Tagalog grammar

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Tagalog grammar is a body of rules that describes the expression structure in Tagalog, the Tagalog regional language of the Philippines.

In Tagalog, there are eight basic parts of speech: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, forecasts, pronouns, conjunctions, and particles. Tagalog is a slightly reflected language. Pronouns are numbered; and verbs, to focus, aspect and sound.

Video Tagalog grammar

Verbs

Tagalog verbs are complex and conjugated by taking affixes that reflect focus/trigger, aspect, sound, etc. Below is a chart of the main verbal affix, which consists of various prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes.

Conventions used in the chart:

• CV ~ is an abbreviation of the first syllable that is reduplicated from the base, which is usually the first consonant and the first vowel of the word.
• N stands for consonant nasal assimilated to ng , n , or m depending on the consonant following it. ? means that the root of the verb is used, therefore no additions are added.
• The punctuation indicates the type of affix of a certain bound morpheme; Dash marks prefix and suffix, and ? um? is an infix placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the base. The word the wrestler (s? Um? Caterpillar) (focus of actor and completed or infinitive aspect) consists of the basic word sulat and infix ? Um? . Other conjugated forms are wrestling and sumusulat (s? Um? U ~ sulat) .

With object-focused verbs in complete and progressive aspects, the infix -in- often becomes an infix -ni - or a prefix ni - if the root of the word starts with /l/, /r/, /w/, or /y/; for example, linalapitan or nilalapitan and inilagay or ilinagay .

With the suffix -in and -an , if the root ends with the vowel, the suffix inserts h initially to be -that is and - han to make speaking more natural. This does not usually happen with basic words that end in pseudo-vowels like w and y . An example of this is a base that becomes wet rather than basain .

Imperative affixes are not often used in Manila, but they exist in other Tagalog-speaking provinces.

Aspect

The aspect of the verb denotes the progressive of the verb. It determines whether the action occurs, is happening or is about to happen. Tagalog verbs are conjugated for time using aspects rather than tense.

The complete aspect of the verb denotes the action has been completed. The progressive aspect of the verb denotes the action has been initiated but not yet completed or that it is a universal habit or fact. The contemplative aspect of the verb indicates that action has not occurred but is anticipated. Some verbs take the fourth aspect known as the recently completed aspect which indicates that the action has just finished before talk time or before a certain time.

Trigger

The main feature of verbs in Tagalog and other Filipino languages ​​is the trigger system , which is often called voice or focus. In this system, the thematic role (agent, patient, or oblique) of a noun marked by the particles is directly encoded in the verb.

In unmarked raw form, the verb triggers a direct noun reading as a patient clause. In the second most common form he triggers the noun as an clause agent. Other triggers are location, beneficiary, instrument, reason, direction, and reciprocity.

There are three major trigger affixes:

• -in is used to:
  • Items moved to actors: kainin (to eat something), bilhÃÆ'n (to buy something).
  • Items that change permanently: basagin (to break something), patayÃÆ'n (to kill something).
  • Things to think: isipine (to think of something), alalahanin (to remember something).
• i - is used for items that change status as moved away from an actor: ibigÃÆ'¡y (giving something), ilagÃÆ'¡y (to put something), itanÃÆ'm (plant something).
• -an is used for items with surface changes (for example, cleaning): hugasan (to rinse something), walisÃÆ'¡n ( to sweep something).

Affixes can also be used in nouns or adjectives: baligtaran (from baligtÃÆ'¡d , to reverse) (restored), catamaran (from tamÃÆ'¡d , lazy), kasabihÃÆ'¡n (from sabi , saying) (aphorism), camaraderie sagÃÆ'³t , answer), paying (from bayad , paying) (payments), bukirÆ'n ( from bukid , agriculture), forgot (from forgot , land), pagkakaroÃÆ'³n (from doÃÆ'³n/roÃÆ'³n , there) (have/appearance), and pagdÃÆ'¡rasÃÆ'¡l (from dasÃÆ'¡l , prayer). Verbs with affixes (mostly suffixes) are also used as nouns, which are distinguished by stress positions. Examples are panoorin (to watch or see) and panoorÃÆ'n (material to watch or see), hangarÃÆ'n (desire) and hangarin (goals/goals), aralin (to learn) and aralÃÆ'n (study), and paid (to pay) and < i> payÃÆ'¡n (someone or something to hire).

