An article (abbreviated glossing linguistics ART ) is the word used with the noun (as a stand alone word or prefix or suffix) to determine the grammatical accuracy of the noun, and in some languages ​​extend to the volume or numerical scope.
Articles in English grammar are the and a/an , and in certain contexts some . "An" and "a" are modern forms of Old English "an", which in the Anglican dialect is the number "one" (compare "to" in the Saxon dialect) and persist in Modern Scots as "owan" numbers. Both "on" (respelled "one" by Norman) and "an" persist in Modern English, with "one" being used as a number and "an" ("a", before a noun beginning with a consonant sound) as unlimited articles.
In many languages, articles are a special part of speech that can not be easily combined with other parts of speech. In English grammar, articles are often considered part of a broader category of so-called determinators, containing articles, demonstratives (such as "this" and "that"), possessive determinants (such as "me" and "hers"), and numerators (such as "all" and "little"). Articles and other determinators are also sometimes counted as an adjective type, since they describe the preceding words.
In an article-using language, every common noun, with some exceptions, is expressed with a certain, definite or infinite certainty, as an attribute (similar to the way many languages ​​express every noun with a single grammar number - singular or plural) or gender grammar). Articles are one of the most common words in many languages; in English, for example, the most common word is the .
Articles are usually categorized as definitely or unlimited . Some languages ​​with well-developed article systems can distinguish additional subtypes. In each type, languages ​​can have different forms of each article, as they confirm grammatical attributes such as gender, number, or letter. The article can also be modified because it is influenced by adjacent sounds or words as in elision (eg, French "le" to "l" before vowels), epenthesis (eg, English "a" to "an" before vowels) or contraction (eg Ireland "i na" to "sna").
Video Article (grammar)
Artikel pasti
Definite articles are used to refer to specific members of a group or class. This may be something the speaker has mentioned or maybe something that is specifically specified. There is one definite article in English, for singular and plural nouns: the :
- Children know the fastest path at home.
The above sentence refers to certain children and special homes; it contrasts with the much more general observations that:
- Children know fastest way at home.
Last sentence refers to children in general and their special way home. Also,
- Give me books .
refers to a particular book whose identity is known or clear to the listener; because it has a very different meaning from
- Give me a book .
which uses unlimited articles, which do not specify which books to give.
Definitive articles can also be used in English to show special classes among other classes:
However, recent developments suggest that a definite article is a morphological element associated with a particular type of noun because of lexicalization. Under this viewpoint, assertiveness does not play a role in the selection of articles that are surely more than the lexical entries attached to the article.
Maps Article (grammar)
Unlimited articles
The unlimited article shows that nouns are not the only ones that can be identified by the listener. This may be something the speaker mentions for the first time, or the speaker may make a general statement about such a thing. a is an unlimited article used in English. The form an is used before the words beginning with the vowel sound (even if spelled with the initial consonant, as in one hour ), and a before words that begin with consonant sound (even if spelled with vowels, as in a Europe ).
- He has a very large house so the elephant an will get lost without a map a .
Before a few words begin with the spoken word h in the first syllable without pressure, such as historic (al) , hallucination , < i> hilarious , horrible and terrible , some English writers (especially older ones) prefer to use an instead of > a ( historical events , etc.). An was also favored before the hotel by some British English writers (perhaps reflecting the recent adoption of the word from French, where h is not pronounced ). The use of the word "an" before words beginning with "h" without pressure is more common in English English than in America. American authors usually use a in all of these cases, although sometimes there is the use of a history (al) in American English. According to New Oxford English Dictionary, such use is increasingly rare in English English as well. Unlike British English, American English usually uses an before potions , because h in this word is silent for most Americans. Correct usage with respect to the term "peer hereditary" is the subject of a controversial amendment in the British Parliament.
Some can be seen functionally as plural of a/a in that case, for example, "apple" never means more than one apple but "give me some apple "shows more than one desired but without specifying quantity. In this view is functionally homologous to Spanish plural unfounded articles unos/unas ; un/una ("one") is completely indistinguishable from a unit number, except where it has multiple forms ( unos/unas ). So "Dame una manzana" ("Give me apple") but "Dame unas manzanas" ("Give me some apples"). Uncertainty some or unos can sometimes be narrowly semiquantitative, as in "There are few apples there, but not many."
Multiple also works as a single unlimited article, as in "There is someone on the homepage".
Exact article
The exact article indicates that the noun is appropriate, and refers to a unique entity. Maybe someone's name, place name, planet name, etc. The Maori language has the exact article a , which is used for a personal noun; so, "Ribbon" means "Peter". In Maori, when a noun noun has a definite or unlimited article as an essential part of it, both articles are present; for example, the phrase "a Te Rauparaha", which contains the exact article a and the definitive article Te refers to the name of the Te Rauparaha person.
Certain articles are sometimes also used with the correct names, which are already defined by definition (there is just one of them). For example: Amazon, the Hebrides . In this case, the article can certainly be considered useless. Its presence can be accounted for by the assumption that they are an abbreviation for a longer phrase in which the name is the determinant, namely the Amazon River , Hebridean Islands . Where nouns in longer phrases can not be omitted, definitive articles are universally stored: United States , People's Republic of China . This distinction can sometimes be a political issue: the previous use of Ukraine emphasizes the Russian word meaning of "border"; when Ukraine became a fully independent state after the collapse of the Soviet Union, he requested that the official name of his name remove the article. Similar shifts in usage have occurred in the names of Sudan and Congo (Brazzaville) and Congo (Kinshasa); moving in the other direction happens with The Gambia. In certain languages, such as French and Italian, articles are definitely used with all or most of the country names: la France/le Canada/l'Allemagne, l'Italia/la Spagna/il Brasile .
If the name of [has] a definite article, e.g. Kremlin , it can not be used without it: we can not say Boris Yeltsin in the Kremlin .
Some languages ​​also use definite articles with personal names. For example, such use is the standard in Portuguese ( a Maria , literally: "Mary"), in Greek (??????????????? ??????????????????) and in Catalan (la NÃÆ'ºria, el/en Oriol). This also happens in everyday language in Spanish, German, French, Italian, and more. In Hungary it is considered Germanism.
Rarely, this use may appear in English. A striking example is how the President of the United States and businessman Donald Trump is known as "The Donald", these words are used by many publications such as Newsweek and New York Post . (This comes from the use of his ex-wife Ivana Trump for the article by its name, a second language mistake influenced by the lack of articles in its home country, Czech). The other is the nickname of US President Ronald Reagan about "The Gipper"; publisher Townhall.com issued an article after Reagan's death titled "Goodbye to 'the Gipper'".
Partial article
The partitive article is a type of article, sometimes viewed as an infinite type of article, used with a noun mass such as water , to denote an unspecified amount.. Partictive articles are the deciding class; they are used in French and Italian in addition to definite and uncertain articles. (In Finnish and Estonian, partitive is indicated by inflection). The closest equations in English are some , though the latter is classified as a determinant but not in all classifications of authority as an unlimited article, and English uses it less than French de .
- French: Veux-tu du cafÃÆ' Â © Ã,?
- Do you want some ( some ) coffee?
- For more information, see the article on the French particulate article.
Haida has a suffixed -gyaa article that refers to "part of something or... to one or more objects of a particular group or category," for example, tluugyaa uu tlaahlaang "he made a boat (a member of the boat category)."
Negative article
The negative article defines none nominees, and therefore can be considered uncertain or uncertain. On the other hand, some consider such a word as a simple determinant than an article. In English, this function is filled with no , which can appear before a single or plural nouns:
- None people have been on this island.
- No dogs are allowed here.
- No is in the room.
Zero points
The zero article is missing an article. In languages ​​that have definite articles, the lack of articles specifically indicates that the nouns are unlimited. Linguists are attracted to the X-bar theory which indirectly links zero articles to non-determinant nouns. In English, zero articles rather than infinite are used with plural and mass nouns, though the word "few" can be used as unlimited plural articles.
- Visitors end up running mud .
Variations between languages ​​
Articles are found in many Indo-European languages, Semitic languages ​​(only definite articles), and Polynesian languages, but officially none of the world's major languages, such as Chinese, Indonesian, Japanese, Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu, Russian, Slavic and Baltic languages, Yoruba, and Bantu languages. In some languages ​​that have articles, like for example some North Caucasian languages, the use of articles is optional but in other languages ​​like English and German it is compulsory in all cases.
Linguists believe that the same ancestor of Indo-European, Proto-Indo-European, has no articles. Most of the languages ​​in this family have no definite or unlimited articles: there are no articles in Latin or Sanskrit, nor in some modern Indo-European languages, such as the Slavic (except Bulgarian and Macedonian) language somewhat differently between Slavic languages ​​in their grammar) and the Baltic language. Although Classical Greek has a definite article (which has survived into Modern Greek and which has a strong functional resemblance to a definite German article, which deals with), Homer's Greek previously used this article largely as a pronoun or demonstrative, while most the earliest known Greek form known as Mycenaean Greece has no articles. Articles are developed independently in several language families.
