Volcanic cone is one of the simplest forms of volcanic land. They are built by ejecta from volcanic vents, piling up around the vents in a conical shape with a central crater. Volcanic cones have different types, depending on the nature and size of the fragments released during the eruption. These types of volcanic cones include stratocones, spatter cones, tuff cones, and cinder cones.
Video Volcanic cone
Stratocone
Stratocones are large cone-shaped volcanoes composed of lava flows, explosively exploding pyroclastic rocks, and intrusive intrusions that are usually centered around cylindrical ventilation. Unlike volcano shields, they are characterized by steep and periodic profiles, frequent turns, explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions. Some collapsed craters are called caldera. The central core of the stratocone is usually dominated by an intrusive core of a range of about 500 meters (1,600 feet) to more than a few kilometers in diameter. The central core is surrounded by several generations of lava flows, many of which are scratched, and various pyroclastic rocks and reworked volcanic debris. Typical Stratocone is andesitic for dacitic volcanoes associated with subduction zones. They are also known as stratified volcanoes, composite cones, multilayered volcanoes, or mixed type cones, or Vesuvian volcano.
Maps Volcanic cone
Spatter cone
The rain cone is a low, steep hill or mound composed of welded lava chunks, called splashing rain, formed around the lava fountain removed from the central vents. Usually, sprinkling rain about 3-5 meters (9.8-16.4 ft) high. In the case of linear fissure, lava fountaining will create a large embankment, called spatter ramparts, along both sides of the fissure. The dotted cicadas are more rounded and cone-shaped, while the spatter wall is a feature like a linear wall.
Spattered rain and spatter rain are usually formed by lava fountaining associated with mafic, high liquid lava, as it erupts in the Hawaiian Islands. Like melted lava clumps, splashing rain, which erupts into the air by a lava fountain, they can lack the time it takes to cool completely before touching the ground. As a result, spatter rain is not fully dense, like candy, as they land and they tie into the underlying spatter because both of them often slowly flow down the side of the cone. As a result, splatter builds cones consisting of spattered rain either agglutinated or welded into each other.
Tuff cone
A tuff cone , sometimes called ash cone , is a small monogenetic volcanic cone produced by a phreatic (hydrovolcanic) explosion directly related to the magma brought to the surface through the channel from magma reservoir inside. They are characterized by high rims that have a maximum relief of 100-800 meters (330-2620 feet) above the crater floor and a steep slope greater than 25 degrees. They usually have a rim for a rim diameter of 300-5000 meters (980-16,400Ã, ft). A tuff cone consists of a pyroclastic flow and a thick precipitate deposited by the current of eruption-fed density and bomb-scoria beds derived from the fall of the eruption column. Tufs that conceive a tuff cone have generally been altered, fenced off, either because of their interaction with ground water or when it is kept warm and wet. The pyroclastic deposits of the conical tuff differ from pyroclastic deposits from spatter by the lack or lack of lava spatter, smaller grain size, and excellent beds. Typically, but not always, the cone has no associated lava flow.
A tuff ring is a related type of small monogenetic volcano which is also produced by phreatic (hydrovolcanic) explosions directly related to magma brought to the surface through channels from deep magma reservoirs.. They are characterized by a rim that has a low and broad topographic profile and a soft topographic slope that is 25 degrees or less. The maximum thickness of pyroclastic debris comprising a typical tuff ring edge is generally thin, less than 50 meters (160Ã, ft) to 100 meters (330Ã, ft) thick. The pyroclastic material consisting of their rims consists mainly of volcanoes and relatively fresh and unchanging volcanic deposits, clear and thin. Their rims can also contain a number of local rock (bedrock) variables that are detonated from their craters. In contrast to tuff cones, the tuff ring craters have generally been dug beneath the surface of the existing soil. As a result, water usually fills the crater of the tuff ring to form the lake after the eruption stops.