Affix agent-triggers are -um- , mag - , man - , and ma - . The difference between mag - and -um - is a source of confusion among language learners. There are generally two major differences among many; mag - refers to externally-directed actions and -um- for internally-directed actions. For example, bumilÃÆ' means to buy while magbilÃÆ' means to sell . But this is not a written law for this affix; there are exceptions for example, mag-ahit means to shave oneself while umahit means to shave someone . magbili and umahit are rarely used; in the southern dialect of Tagalog na- is used instead of -um-.

ma - is used only with some intransitive semantic roots, for example, matulog (for sleeping). ma - is not to be confused with ma - , a potentiative prefix for the form of a verb that is triggered by the patient.

• BumilÃÆ' s s s acting.......

The man bought a banana in the shop for a monkey.

Compared with:

• Binil ng lalaki ang saging sa pemungg sa sa pemunggah.

The man bought a banana in the shop for a monkey.

Locative triggers refer to the location or direction of the action or area affected by the action.

• Binilhan ng like sangg ang pahan.

The man bought a banana in the store.

A favorable trigger refers to the person or thing that benefits the action; that is, the beneficiaries of an action.

• IbinilÃÆ' Â ¢ lalaki ng saging ang unggÃÆ'³y.

The man bought a banana for his monkey.

Compared with:

• Selection of bin lalaki ng saging ang arrest.

The man bought a banana for the store.

The instrumental trigger refers to the means by which an action is performed.

• Ipinambil l l l s s..... <.

The man bought a banana with his wife's money.

Trigger reasons refer to the cause or reason why the action was taken. Ikinagulat ng lalaki ang pagdatÃÆ'ng ng upload .
"The man was surprised by the monkey's arrival."

The trigger direction refers to the direction of the action to be performed.

• Splash is taking action.

The man went to the store.

Reciprocal Triggers refer to actions performed by the subject at the same time. Subjects are usually plural, plural or collective.

• In contrast to the magistrate.

The couple kiss (each other).

Mood

Tagalog verbs also have affixes that express a grammatical atmosphere; Some examples are indicative, causative, potential, social, and distributed.

Indicative
NagdalÃÆ'¡ siyÃÆ'¡ ng liham.
"He's carrying a letter."

BumilÃÆ' kam ng bigÃÆ'¡s sa palengke.
"We buy rice in the market."

Kumain aka.
"I eat."

Hinda® siyÃÆ'¡ nagsÃÆ'¡salitÃÆ' Â ¢ ng Tagalog.
"He does not speak Tagalog."

Cause pa -
NagpadalÃÆ'¡ya ng liham sa kaniyÃÆ'¡ng inÃÆ'¡.
"He sent (literally: led to) a letter to his mother."

Distributive
Namili kamÃÆ' sa palengke "We went shopping to the market."

Social
Nakikain akÃÆ'³ sa mga kaibigan ko.
"I eat with my friends."

Potential naka - Site Hinda ® siyÃÆ'¡ nakapagsÃÆ'¡salitÃÆ' Â ¢ ng Tagalog.
"He can not speak Tagalog."

Focus

Tagalog verbs also change based on focus. Verbs can be the focus of the actor or the focus of the object. Such infections are usually irregular and should be remembered with every verb studied. In general, however, the verb -um - is in the actor's focus while the -in- verb is in the object's focus.

In the actor's focus, the agent is introduced by ang , or si for the name, and the object is introduced by ng , equivalent to English that and a/an respectively. Objects may not be specific names or surnames of a particular person or animal. This focus is also used for intransitive verbs.

Gumalaw the Joe. Site "Joe moved."

Nagbasa ako ng libro.
"I read (past tense) a book."

In the focus of the object, meanwhile, the agent is introduced by the name ng or ni , and the object is introduced by ang , or si , to name. If the sentence has a focus verb object but no object is indicated, then this means that the object is inferred and already known.

Ginalaw ni Joe.
"Joe moved [that]."

Perish ko ang libro.
"I read a book."

There are also various forms of pronouns for each focus.

Maps Tagalog grammar

Nouns

While no Tagalog nouns are infected, they are usually preceded by letter sign particles. This follows the Austronesian alignment, also known as the trigger system, which is a distinct feature of the Filipino language. There are three basic cases: direct (or absolute, often inaccurate nominative labeling); indirectly (which can act as ergative, accusative, or genitive); and tilted.

Direct cases are used for intransitive clauses. In a transitive clause using standard Tagalog grammar sounds, direct patient sign (direct object) and indirect sign agent, which corresponds to the subject in English. In a clearer voice, the opposite occurs, by direct marking the agent and the indirect sign of the patient. Since the basic form of the clause is superficial similar to the passive voice in English, this has led to the misconception that Tagalog is spoken primarily in passive form. It is also similar to ergative languages ​​like Australia, so Tagalog has also been analyzed as an ergative language. However, the English passive clause is intransitive, and also in the ergative language one of the sounds forms an intransitive clause, whereas in Tagalog both sounds are transitive, and so well aligned with a nominative-accusative language such as English as well as ergative language.

One of the sound functions in Tagalog is to encode definitions, analogous to the use of definite and unlimited articles in English. When patients are marked with direct case particles, it is generally uncertain, whereas when characterized by an indirect case it is generally unspecified.

Oblique and locative particles derived from it are similar to prepositions in English, marking things like location and direction.

The case particles fall into two classes: one is used with the names of the person (exact) and one for the other (general).

Common ergative markers are spelled ng and pronounced [na?] . MgÃÆ'¡ , pronounced [ma '? a] , marking common plural.

Cases

Common noun record

Example

"The man arrived."

"Juan saw MarÃÆ'a."
Note that in Filipino, even proper nouns require letter markers.

"Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house."

"Where's the book?"

"Dad has the key."

"The baby is healthy."

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Pronouns

Like a noun, people's pronouns are categorized by case. As above, the indirect form also functions as genitive.

Example:
Sumulat ako.
"I write."

Softness ako ng liham. Site "He wrote me a letter."
Note: If " ng lite " is deleted from the sentence, it becomes "I'm written on"

Ibábigay ko sa kaniyÃÆ'¡. Site "I'll give it to him."

The genitive pronoun follows the word they modify. The italics can replace the genitive pronouns but the word precedes the word they modify.

Ang bahay ko.
Ang ak bahay.
"My house."

Double pronouns inclusive kata/kitÃÆ'¡ have largely disappeared from Dialect Manila. It survives in other Tagalog dialects, especially those spoken in rural areas. However kitÃÆ'¡ is used to change the order of the pronoun [verb] ko ikaw , (I [verb] you).

Double pronouns 1-2 " kata/kitÃÆ'¡ " referring to "you and I" are traditionally used as follows:

MÃÆ'¡gkaibigan kitÃÆ'¡. (Dialect Manila: MÃÆ'¡gkaibigan tayo. )
"You and I are friends." (Dialek Manila: "We are friends.")

As mentioned earlier, the order of the pronoun [verb] ko ikÃÆ'¡w , (I [verb] you) can be replaced with kitÃÆ'¡ .

MahÃÆ'¡l kitÃÆ'¡. Site "I love you."

BÃÆ'bigyan kitÃÆ'¡ ng ng. Site "I'll give you money."

Nakita kitÃÆ'¡ sa kahapon stunt. Site "I saw you at the store yesterday."

Kaibigan kitÃÆ'¡. Site "You are my friend."

Incense pronouns tayo refers to first and second person. It can also refer to a third person.

The exclusive pronoun kamÃÆ' refers to first and third persons but excludes the second.

WalÃÆ' Â ¢ tayong bigÃÆ'¡s. Site "We (you and I) do not have any rice."

WalÃÆ' Â ¢ kaming bigÃÆ'¡s. Site "We (others and I, but not you) have no rice."

A single second person has two forms. Ika is a non-enklitika form while ka is a space that never starts a sentence. The plural kayÃÆ'³ is also used politely in a single form, similar to the French vous .

Gender-neutral noun, then siyÃÆ'¡ means both he or he .

Polite or formal use

Tagalog, like many languages, marks the difference between TV: when handling one person in a polite/formal/respectful setting, the pronouns of either the second plural or third person are used as replace the second person second person instead. They may be used with, or alternatively, an iteration of no iteration without any loss of modesty, formality or respect:

• ikÃÆ'¡w or ka ("you" as) becomes kayÃÆ'³ ("you") or > please ("them")
• mo (post-substantive "your") to niyÃÆ'³ or ninyÃÆ'³ (more polite), (post-substantive "your" pl.) or nilÃÆ'¡ (their post-substantive ")
• iyÃÆ'³ (ng) ("your" or pre-substantive "you" sgl.) to be inyÃÆ'³ (ng) ("yours" or pre -substantive "your" pl.) or kanilÃÆ'¡ (ng) ("theirs" or their "pre-substantive")

Example:
English: "What's your name?" Relax: Anang mo pangalan? Site Yours sincerely: Anang pangalan ninyo? or AnÃÆ'³'ng nilÃÆ'¡ pairs ?

Using such plural pronouns is sufficient to express modesty, formality or respect, especially when affirmative (or negative) pÃÆ'Â'/hÃÆ'Â' iterations are not necessary.

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demonstrative pronoun

The demonstrative pronomina of Tagalog is as follows.

* For the most part, irÃÆ' Â ©/arÃÆ' Â © has disappeared from the vocabulary of most Tagalog speakers. Instead, itÃÆ'³ is used.

Example:

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Modifiers

Modifiers change, qualify, clarify or limit other elements in sentence structure. They are optional grammatical elements but they change the meaning of the elements they modify in certain ways. Examples of modifiers are adjectives (modify nouns), adjective clauses, adverbs (verbs) and adverbial clauses. Nouns can also modify other nouns. In Tagalog, the category of words is fluid: words can sometimes be adjectives or adjectives depending on the word modified. If the changed word is a noun, then the modifier is an adjective, if the changed word is a verb, then it is an adverb. For example, the word 'mabilis' means 'fast' in English. Tagalog 'mabilis' can be used to describe a noun such as ' koneho ' (' rabbit ') in ' konehong mabilis' ('fast rabbit '). In that sentence, 'mabilis' is used as an adjective. The same word can be used to describe a verb, one can say 'tumakbong mabilis' which means 'run fast'. In that sentence, 'mabilis' is used as an adverb. The Tagalog word for 'rabbit' is 'koneho' and 'ran' is 'tumakbo' but they appear in phrases as 'koneho-ng' and 'tumakbo-ng'. Tagalog uses something called "links" that always appear in the context of modifications. Modifications only occur when the linker exists. Tagalog has a link -ng and na. In the example mentioned, the link - ng is used because the word before the link ends in the vowel. The second linker, na used elsewhere ( na used in the modification is not the same as adverb na which means 'now' or 'already'). Seeing the -ng and na enclosures is a good indication that there are modifications in the clause. This connector may appear before or after modifier. The next section discusses the distribution of links in different contexts (adjective, adverb, nominal and clause modifiers).

Syntactic Tree Discussion : For syntactic tree creation, X-bar theory is applied and the addition of ModP as Scontras & amp; Nicolae suggested. ModP stands for Modifier Phrase and presents a unique distribution of links in Tagalog. This is in addition to XP and requires XP complement. This is in addition because the modifier is optional but adds meaning to the phrase. Need a complement because by itself, it's no longer a modifier. Required modified words or modifiers as a complement.

Tagalog Linker

The adjective modifier

In Tagalog, when a noun is composed with an adjective, an adjective or another noun in the attribution position, the link is mandatory. In (1a), the linker na is used to connect the noun 'bahay' ('home') and the ' maganda' ') to make the noun phrase' bahay na maganda ' (' beautiful house '). Linker na indicates that the adjective 'maganda' ('beautiful') is to modify the noun 'bahay' ('home'). The na link is used instead of -ng because the noun that precedes the link, 'bahay' ('home') ends with a consonant letter. Without the na link, this phrase is not grammatical as shown in (1b). No modifications due to missing link: adjectives 'maganda' do not modify 'bahay'. The asterisk (*) indicates the missing linker and unwritten phrase. The tree shows the grammatical phrase in (1a). The highest XP is the NP (Noun Phrase) because the head phrase is a noun. ModP is the addition to NP because both the linker and the NP modify adjectives. AP (adjective phrase) 'maganda' is a complement to Mod (i) na because the link requires adjectives to modify NP (noun phrase) 'bahay'

In (2a), the linker -ng connects the adjectives 'maganda' (beautiful) and the noun 'bahay' (home) to make the phrase grammatical 'magandang bahay' ('beautiful house'). In the previous example, the noun comes before the adjective. In this example, the adjective comes before the noun. Although the order is different, the meaning is the same. The -ng linker is still required to show that there is a modification, that 'maganda' (pretty) is modifying 'bahay' (home). The -ng linker is used in this example because the word before the linker, 'maganda " ends with a vowel.not a linker -ng , this phrase is not as grammatical as shown in (2b) In (2b), there is no modification because the link is missing This is like listing the words 'home' and 'beautiful' The symbol * represents the missing modifier and the grammatical phrase.The following tree shows a grammatical phrase in ( 2a) This tree is very similar to the tree in (1a) except this time, NP 'bahay' is complementary and AP 'maganda' in the position of the NP speculator.

However, if the adjective appears in a predicate position, the link is prohibited. That is when the property becomes 'beautiful' â € <â € 'maganda' is assigned to 'bahay' by the verb 'ang' and ModP is not included.

-> In the example, adjectives are used to indicate the linker distribution. The distribution of the linker is similar in the word description and the noun modifier. We can easily substitute adjectives in examples with adverbs and nouns with verbs to convert them into contextual adverbial modifications. An example may be replaced by the adverbial 'tumakbong mabilis' or 'i mabilis na tumakbo' which both mean ('sprint'). If adjectives and nouns are replaced by two nouns, the word will change to nominal modification. Examples can be replaced with phrases that have nominal modifiers such as babaeng doktor ' (' women, who are doctors') and 'doctor na babae' ('female-doctor'). The same connector ( na and -ng ) is used and they map the same way in adverbial and nominal modifications: the link is mandatory in the attribution position but is prohibited in the predicate position.

Clausal Modifier

The linker is also mandatory when the clause modifies the word. In (1a), the -ng linker is required for the 'binili ni Maria' clause to modify 'libro' . The -ng link is used because ' libro' ends with a vowel. Similar to other modifier types, a link is required to say that the clause modifies the noun. There is no modification if link does not exist. The only difference here is that the word modifying is a set of words, clauses, not a single word. If the -ng linker is not included, the phrase is not as grammatical as shown in (1b). In (1b), this phrase can not mean 'the book Mary buys' because no element produces modification. The asterisk (*) symbolizes the missing linker and non-hierarchy phrase. The following trees show ModP (modifier phrase) in addition to the DP (phrase determinant) and clause (TP) as a complement of Mod -ng

The relative order of the word being modified and the clause is flexible like any other modifier. Example (2a) shows the clause 'binili ni Maria' before the noun 'libro' as opposed to the previous example where the noun comes before the modifying clause. The -ng linker is still used because 'Maria' ends with vowels as well. The sequence is different but the meaning of the two phrases is the same. The tree shows the grammatical phrase at (2a), the ModP is again an addition to the higher XP and now DP 'libro' is a complement of Mod '- ng'. If there is no link, the phrase is not as grammatical as shown in (2b).

For adjectives, adverbials, nominal modifiers, connecting is prohibited in predicate positions. For clause modifiers, connecting is prohibited in the matrix clause. In the matrix clause, adding a linker produces a non-mathematical sentence as shown in (3b). The 'seen' property is thought to be derived from the noun 'home' using the verb. The sentence in (3a) is grammatical because the linker is not included in the sentence. The following tree shows grammatical phrases without ModP. Example (3b) would be grammatical if -ng was not placed there. Symbol (Ã,!) Indicates an error when the link is not placed correctly.

Link distribution summary:

The following table summarizes the linker distribution discussed in this section.

Adjective

According to Sabbagh, Tagalog has two main types of adjectives. passive adjectives and adjectives ma - . Passive passives generally form a larger paradigm with transitive verbs. For example, the adjective 'basag' adjective ('broken') is associated with the transitive verb 'nagbasag' ('to break'). By contrast, the ma - adjective corresponds to the intransitive verb. The adjectival ma - 'texts' corresponds to the intransitive verb 'home' ('to be calm'). Passive and adjective adjectives also have different morphological and phonological characteristics. First, the ma - adjective begins with ma - while the passive adjective is always not mixed. Furthermore, the pressure on the ma - adjective is the second from the back (second of the last syllable) or the end (the last syllable) while the pressure on the passive adjective is always the highest. The symbol (Ã,Â') represents the pressure in the words in the following example.

Examples of passive adjectives: ' basÃÆ'¡g' ('broken'), ' punÃÆ't' ('torn'), ' sunÃÆ'³g' 'burned'), 'baton' ('beaten'), ' gamÃÆ't' ('used'), ' tapÃÆ'³s' (' finished '),' abalÃÆ'¡ ' (' busy/busy '),' kilalÃÆ'¡ ' (' famous'), ' hilÃÆ'³' ( 'dizzy')

Examples of adjectives: ' expensive " (' expensive '),' ma-sarÃÆ'¡p ' (' delicious'), ' control' ('hot'), ' ma-double' ('beautiful'), ' '' 'ma-bb' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' ('' ')' 'ma-tahimik' ('calm'), '

Other affixes show different meanings. For example, pinakÃÆ'¡ - is the most 'superlative' word. Saying someone is the strongest is to say ' pinaka- malakÃÆ'¡s' (strongest).