Not all languages ​​have definite and unlimited articles, and some languages ​​have definite and unlimited types of articles to distinguish better nuances of meanings: for example, French and Italian have a partic- ular article used for unlimited mass nouns, whereas Colognian has two different sets. articles that definitely show focus and uniqueness, and Macedonia uses definite articles in a demonstrative sense, with tripartite differences (proximal, medial, distal) based on the distance from the speaker or companion. These and that (and their plural, these and are ) can be understood in English, in the end, definite article forms (whose decline in Old English includes thaes , the ancestral form of this/that and this/that).
In many languages, the article form may vary according to gender, number, or noun case. In some languages, the article may be the only indication of the case. Many languages ​​do not use articles at all, and can use other ways to show old versus new information, such as topic comment constructs.
* Finnish-speaking grammatically does not have articles, but the se and yks (i) (one) are used in the same way as i> and a/an in English and, for all intents and purposes, are treated like articles when used this way in Finnish everyday.
The following examples show articles that are always suffixed to the nouns:
- Albania: zog , a bird; zog u , the bird
- Aramaic: ??? (shalam), peace; ??? ? (shalma), peace
- Note: Aramaic is written from right to left, so Aleph is added to the end of the word. ? be? though it is not the final letter.
- Assamese: "????? (kitap)", book; "????? ?? (kitapkhÃÆ'''n)" Ã,: "Book"
- Bengali: "BÃÆ'Â'i", book; "BÃÆ'Â'i ti /BÃÆ'Â'i ta /BÃÆ'Â'i khana /li>
- Bulgarian: ???? stol , chair; ???? ?? stol? t , seat (subject); ????? stol a , seat (object)
- Icelandic: festoon , horse; hestur inn , the horse
- Macedonia: ???? stol , chair; ???? ?? stolot , chair; ???? ?? stolov , this chair; ???? ?? stolon , the seat
- Persia: brother , apple. (Persian has no definite article, it has an unlimited 'yek' article which means one, in Persian if the noun is infinite, it is a certain noun "Sib e 'man? Means my apple here '' like 'from' in English; literally "Sib e man" means my apple.)
- Romanian: drum , street; drum u l , the road (the article is only "l", "u" is Romanian "vocal connection" "ro"> vowel? de leg? tour? )
- Sweden and Norway: hus , home; hus et , home; if there is a adjective: det gamle (N)/gamla (S) hus et
- Denmark: husle , home; hus et , home; if there is a adjective: det gamle hus , old house
Examples of preserved definitive articles:
- Hebrew: ??? ?, written as yeled , boy; ???? , is written as ha scream
Different ways, limited to definite articles, used by Latvian and Lithuanian. The noun does not change but adjectives can be defined or undefined. In Latvian: galds , table/table; balt s galds , white table; balt ais galds , white table. In Lithuania: stalas , tables/tables; balt as stalas , white table; baltas is stalas , white table.
The languages ​​in the above table are written in italics are languages ​​built and unnatural, meaning that they have been deliberately created by an individual (or group of individuals) with some purpose in mind. They do, however, all belong to their own language family. Esperanto comes from European languages ​​and therefore all its roots are found in Proto-Indo-Europe and the same languages ​​can be found in real-world languages ​​such as French, German, Italian and English. Interlingua is also based on the European language but with its main source is the Italic language: English, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, with German and Russian being secondary sources, with words from farther (but internationally renowned and borrowed) contributing to the language vocabulary (such as words taken from Japanese, Arabic, and Finnish). The result is a language that should be easy to learn for the world. As well as the "help" language this list contains two more: Quenya and Sindarin; these two languages ​​were invented by Professor Tolkien and used in his fictional works. They are not based on real-world language families (such as Esperanto and Interlingua), but share a common history with roots in Common Eldarin.
