Kiss is a touch or emphasis on one's lips against another person or object. Cultural connotations of kiss vary widely. Depending on the culture and context, kisses can express the sentiments of love, passion, romance, sexual attraction, sexual activity, sexual arousal, affection, respect, greetings, friendship, peace, and luck, among many others. In some situations, kissing is a ritual, formal or symbolic movement that shows devotion, respect, or sacrament. The word comes from Old English cyssan ("to smell"), in turn from coss ("kiss").
Video Kiss
History
Anthropologists are divided into two schools about the origin of kissing, people believe that it is instinct and intuitive and others that evolved from what is known as a kissing meal, a process used by mothers to feed their babies by feeding chewing food into their baby's mouth.
The earliest reference to such kissing behavior comes from the Vedas, Sanskrit notes that inform Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, about 3,500 years ago, according to Vaughn Bryant, an anthropologist at Texas A & amp; M University specializing in kissing history.
Both the lip and tongue kisses are mentioned in the Sumerian poem:
My lips are too small, they know not to kiss.
My precious sweetness lies in my heart, the Site one by one "tonguemaking," one by one.
When my sweet sweetheart, my heart, has been lying too, each in turn kissing with the tongue, each in turn.
Kissing is portrayed in the ancient Egyptian love poetry of the New Kingdom, found in papyrus excavated in Deir el-Medina:
Finally I will drink life from your lips
and wake from this eternal sleep.
Wisdom of the earth in a kiss
and everything in your eyes.
I kissed her before everyone that they can all see my love.
And when his lips pressed to mine
I was made drunk and did not need wine When we kiss, and his warm lips half open,
I'm flying high without beer!
The kiss on my lips, my breasts, my hair...
...Come! Come! Come! And kiss me when I die,
For life, an exciting life, in your breath;
And in that kiss, though in the grave I lie,
I will rise up and destroy the Death band.
The earliest reference to kissing the Old Testament is in Genesis 27:26, when Jacob misled his father for his blessing:
And his father, Isaac, told him, draw near now, and kiss me, my son.
Genesis 29:11 shows the first male-female kiss in the Bible, when Jacob fled Esau and went to his uncle Laban's house:
And Jacob kissed Rachel, and lifted up his voice, and wept.
Later, there is a frequently quoted verse of the Song of Songs:
May he kiss me with a kiss in his mouth,
for your love is better than wine.
In Cyropaedia (370 BC), Xenophon writes of Persian habits kissing on the lips during departure while recounting the departure of Cyrus the Great (around 600 BC) as a Median boy. According to Herodotus (5th century BC), when two Persians met, the formula of speech revealed the same or unequal status. They do not speak; Instead, kisses are equal to each other in the mouth, and in cases where one is slightly lower than the other, a kiss is given on the cheek.
During the later Classical period, a loving mouth-to-mouth kiss was first described in the Hindu epic Mahabharata .
Academics who have learned it say kissing spread slowly to other parts of the world after Alexander the Great and his troops conquered parts of the Punjab in northern India in 326 BC.
The Romans helped spread the habit to most of Europe and North Africa. The Romans were eager to kiss and talk about some kind of kiss. Kissing hands or cheeks is called osculum . Kissing on the lips with closed mouth is called basium , used among relatives. The passion kiss is called suavium .
Kissing is not always an indication of eros, or love, but it can also show the respect and rankings used in medieval Europe.
The study of kissing began around the nineteenth century and is called philematology , which has been studied by people including Cesare Lombroso, Ernest Crawley, Charles Darwin, Edward Burnett Tylor and modern scholars like Elaine Hatfield.
Maps Kiss
Type
Kristoffer Nyrop identifies a number of types of kisses, including love kisses, affection, peace, respect, and friendship. He noted, however, that the categories are somewhat contrived and overlapping, and some cultures have more types, including French with twenty and Germans with thirty.
Expression of affection
Kissing the lips of others has become a common expression of affection or warm greeting in many cultures around the world. But in certain cultures, kissing is only introduced through European settlement, before it is not a routine event. Such cultures include certain indigenous peoples in Australia, Tahitians, and many tribes in Africa.
Kisses can also be used to express feelings without erotic elements but can remain "much deeper and more lasting", wrote Nyrop. He added that such a kiss can express love "in the widest and most comprehensive sense of the word, carrying a message of faithful affection, gratitude, compassion, sympathy, intense joy, and profound sadness."
Nyrop writes that the most common example is "intense feelings that knit parents to their children", but he adds that affection kisses are not only common between parents and children but also among other members of the same family, which can include outside the immediate family circle, "everywhere where deep affection brings people together." Tradition is written in the Bible, when Orpa kisses her mother-in-law and when Moses goes to see her father-in-law, she "kneels, kisses her, and they question each other's welfare, and they enter into the tent" (Exodus 18: 7); and when Jacob had wrestled with God, he met Esau, ran towards him, fell on his neck and kissed him. The family kiss was traditional with the Romans and the affectionate kiss was often mentioned by the early Greeks, as when Odysseus, when he reached his home, met his faithful shepherds.
