, stone, trees, the universe), observed by at least one of the senses (eg, seats , apples , Janet or atoms ). abstract noun , on the other hand, refers to the abstract object; ie, ideas or concepts (such as justice or hatred ). While this distinction is sometimes exclusive, some nouns have multiple senses, including concrete and abstract: consider, for example, the noun art , which usually refers to concepts (eg, Art is an element important of human culture. ) but which can refer to certain works of art in certain contexts (for example, put my daughter's art in the refrigerator. )

Some abstract nouns are developed etymologically with a figurative extension of the literal roots. These include weakness , fractions , containment and uptake . Similarly, some nouns have abstract and concrete senses, with the latter being developed by the first figurative extension. This includes view , filters , structure and keys .

In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding a suffix ( -ness , -ity , -ion ) to the adjective or verb. Examples are bliss (from the word happy ), circulation (from verbs circulating ) and (From adjectives calm ).

Alienable vs. nouns can not be changed

Some languages ​​refer to different nouns, depending on how ownership is given to the given nouns. These can be broken down into two categories: alienated and can not be revoked. A transfigurable noun is something that does not belong to a person indefinitely. The unidentified noun, on the other hand, refers to something that belongs for sure. Examples of noitable nouns are trees or t-shirts or streets. Examples of inexplicable nouns are father or shadow or hair.

Pingelapese

The Pingelapese language uses the difference between a noun. There are several classifiers. the first are objects that tend to be large and not favorite items (trees or clothes), the second is small, controllable objects, favorites such as dogs, books or spears. The third form will be set aside for food items such as bananas, oranges or fish. Drinks such as water or coconut drinks also have a classifier. The fifth classification will be devoted to things that must be chewed but not fully consumed. The only example of this is from the book Papers in Kosraean and Ponapeic, fruit, pandanus, chewed for sweet/bitter juice, but what remains after consuming the juice is thrown away. The 6th classifier form is reserved for transportation (bike, canoe and boat). The last two classifiers are for land and houses.

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Noun phrase

The noun phrase is a phrase based on a noun, pronoun, or other word that resembles an optional (nominal) noun along with a modifier such as a determinator and an adjective. The noun phrase functions in clauses or sentences in roles such as subject, object, or complement of verb or preposition. For example, in the phrase "The black cat sits in my esteemed friend", the noun phrase the black cat serves as the subject, and the noun phrase my good friend serves as a complement to the preposition on .

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Pronouns

Nouns and noun phrases can usually be replaced with pronouns, such as he , it , that , and are , to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for any other reason. For example, in Gareth's phrase he thinks he's weird , the word he is the pronoun that replaces the person's name. The word one can replace parts of the noun phrase, and sometimes means noun. Examples are given below:

But one can also stand for a larger part of the noun phrase. For example, in the following example, one can replace the new car .

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Nominalization

Nominalization is the process by which words that are part of other words are used as a noun. In France and Spain, for example, adjectives often act as a noun that refers to people who have the characteristics denoted by the adjective. This sometimes happens in English too, as in the following example:

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See also

• Description
• Grammatical case
• Phi feature
• References
• Verbs
• Punctuation

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Note

References

Bibliography

• Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry (2005). The McGraw-Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage . McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 0-07-144133-6.
• Borer, Hagit (2005). Only In Name. Sense Structuring . I . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Gowers, Ernest (2014). Gower, Rebecca, ed. Ordinary Words . Certain. ISBN 978-0-141-97553-5.

Further reading

• Laycock, Henry (2005). "Mass nouns, Count nouns and no-count nouns", Draft versions of entries in Oxford's Encyclopedia of Languages ​​and Linguistics : Elsevier.

For the definition of a noun based on the concept of "identity criterion":

• Geach, Peter. 1962. Reference and Generality. Cornell University Press.

For more about identity criteria:

• Gupta, Anil. 1980, Common noun logic. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

For the concept that a noun is a "referential prototype":

• Croft, William. 1993. "A noun is a noun is a noun - or is it? Some reflection on the universality of semantics". Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser and Cheryl C. Zoll, 369-80. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.

To attempt to relate the concept of identity criterion and prototypical referenceality:

• Baker, Mark. 2003, Lexical Category: verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Understanding nouns in the context of WordNet:

• Understanding Nouns in WordNet.

External links

• Nouns - Single and Plural Agreements
• List of nouns
• The ESL Guide for Noon Can Be Calculated and Can not Be Calculated
• Nouns

Source of the article : Wikipedia