Tokelauan
When using a definite article in Tokelauan, unlike in some languages ​​like English, if the speaker talks about an item, they do not have to call it before as long as the item is specific. This also applies when referring to references of specific people. Thus, although the definitive article used to describe the noun in Tokacauan is te , it can also translate to an indeterminate article in a language that requires the item to be referred to previously. When translating into English, te can translate to a definite article of English that , or it could also translate into an unlimited English article a . An example of how a definitive article te can be used as a definite or uncertain article in Tokelauan will be the phrase " Kua hau te tino ". In English, this can be translated as " A man has arrived " or " The man has arrived " where using te as an article in the sentence this can represent anyone or a specific man. The word he , which is an unlimited article in Tokelauan, is used to describe 'any such item'. The word he is used in negative statements because that's the place most often found, in addition to his great use in interrogative statements. While this is something to note, he is not used in negative statements and questions only. Although these two types of statements are where he most often occur, they are also used in other statements as well. The example of using him as an unlimited article is " Vili ake oi k'aumai he toki ", where ' he toki ' means' < b> ax '. The use of he and te in Tokelauan is reserved for when describing a single noun. However, when explaining plural nouns, different articles are used. For definitive nouns, rather than te , articles n? is used. ' Vili ake oi k'aumai n? nofoa 'in Tokelauan will be translated to " Running and bringing me chairs " in English. There are some special cases where instead of using n? , certain plural nouns do not have articles before them. The absence of articles is represented by 0 . One of the commonly used ways is if a large number or a particular class of things are being described. Sometimes, as if someone describes an entire class of objects in a non-specific way, a single definite noun will be used. In English, ' Ko te povi e kai mutia ' means " Grass eating grass ". Since this is a general statement about cattle, te is used instead of n? . The ko functions as a preposition for " te " This article ni is used to describe plural nouns. ' E i ei ni tuhi? 'is translated to " Is there a book? "
Evolution
Articles have been developed independently in many different language families around the world. Generally, articles evolve over time usually with a particular adjective or determinator, and their development is often a sign of language being more analytic rather than synthetic, possibly combined with loss of inflection as in English, Roman, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Torlakian languages.
Joseph Greenberg in the Universals of Human Language describes the "definite article cycle": Certain articles (Stage I) evolved from demonstratives, and in turn can be a general article (Phase II) that can be used in a definite and indeterminate context, and then only noun marker (Phase III) which is part of a noun in addition to the proper name and a newer loan. Finally the article can evolve from the demonstrative.
Certain articles
Certain articles usually appear from demonstrative meaning that . For example, a definite article in most Roman languages ​​- for example, el , il , le , la , < i> lo - comes from the Latin demonstrative illegal (masculine), illa (feminine) and illud (neutral).
The English article that , written in ÃÆ'¾e in Central English, comes from demonstrative Ancient English, which, by sex, is written se ), seo (feminine) ( ÃÆ'¾e and ÃÆ'¾eo in Northumbria dialect), or ÃÆ'¾ÃÆ'Â|t <. The neutral form ÃÆ'¾ÃÆ'Â|t also raises the modern demonstratives that . The you sometimes seen in the use of pseudo-archaic like "Ye Olde Englishe Tea Shoppe" is actually the form of ÃÆ'¾e , where the letters of the thorns ( ÃÆ'¾ ) is then written as y .
Some demonstratives can lead to certain articles. Makedonian, for example, where the articles are in suffix, has ?????? ( stolot ), seat; ?????? ( stolov ), this seat; and ?????? ( stolon ), the seat. This comes from the Slavik General demonstration * t? "this, that", * ov? "here" and * in? "there," there "respectively. Colognian preposition articles such as at dat Auto , or et Auto , cars; the first is specifically selected, focused, newly introduced, while the latter is not selected, unfocused, familiar, generic, or generic. The standard basque distinguishes between proximal and distal definitive articles in plural form (dialectal, proximal singular and additional medial classes may also exist). The distal form of Basques (with infix -a - , etymologically the ending and phonetic forms of the distal demonstrative har-/h - ) functions as definitive articles, while the proximal form (with infix -o - , is derived from the proximal demonstrative hau-/hon - ) is indicated and shows some kind of close (spatial or other) relationship between the speaker and the reference (eg, it may imply that the speaker is included in the reference): etxeak ("houses") vs. etxeok ("these houses [of us]"), soft software ("Basque speakers") vs. euskaldunok ("we, Basque speakers").
Unlimited articles
Indeterminate articles usually come from adjectives that mean one . For example, unlimited articles in Roman - for example, un , una , une - are derived from unusual Latin . The particular articles, however, are from Latin Vulgar de illo , which means (some) of .
Indeterminate English articles an are from the same root as one . The -n comes to drop before the consonant, resulting in a short form a . The existence of the two forms has caused many cases to lose time, such as converting napron original into modern ape .
The unlimited Persian article is yek , which means one.
See also
- English articles
- Al- (definite article in Arabic)
- Firmness
- A definite description
- Incorrect title
References
External links
- "Definite Articles, 'The': The Most Commonly Used Word in English in the World"
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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