Compassion can be the cause of kisses "at all ages in serious and serious times," notes Nyrop, "not only among those who love one another but also as an expression of deep gratitude.When the Apostle Paul took a leave from the elders of the congregation at Ephesus, "they all wept bitterly, and fell upon Paul's neck and kissed him." (Acts 20:37) Kisses can also be exchanged between unknown people, such as when there is deep sympathy or warm interest in people others.
People's poetry has been a source of loving kisses in which sometimes they play an important role, such as when they have the power to cast spells or break the bonds of magic and magic, often returning humanity to its original form. Nyrop notes poetic stories about "the ransoming power of the kiss can be found in literature in many countries, especially, for example, in the ancient French romance of Arthur (Lancelot, Guiglain, Tirant le blanc) in which the princess changed by the evil art of being a dragon "In the opposite situation, in the" Beauty and the Beast "story, a changed prince later tells the girl that she has been bewitched by an evil fairy, and can not be re-created into a man unless a servant falls in love with him and kisses him, despite his ugliness.
A kiss of affection can also occur after death. In Genesis, it is written that when Jacob died, "Joseph fell on his father's face and cried and kissed him." And told Abu Bakr, Muhammad's first disciple, father-in-law, and successor, that, when the prophet was dead, he went to the last tent, opened his face, and kissed him. Nyrop writes that "the kiss is the last soft proof of love given to our loved ones, and is believed, in ancient times, to follow mankind into the underworld."
The kiss on the lips can be a physical expression of affection or love between two people where the sensation of touch, taste, and smell is involved. According to psychologist Menachem Brayer, although many "mammals, birds, and insects exchanged caresses" that seemed to be affectionate kisses, they were not kisses in the human sense.
Surveys show that kissing is the second most common form of physical intimacy among US adolescents (after holding hands), and that about 85% of teens ages 15 to 16 in the US have experienced it.
Kiss on the lips
A kiss on the lips can be done between two friends or family. This step aims to express affection for a friend. Unlike a kiss for love, friendly kisses have no sexual connotations. The kiss on the lips is a practice that can be found in the days of the Patriarch (the Bible). In Ancient Greece, a kiss in the mouth was used to express the concept of equality between people of the same rank. In the Middle Ages, a peace kiss was recommended by the Catholic Church. Kisses on the lips are also common among knights. The gesture was again popular among young people, especially in Britain.
Romantic kiss
In many cultures, it is considered a harmless habit for teenagers to kiss on a date or engage in a kissing game with friends. The game serves as a conversation opener at parties and may be the participants' first exposure to sexuality. There are many such games, including Truth or Dare ?, Seven Minutes in the Heaven (or variations of "Two Minutes in the Closet"), Spin the Bottle, Post Office, and Wink.
Psychologist William Cane notes that kissing in Western society is often a romantic act and describes some of its attributes:
It's not hard to say when two people fall in love. Maybe they try to hide it from the world, but they can not hide their inner joy. Men will give themselves with a certain trembling in the muscles of the lower jaw after seeing their lover. Women will often pale immediately see their lovers and then get a little red on the face as their lover gets closer. This is the effect of physical closeness on two people who are in love.
The romantic kiss in Western culture is a fairly new development and is rarely mentioned even in ancient Greek literature. In the Middle Ages it became a social movement and was regarded as a harbinger of upscale perfection. Other cultures have different definitions and uses of kisses, Brayer notes. In China, for example, the same affectionate expression consists of rubbing one's nose into the cheek of another. In other Eastern cultures kisses are not common. In Southeast Asian countries, "sniffing kisses" is the most common form of western affection and mouth to mouth kissing often reserved for sexual foreplay. In some tribal cultures, "the equivalent of 'my kiss' is 'my smell'."
Kissing can be an important expression of erotic love and emotion. In his book The Kiss and the History, Kristoffer Nyrop describes the kiss of love as "the joyous message of the longing of love, the love of eternal youth, the hot wish of the burning desire, born on the lover's lips, and" ascending, "as which Charles Fuster says, 'to the blue skies of the green plain,' like tender tender gentlemen, Nyrop added that the love kiss, "rich promise, bestows the heady feeling of happiness, courage, and youth without bounds, and because it surpasses all other worldly pleasures in majesty. "He also compares it to achievements in life:" So even the highest artwork, however, the highest reputation, is nothing compared to the passionate kisses of a beloved lady. "
The power of a kiss is not minimized when he writes that "we all crave kisses and we all look for them, it's idle to fight against this passion.No one can avoid the omnipotence of a kiss..." Kissing, he implies, can lead someone to maturity: "Through a kiss that knowledge of life and happiness comes to us first, Runeberg says that angels rejoice over the first kiss exchanged by lovers," and can make people feel young: "It brings life with it, it even conferes the gift of youth. "The importance of lover kisses can also be significant, he notes:" In the case of lovers, kissing is everything, that's the reason why a man is risking everything for a kiss, "and" men desperately need it as their greatest gift. "
As a result, kissing as an expression of love is contained in many literature, old and new. Nyrop gives a real example in the classic love story of Daphnis and Chloe. As a gift "Chloe has given a kiss to Daphnis - the kiss of an innocent young girl, but it has her electric shock effect":
Gods, what do I feel. His lips are softer than a rose leaf, his mouth is sweet as honey, and his kiss makes me sicker than a bee sting. I kiss my children often, I kiss my lambs often, but I never knew him like this. My pulse was pounding, my heart pounding, as if I was going to suffocate, but, anyway, I wanted to have another kiss. Strange, unpredictable pain! Is Chloe, I wonder, drunk some toxic drafts before she kissed me? How could he not have died himself?