The order of modifiers in the noun phrase

The following table shows the possible sequence of words from a noun phrase that contains a modifier. Because of the flexible word order in Tagalog, there are other ways that people can pronounce this phrase. To read more about word order Tagalog, go to the Word Order section.

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Enclosure particle

Tagalog has enllit particles that have important information that conveys different nuances in meaning. Below is a list of Tagalog inclusion particle.

1. na and pa
   • na : now, it's
   • pa : still, others, in addition, but
2. man , bitter : even, though, even
3. bagamÃÆ'¡n : though
4. ni (plural: ninÃÆ'¡ ): mark a personal name that is not the focus of the sentence; show ownership.
5. si (plural: sinÃÆ'¡ ): tag and introduce a personal name
6. ngÃÆ' Â ¢ : indeed; used to emphasize or emphasize. Also soften the necessity.
7. din (after vowel: rin ): also, also
8. long (contracted as lang ): restricting particles; just or just
9. daw (after vowel: raw ): reporting particles showing previous information as used; they say, he said, reported, supposedly, etc.
10. pÃÆ'Â' (less respectful form: hÃÆ'Â' ): the marker shows decency.
11. ba : used to end yes-and-no questions and optionally in other types of questions, similar to Japanese -ka and Chinese m? (?), but not completely.
12. muna : for now, briefly and not (when answered in negative).
13. namÃÆ'¡n : used in making contrast; soften demand; emphasis
14. kasÃÆ' : state the reason; because
15. kayÃÆ' Â ¢ : expressing miracles; I hope; maybe (we have to do something); also optionally used in yes-and-no questions and other forms of queries
16. palÃÆ'¡ : states that the speaker has noticed or suddenly remembered something; particle realization; apparently
17. yatÃÆ' : expressing uncertainty; maybe, maybe, it seems
18. tulÃÆ'³y : used in cause and effect; as a result
19. there : expressed hope, unconscious conditions (with verbs in the complete aspect), used in conditional sentences.

The order listed above is the order in which the particles follow if they are used together with each other. A more concise list of one-tie particle order from Rubino (2002) is given below.

1. na/pa
2. ngÃÆ' Â ¢
3. dinin
4. daw ~ raw
5. pÃÆ'Â'/hÃÆ'Â'
6. ba

The particles na and pa can not be used together with each other as well as pÃÆ'Â' and hÃÆ'Â' .

Crop na palá raw lola mo. Site "Oh yes, your grandmother has arrived."

PalitÃÆ'¡n mo na rin. Site "Do not change it either."

Notes for "daw/raw and rin/din": If the previous letter is a consonant letter except y and w, the letter d is used in any word, vice versa for r for example, pagdÃÆ'¡alal , instead of pagdÃÆ'¡dasal

Although in everyday conversations, this rule is often ignored.

WalÃÆ' Â ¢ pa yatang asawa ang kapatÃÆ'd niyÃÆ'¡. Site "Maybe his brother still does not have a wife."

Ita k kayÃÆ' Â ¢ ang ibibigÄ ¡y nilÃÆ'¡ sa sain? Site "I wonder, what is the only thing they will give us?"

Nag-aral ka na ba ng wikang KastilÃÆ'? Site "Have you learned Spanish?"

BatÃÆ' pa kasÃÆ'. Site "He's young, that's why."

Pakisulat mo  ¢ muna ang iyÃÆ'³ng gentleman dito.
"Please, write your name down here first."

The words daw and raw , which means "he said"/"he said"/"they say", sometimes joined the real translation of "he said"/" he said ", which is sabi niyÃÆ'¡ , and" they say ", which is sabi nilÃÆ'¡ . They also join Tagalog "you said", the sabi mo . But this time, both daw and raw means "should/reported".

Sabi raw niyÃÆ'¡./Sabi daw niyÃÆ'¡. Site "He should have said."

raw sabi nilà ¢ ¡./Sabi daw nilÃÆ'¡ .
"They should say."

Sabi mo raw./Sabi mo daw. Site "You should say."

Although the word is the original Tagalog for "because" and not slang, it's still not used in formal writing. Tagalog word for this is sapagkÃÆ'¡'t or sapagkÃÆ'¡t. Thus, the formal form of BatÃÆ'pa kasÃÆ' is SapagkÃÆ' ¡'T brick pa or SapagkÃÆ'¡t batÃÆ' pa. This is sometimes shortened to pagkÃÆ'¡'t or pagkÃÆ'¡t , SapagkÃÆ'¡'t batÃÆ' pa is also written as < i> PagkÃÆ'¡'t batÃÆ' pa or PagkÃÆ'¡t batÃÆ' pa. Both in formal and written and spoken everyday, dahil sa (italics of kasÃÆ' ; thus, the exact translation is "because") is also identical with sapagkÃÆ'¡'t ( sapagkÃÆ'¡t ), so substitute SapagkÃÆ'¡'t batÃÆ' pa for BatÃÆ' pa kasÃÆ' is Dahil sa batÃÆ' pa. Most of the time in speech and writing (mostly everyday and sometimes formal), dahil sa as Tagalog "because" reduced to stupid , so < i> Dahil sa bat pronounced just as Dahil batÃÆ' pa.

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Word order

Tagalog has a flexible word order compared to English. While the verb always stays in the starting position, the complementary noun phrase sequence that follows is flexible. Examples given by Schacter and Otanes can be seen in (1).

The flexibility of Tagalog wording can be seen in (2). There are six different ways to say 'The man gave the woman a book.' in Tagalog. The following six sentences include the same grammatical components, all grammatical and identical in meaning but have different commands.

The principles in (3) help determine the sequence of complementary possibilities of noun phrases. In the basic clause in which the patient takes a nominative case, principles (i) and (ii) require the actor to precede the patient. For example (4a), the patient, 'liham' (letter) takes a nominative case and meets the principles of (i) and (ii). The example in (4b) shows that the ordering of agents and the opposite patient does not produce non-mathematical sentences, but is an unnatural sentence in Tagalog.

For example (5), verbs, 'binihag', (tagged) are marked for active voice and produce actors (' Kuya Louis' ) to take a nominative case. Example (5) does not meet the principles of (i) and (ii). That is, the principle (i) requires the Actor (' Kuya Louis' ) to precede all other arguments. However, since the Actor also takes a nominative case, principle (ii) requires the phrase ' Kuya Louis' to come last. The preferred sequence of agents and patients in the Tagalog active clause is debatable. Therefore, we can assume that there are two command words "unmarked": VSO or VOS.

Changes in word order and trigger generally correspond to changes in certainty ("the" vs. "a") in English. Example (6) shows changes in word order, induced by indirect, "ng." Example (7) shows a change in word order, triggered by a direct, "ang."

The word sequence may be reversed (referred to in the Tagalog grammar as Kabalikang Anyo ) using the inversion marker ' ay ' ( 'y after the vowel in informal language , usually not used in writing). Contrary to popular belief, this is not the copula 'to be' as ' ay' does not behave as an existential marker in the SVO structure and the inverse form VSO does not require 'ay' because existentiality is denoted with case tagging. Pause a bit, but optionally, pauses in speech or commas in writing can replace inversion markers. This construction is often seen by native speakers as formal or literary.

In this construction (ay-inverson), the 'ay' occurs between the fronted constituent and the rest of the clause. Constituents put forward in construction include location and description. Example (8) - (11) shows the inverse form of the sentence in the previous example above.

In (8), and (11), the fronted constituent is the subject. On the other hand, at (9), the fronted constituent is the object. Another example of a fronted constituent in Tagalog is, wh-phrases. Wh-phrases include interrogative questions that begin with: who, what, where, when, why and how. In Tagalog, wh-phrases occur to the left of the clause. For example, in the phrase, 'Who are you?' , translated to, ' Sino ka?' occurs to the left of the clause. The syntactic tree of this sentence is found in (12a). As we can see in (12a), the complement position is zero. However, in the case where a complete complement is present, Sabbagh (2014) proposes that wh-phrases derive from Spec, CP and adjoins to TP when C is open (12b). The operation in (12b) is known as, WhP decreases.

This decline operation can also be applied in sentences to explain the order of the initial verbs in Tagalog. The subject-reduction analysis states that, "the subject derives from the Spec, TP, and is adjacent to the projection that is dominated by the TP." If we use an example of (2), Nagbigay ang lalro libro sa babae. and apply the lowered subject, we will see the syntax tree in (13a). If we lower the subject, ang lalaki, to the middle position in the VP, we will be able to reach the VOS word sequence and still meet subject decline. This can be seen in (13b).