Both tuff cones and tufa related rings are created by explosive eruptions from holes in which magma interacts with groundwater or shallow waters as found in lakes or seas. The interaction between magma, expanding vapor, and volcanic gas results in the production and discharge of fine pyroclastic debris called ash with flour consistency. Volcanic ash composed of a conical tuff accumulates both as a fall from the eruption column, from a low density volcanic stream and a pyroclastic flow, or a combination of these. Tuft cones are usually associated with volcanic eruptions in shallow waters and tuff rings associated with eruptions either in saturated sedimentary water and bedrock or permafrost
In addition to cone (scoria) cones, tuff cones and their associated tuff rings are one of the most common volcano species on Earth. An example of a tuff cone is the Diamond Head in Waik? K? in Hawaiian ? i. The pitted cone group observed in the Nephentes/Amenthes Mars region at the southern border of the ancient Utopia impact basin is currently interpreted as a conical tuff and ring.
Cinder cone
Cinder cones , also known as scia cones and less often scoria blobs , are small steep volcanic cones formed from loose pyroclastic fragments, as well as a clinker volcano, ash, volcanic ash, or scoria. They consist of loose pyroclastic debris formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains of one, usually cylinder, ventilation. When gas-laced lava is blasted loudly into the air, lava breaks into small pieces that solidify and fall off either as charcoal, clinker, or scoria around the vents to form a often beautifully symmetrical cone; with a slope of between 30 and 40 °; and a nearly circular land plan. Most of the cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the top. The basal diameter of the cinder cone averages about 800 meters (2,600 ft) and ranges from 250 to 2,500 meters (820 to 8,200 feet). Their crater diameters range between 50 and 600 meters (160 and 1,970 feet). Cinder cones rarely rise more than 50-350 meters (160-1,150 ft) or more above the surrounding area.
Cinder cones most commonly occur as isolated cones in large basaltic volcanic fields. They also occur in multilevel clusters in relation to complex tuff rings and maar complexes. Finally, they are also common as parasitic and monogenetic cones on complex shields and stratovolcanoes. Globally, the cinder cone is the most typical volcanic landform found in the intraplate volcanic continent and also occurs in some subduction zone settings as well. Parácutin, Mexican cinder shells born in cornfields on February 20, 1943, and Sunset Crater in Northern Arizona in the US Southwest are classic examples of cinder cones, as are ancient volcanic cones found at the New Mexico Petroglyph National Monument. The conical hills observed in the satellite imagery of the caldera and cone of the volcano from Ulysses Patera, Ulysses Colles and Hydraotes Chaos are expressed as cinder cones.
Cinder cones usually only erupt once like Paricutin. As a result, they are considered monogenetic volcanoes and most of them form monogenetic volcanic fields. Cinder cones are usually active for a very short time before they become inactive. Their eruptions range in duration from several days to several years. Of the observed cinder cone eruptions, 50% had lasted for less than 30 days, and 95% stopped within a year. In the case of Paricutin in Mexico, the eruption lasted for nine years from 1943 to 1952. They rarely erupt either two, three, or more times. Then the eruption usually produces a new cone in the volcanic field at a distance of several kilometers apart and separated from 100 to 1,000 years. In a volcanic field, an eruption can occur for a million years. After the eruption stops, because it is not consolidated, the cinder cones tend to erode rapidly unless further eruption occurs.
Cone without root
Shellfish without roots , also called pseudocraters , is a volcanic cone that is not directly related to the channel that brings magma to the surface of the deep magma reservoir. In general, three types of non-rooted cone, littoral cone , explosion crater , and hornitos are recognized. The liteal cone and explosive crater are the result of a locally produced lighter explosion by the interaction of hot or pyroclastic lava flows with water. The litteral cone is usually formed on the surface of the basaltic lava flow where it has entered the body of water, usually sea or ocean. The shape of an explosive crater where hot or pyroclastic lava flows have covered the swampy soil or water-saturated soil. Hornitos is a deep-rooted cone consisting of welded lava fragments formed on the surface of basaltic lava flows with the release of gas and liquid lava clumps through cracks or other openings in the lava flow crust.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments