A renewable resource is a rechargeable natural resource to address resource depletion caused by use and consumption, either through biological reproduction or other naturally occurring processes in a limited amount of time on a human time scale. Renewable resources are part of the Earth's natural environment and the largest component of its ecosphere. Positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of resource sustainability.
The definition of renewable resources may also include agricultural production, as in sustainable agriculture and water resources. In 1962, Paul Alfred Weiss defined Renewable Resources as: " The total number of living organisms that provide humans with food, fiber, etc... ". Another type of renewable resource is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, all of which are categorized as renewable resources.
Video Renewable resource
Udara, makanan dan air
Sumber daya air
Water can be considered as a renewable material when carefully controlled use, treatment, and release are followed. Otherwise, it will be a non-renewable resource in that location. For example, ground water is usually excreted from the aquifers at a much greater rate than the very slow natural replenishment, so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore space can cause permanent compaction (decrease) that can not be renewed. 97.5% of the water on Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; a little more than two thirds of this froze on glaciers and ice at the poles. Fresh unspoiled freshwater is found primarily as ground water, with only a small portion (0.008%) present above the ground or in the air.
Water pollution is one of the main concerns about water resources. It is estimated that 22% of water worldwide is used in industry. Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants (which use water for cooling), ores and oil refineries (which use water in chemical processes) and manufacturing plants (which use water as a solvent).
Sea water desalination is considered a source of renewable water, although reducing its dependence on fossil fuel energy is needed to be fully renewable.
Non-agricultural food
Food is a substance that is consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. Most of the food comes from renewable resources. Food is obtained directly from plants and animals.
Hunting may not be the first meat source in the modern world, but it is still an important and important source for many rural and remote groups. It is also the only source of food for wild carnivores.
Sustainable farming
This sustainable farm phrase was created by Australian agricultural scientist Gordon McClymont. It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices that have location-specific applications that will last in the long term". Expansion of agricultural land reduces biodiversity and contributes to deforestation. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that in the coming decades, agricultural land will continue to disappear for industrial and urban development, along with wetland reclamation, and conversion of forests into cultivation, resulting in loss of biodiversity and increased soil erosion..
Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth, plants also depend on soil nutrition and water availability. Monoculture is a method to grow only one plant at a time on a certain land, which can damage the land and cause it to become unusable or suffer a diminished yield. Monoculture can also cause the buildup of pathogens and pests that target a particular species. The Great Irish Famine (1845-1849) is a famous example of the dangers of monoculture.
Plant rotation and long-term plant rotation provide nitrogen filling through the consecutive use of green manures with cereals and other crops, and can improve soil and fertility structures by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. Other methods of combating lost soil nutrients are returning to natural cycles that annually flood the land (restoring unlimited loss of nutrients) such as Nile River Flood, long-term biochar use, and use of farmland and cattle adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests, drought, or lack of nutrients.
Agricultural practices are the largest contributors to the increasing rate of global soil erosion. It is estimated that "more than a million million tonnes of southern African soil is eroded annually, experts predict that crops will be halved within thirty to fifty years if erosion continues at this level." The Dust Bowl phenomenon of the 1930s was caused by a severe drought combined with agricultural methods that did not include crop rotations, barren fields, cover crops, terracing and wind-breaking trees to prevent wind erosion.
Agricultural land preparation is one of the major factors contributing to erosion, due to mechanical agricultural equipment that allows deep piracy, which greatly increases the amount of land available for transportation due to water erosion. The phenomenon called Peak Land explains how large-scale farming techniques undermine the human capacity to grow food in the present and future. Without efforts to improve soil management practices, the availability of fertile soils will become increasingly problematic.
Methods for combating erosion include landless farming, using key key designs, cultivating wind-breaks to hold soil, and widespread use of compost. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides can also have soil erosion effects, which can contribute to soil salinity and prevent other species from growing. Phosphate is a major component in chemical fertilizers most commonly used in modern agricultural production. However, scientists estimate that rock phosphate reserves will be depleted within 50-100 years and that the Phosphate Peak will occur in about 2030.
Processing and logistics industries also have an impact on agricultural sustainability. The ways and locations of the harvested produce require energy for transportation, as well as energy costs for materials, labor and transport. Food sold in local locations, such as farmers' markets, has reduced energy costs.
Air
Air is a renewable resource. All living organisms require oxygen, nitrogen (direct or indirect), carbon (direct or indirect) and many other gases in small quantities for their survival.
Maps Renewable resource
Non-food resources
An important renewable resource is wood supplied by forestry facilities, which have been used for construction, housing and firewood since ancient times. Plants provide a primary source for renewable resources, a major difference being made between energy crops and non-food crops. Various kinds of lubricants, vegetable oils used industrially, textiles and fibers made for example. cotton, copra or hemp, paper derived from wood, rags or grasses, bioplastics based on plant renewable resources. A wide range of chemical based products such as latex, ethanol, resin, sugar and starch can be provided with plant renewable energy. Animal-based renewable energy includes feathers, skins, grease and technical lubricants, and other derivative products, such as animal glue, tendon, casing or in ambra and historical baleen provided by whaling.
With regard to pharmaceuticals and legal and illegal drugs, plants are an important source, but for example poison snakes, frogs and insects have become a valuable source of valuable renewable pharmacological materials. Before GMO production is set, insulin and essential hormones are based on animal sources. Feathers, an important byproduct of poultry for food, are still used as fillers and as a basis for keratin in general. Same goes for chitin produced in crustacean farms that can be used as a base of chitosan. The most important part of the human body used for non-medical purposes is human hair as for the integration of artificial hair, which is traded worldwide.
Historical role
Historically, renewable resources such as firewood, latex, guano, charcoal, wood ash, plant colors as tilapia, and whale products are essential to human needs but fail to meet demand in the early industrial era. The beginning of the modern age faces major problems with the use of excessive renewable resources such as on deforestation, over grazing or overfishing.
In addition to fresh meat and milk, which is a foodstuff rather than a topic of this section, farmers and cattle craftsmen use more animal ingredients as tendons, horns, bones, bladders. The technical construction of the complex as a composite bow is based on a combination of animal and plant based materials. The current distribution conflict between biofuels and food production is being described as Food vs. Fuel. The conflict between the need and the use of food, as supposed by the fattening obligations is also common in the historical age. However, a significant percentage of the farmers (middle European) goes to the farm, which also provides organic fertilizer. Ox and horses are important for transportation purposes, driving machines like for example on a treadmill.
Other areas solve transportation problems with terraces, urban farms and gardens. Further conflicts such as between forestry and shepherding, or (sheep) of shepherds and cattle ranchers lead to various solutions. Some limited wool production and sheep for big country and noble domains or outsourced to professional shepherds with larger wanderlings.
The British Agricultural Revolution is mainly based on a new crop rotation system, a rotation of four fields. British Agriculture Charles Townshend acknowledged this discovery in the Netherlands Waasland Land and popularized it in 18th century England, George Washington Carver in the US. This system uses wheat, radish and barley and also introduced clover. Clover is capable of fixing nitrogen from air, incomplete practical renewable resources, into the fertilization of compounds to the soil and enabling it to increase crop yields on a large scale. Farmers open crops and grazing plants. Thus cattle can be cultured throughout the year and winter destruction is avoided. The amount of dirt rises and allows more harvest but refrains from wood grasslands.
Early modern times and the 19th century saw the previously partially replaced resource base each equipped with a large-scale chemical synthesis and with the use of fossil and mineral resources respectively. In addition to the main role of wood, there is a kind of revival of renewable products based on modern agriculture, genetic research and extraction technology. In addition to concerns about future global fossil fuel shortages, local shortages due to boycott, war and blockade or just transportation problems in remote areas have contributed to different methods of replacing or replacing fossil resources based on renewable energy.
Challenges
The use of substantially renewable products such as TCM compromises various species. Only the black market in rhino horns has reduced the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the last 40 years.
Renewable used for self-sufficiency
The success of the German chemical industry until World War I was based on the replacement of colonial products. The predecessors of IG Farben dominated the world market for synthetic dyes at the beginning of the 20th century and have an important role in artificial pharmaceuticals, photographic films, agricultural chemicals and electrochemistry.
However, the former plant breeding research institute takes a different approach. After losing the German colonial empire, important players in the field as Erwin Baur and Konrad Meyer switched to using local crops as a base for autarky economy. Meyer as a key agricultural scientist and spatial planner of the Nazi era manages and leads Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft's resources and focuses about one-third of the full research grants in Nazi Germany on agricultural and genetic research and especially on resources needed in case of further German war effort.. Various agricultural research institutions still exist today and have an interest in the field established or enlarged at the time.
There are some major failures when trying for example growing frozen olive species, but some success in the case of hemp, hemp, rapeseed, which is still important today. During World War II, German scientists tried to use the Russian Taraxacum (dandelion) species to produce natural rubber. Dandelion rubber is still interesting, as scientists at the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) announced 2013 that it has developed a cultivar suitable for commercial production of natural rubber.
Legal situation and subsidy
Several legal and economic facilities have been used to increase the market share of renewable energy. The UK uses Non-Fossil Fuel Obligations (NFFO), a collection of orders requiring Distribution Network Operators in England and Wales to purchase electricity from nuclear power and the renewable energy sector. A similar mechanism operates in Scotland (Scottish Renewable Orders under Scottish Renewables Obligation) and Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland Fuel-Non Fossil Bonds). In the US, Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), using a similar approach. German Energiewende uses the entry fee. The unexpected outcome of subsidies is the rapid increase of pellets caused by burning at conventional fossil fuel plants (compare Tilbury power plants) and cement work, making each biomass wood accounted for about half of Europe's renewable energy consumption.
Industry usage examples
Biorenewable chemicals
Biorenewable chemicals are chemicals made by biological organisms that provide raw materials for the chemical industry. Biorenewable chemicals can provide solar power substitutes for petroleum-based carbon feedstocks that currently supply the chemical industry. The enormous diversity of enzymes in biological organisms, and the potential of synthetic biology to convert these enzymes to create new chemical functionalities, can drive the chemical industry. A major platform for the manufacture of new chemicals is the biocynthetic pathway of polymeride, which produces chemicals containing recurrent alkyl chain units with potential for various functional groups on different carbon atoms.
Bioplastics
Bioplastic is a plastic form derived from renewable biomass sources, such as fats and vegetable oils, lignin, corn starch, peanut starch or microbiota. The most common form of bioplastic is thermoplastic starch. Other forms include bioplastic cellulose, biopolyester, polylactic acid, and bio-derived polyethylene.
Production and use of bioplastics is generally regarded as a more sustainable activity when compared to petroplastic plastics production; However, the manufacture of bioplastic materials is often still dependent on petroleum as a source of energy and materials. Due to market fragmentation and ambiguous definitions it is difficult to describe the total market size for bioplastics, but global production capacity is estimated at 327,000 tonnes. In contrast, global consumption of all flexible packaging is estimated at around 12.3 million tonnes.
Bioasphalt
Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-oil-based renewable resources. Manufacturing sources of bioasphalt include sugar, molasses and rice, corn starch and potatoes, and vegetable oil based waste. Asphalt made with a vegetable oil-based binder patented by Colas SA in France in 2004.
Renewable energy
Renewable energy refers to the supply of energy through renewable resources that are naturally recharged quite quickly as used. These include for example sunlight, wind, biomass, rain, waves, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy can replace or increase the supply of fossil energy in different fields: power plants, water heating/hot springs, motor fuel, and off-grid energy services.
Biomass
Biomass refers to the biological material of living things, or living organisms recently, most often referring to plants or materials derived from plants.
Sustainable harvesting and use of renewable resources (ie, maintaining a positive rate of renewal) can reduce air pollution, soil contamination, habitat destruction and land degradation. Biomass energy comes from six different energy sources: waste, timber, plants, waste, landfill gas, and fuel alcohol. Historically, humans have used energy derived from biomass since the appearance of firewood to make fire, and wood remains the largest source of biomass energy today.
However, the use of low-technology biomass, which still accounts for more than 10% of the world's energy needs can cause indoor air pollution in developing countries and produce between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000.
The biomass used for power generation varies by region. Forest by-products, such as wood residues, are common in the United States. Common agricultural waste in Mauritius (sugarcane residue) and Southeast Asia (rice husk). Livestock residues, such as poultry droppings, are common in the UK. The biomass power generation industry in the United States, which consists of about 11,000 MW of summer operating capacity that actively supplies electricity to the network, generates about 1.4 percent of US electricity supply.
Biofuel
Biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy comes from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogas.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made with fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch plants such as corn, sugarcane or switchgrass.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is produced from oil or fat using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.
Biogas is methane produced by the anaerobic digestion process of organic matter by anaerobes, etc. Also a source of renewable energy.
Biogas
Biogas usually refers to the gas mixture produced by breaking organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant materials, and plants. This is mainly methane ( CH
4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and may have a small amount of hydrogen sulfide ( H
2 S ), moisture and siloxanes.
Natural fibers
Natural fibers are a class of materials such as hair which are continuous filaments or are in separate lengthwise pieces, similar to pieces of yarn. They can be used as components of composite materials. They can also be tangled into sheets to make products like paper or felt. The fibers are of two types: natural fibers comprising animal and plant fibers, and artificial fibers consisting of synthetic fibers and regenerated fibers.
Threats to renewable resources
Renewable resources are threatened by unregulated growth and industrial growth. They must be managed with care to avoid exceeding the capacity of the natural world to fill them. Life cycle assessment provides a systematic way to evaluate updates. This is a matter of sustainability in the natural environment.
Overfishing
National Geographic has described the sea of ​​fishing as "just taking wildlife from the sea at too high a price for fish species to replace themselves."
Tuna meat encourages overfishing to endanger some species such as bluefin tuna. Europeans and other organizations try to organize fisheries to protect species and prevent their extinction. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in chapters 61, 62, and 65.
Examples of overfishing exist in areas such as the North European Sea, the Great Banks of North America and the East China Sea in Asia.
The decline in penguin populations is caused in part by overfishing, caused by human competition over the same renewable resources
Deforestation
In addition to their role as a source of fuel and building materials, trees protect the environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and by creating oxygen. Rainforest destruction is one of the critical causes of climate change. Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. As carbon dioxide increases, it produces layers in the atmosphere that trap radiation from the sun. Radiation turns into heat that causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect.
Deforestation also affects the water cycle. It reduces the water content in soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric humidity. Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, resulting in erosion, flooding and landslides.
The rainforest houses many species and organisms providing people with food and other commodities. In this way biofuels may not be sustainable if their production contribute to deforestation.
Endangered Species
Some renewable resources, species and organisms face a very high risk of extinction caused by human population growth and excessive consumption. It is estimated that more than 40% of all species living on Earth are at risk of extinction. Many countries have laws to protect hunted species and restrict hunting practices. Other conservation methods include limiting land development or creating preservation. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is a list of the world's most famous conservation status and rating rankings. Internationally, 199 countries have signed agreements that agree to create a Biodiversity Action Plan to protect endangered and other endangered species.
See also
References
Further reading
- Krzeminska, Joanna, Is the Support Scheme for Renewable Energy Compatible with Competitive Objectives? Assessment of National Rules and Communities, European Yearbook on Environmental Law (Oxford University Press), Volume VII, November 2007, p. 125
- Masters, G. M. (2004). Power Systems Can Be Updated and Efficient. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & amp; Boys.
- Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C., & amp; Kothari, S. (2011, April). The role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. Renewable & amp; Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (3), 1513-1524.
- Sawin, Janet. "Mapping the Future of New Energy." World Country 2003. By Lester R. Brown. Boston & amp; Company, Incorporated, 2003.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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