Lose is motivated by prosody constraints called, WeakStart. This constraint is largely based on the phonological hierarchy. This limitation requires the phonology of the first element in the lower phonological domain of the prosodic hierarchy rather than the elements that follow it, in the same domain.

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Negation

There are three words of negation: hindÃÆ'® , walÃÆ' Â ¢ , and huwÃÆ'¡g .

Hinda® negates verbs and equations. Sometimes contracted to 'dÃÆ'® .

Hinda â € žakÃÆ'³ magtatrabaho bukas.
"I will not work tomorrow."

Hinda® mayaman ang babae. Site "She's not rich."

WalÃÆ' Â ¢ is the opposite of may and mayroÃÆ'³n .

WalÃÆ' Â ¢ akÃÆ'³ng pera. Site AkÃÆ'³ ay peripheral mongoose.
"I have no money."

Although librÃÆ'³ sa loÃÆ'³b ng bahay niyÃÆ'¡. Site "No book in his house."

HuwÃÆ'¡g is used in expressing negative commands. It can be used for infinitive and future aspects. It's contracted as 'wag .

Huwag KANG umiyÃÆ'¡k. Site "Do not Cry."

HuwÃÆ'¡g kayÃÆ'³ng tatakbÃÆ'³ rito. Site "Do not run here."

There are two (or more) specific negative forms for common verbs:

GustÃÆ'³/Ibig/Nais ko nang kumain. Site "I want to eat now." (Positive)

Ayaw ko pang kumain. Site "I'm not eating yet." (Negative)

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Conjunction

Coordinate

Subdue

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Interrogative Words

Tagalog's interrogative words are: ala> , anÃÆ'³ , bÃÆ'¡kit , gaÃÆ'¡no , ilÃÆ'¡n , kailÃÆ'¡n , kanÃÆ'no , kumustÃÆ'¡ , magkÃÆ'¡no , < i> nakanÃÆ'no , nasaÃÆ'¡n , nÃÆ'no , paÃÆ'¡no , saÃÆ'¡n , and sÃÆ'no . With the exception of bakit , kamustÃÆ'¡ , and nasaÃÆ'¡n , all interrogative words have an optional plural form generated by reduplication. They are used when the person asking the question anticipates plural answers and can be called wh-phrases. The syntactic position of this type of phrase can be seen in (12a).

Gaano means how but is used to inquire about the qualities of an adjective or an adverb. The base word of the modifier begins with ka - in this construct (16a). IlÃÆ'¡n means how much (16b). KumustÃÆ'¡ is used to ask how something is there. (16c) This is often used as the meaning of speech How are you? It comes from the Spanish Ã,¿cÃÆ'³mo estÃÆ'¡? . Magkano means how much and is usually used to ask the price of something (16d). Paano (from pa - anja ) is used to ask how something is done or happens (16e).

Nino means that who , is and who (18a). This is an indirect and genitive form of sino . Sino means who and who and it is in the form directly (18b). Kanino (from kay anÃÆ'³ ) means who or is (18c). This is the oblique form of sino (yang).

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See also

• Alphabetical alphabet
• Philippine Language Commission
• Filipino Alphabet
• Philippine orthography
• Tagalog phonology
• Old Tagalog

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Note

Bibliography

• Kroeger, P. R. (1991). Phrase structure and grammatical relationships in Tagalog
• Ramos, T. (1971). Tagalog structure. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p.Ã, 126.
• Rubino, C. (2002). Tagalog Dictionary-English, English-Tagalog/TalÃÆ'¡huluganang Pilipino-IngglÃÆ' Â © s, IngglÃÆ' Â © s-Pilipino TalÃÆ'¡huluganang. Conshohocken, PA: Book of Hippocrene.
• Sabbagh, J. (2014). Word sequence and obstacle Structure-Block in Tagalog. Syntax, 17 (1), 40-89. doi: 10.1111/synt.12012
• Sabbagh, J. (2011). Passive passives and VP structure in Tagalog. Lingua, 121 , 1424-1452. doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.006
• Scontras, G. & amp; Nicolae A. (2014). Saturating syntax: Linker and modification in Tagalog. Lingua, 149 , 17-33. doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2014.05.005

External links

• Tagalog grammar Tagalog free and comprehensive grammar references
• Interactive Language and Cultural Resources Philippines Part of the SEAsite Project at Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA

Source of the article : Wikipedia