A romantic kiss "needs more than just closeness," says Cane. It also requires "some degree of intimacy or privacy,... that's why you'll see a lover step into the side of a busy road or sidewalk." Psychologist Wilhelm Reich "denounces society" for not giving young lovers enough privacy and making it difficult to be alone. However, Cane describes how many lovers have achieved romantic privacy despite being in the public sphere, because they "lock their minds together" and thus create an invisible "psychological sense of" sense. He added, "In this way they can kiss in public even in crowded plazas and keep them romantic." Nevertheless, when Cane asks people to describe the most romantic places they have ever kissed, "their answers almost always refer to the isolation at the end of the earth... they mention an apple orchard, a beach, stars, or in a pool in a remote area... "
Kiss as a ritual
Throughout history, kisses have become ritual, formal, symbolic or social movements that show devotion, respect or greeting. It appears as a ritual or symbol of religious devotion. For example, in the case of kissing the temple floor, or religious book or icon. In addition to devotion, kisses also show subordination or, at present, respect.
In modern times, practice continues, as in the case of a bride kissing at the end of a wedding ceremony or a national leader kissing each other in speech, and in many other situations.
Religion
Kisses in the context of religion are common. In the early period of Christianity or Islamic kissing became a ritual movement, and still be treated as such in certain customs, such as "kissing... relics, or bishop rings." In Judaism, kisses of prayer books such as the Torah, along with prayer kiss scarves, are also common. Crawley notes that it is "very important of the elements of compassion in religion" to give a very important part to the kiss as part of its ritual. In the early Church the baptized person was kissed by the celebrant after the ceremony, and its use was even extended in honor of the saints and religious heroes, with Crawley adding, "So Joseph kissed Jacob, and his disciples kissed Paul. fathers, and habits are preserved in our civilization ", like a farewell kiss to a deceased family, although some sects forbid it today.
A peculiar element in the Christian liturgy is recorded by Justin in the 2nd century, now referred to as "the kiss of peace," and once part of the ritual in the primitive Mass. Conybeare has declared that this act comes from an ancient Hebrew synagogue. , and Philo, an ancient Jewish philosopher called it a "harmony kiss," in which, as Crawley explains, "the Word of God brings together unfriendly things in harmony and love kisses." Saint Cyril also wrote, "This kiss is a sign that our souls are united, and we throw away all the memories of the wounds."
Peaceful kiss
Nyrop notes that the kiss of peace is used as an expression of deep spiritual devotion in the early Christian Church. Christ said, for example, "Peace to you, my peace I give to you," and members of the Church of Christ salute each other with a kiss. St. Paul repeatedly talked about "holy kiss," and, in his Letter to the Romans, wrote: "Respect each other with a holy kiss" and the First Letter to Thessalonica (1 Thessalonians 5:26), he said: " all siblings with holy kisses. "
A peaceful kiss is also used in secular celebrations. During the Middle Ages, for example, Nyrop pointed out that it is customary to "seal reconciliation and enforce the enemy with a kiss." Even knights give each other a kiss of peace before proceeding to battle, and forgive each other all real or imagined mistakes. Sacred kisses are also found in Church rituals at certain moments, such as baptism, marriage, confession, ordination or anointing. However, towards the end of the Middle Ages, the kisses of peace disappeared as an official sign of reconciliation.
Kiss respect
Kiss respect is an ancient origin, notes Nyrop. He writes that "from the most remote time we find it applied to all that is sacred, noble, and worshiped - to the gods, their statues, temples, and altars, as well as kings and emperors; soil, and the sun and moon are greeted with a kiss. "
He noted several examples, such as "when the prophet Hosea deplored the idolatry of the children of Israel, he said that they made a picture of a calf calf and kissed them." In classical times a similar honor is often paid to the gods, and people are known to kiss their hands, knees, feet, and mouths, from their idols. Cicero wrote that the lips and beard of the famous Hercules statue in Agrigentum had been faded by the kisses of the worshipers.
People kiss the cross with the image of Jesus, and the kiss of the cross is always considered a sacred act. In many countries it is necessary, to take an oath, as the supreme statement that the witness will speak the truth. Nyrop notes that "as the last act of charity, the image of the Redeemer is handed over to the dying or dead-condemned to kiss." Kissing the cross brings blessings and bliss; people kissed Mary's image and pictures and statues of saints - not just their pictures, "but even their relics were kissed," Nyrop said. "They make the soul and body intact." There are many legends of sick people who regain their health by kissing relics, he points out.
The kiss of honor also represents a sign of loyalty, humility, and respect. Its use in ancient times was widespread, and Nyrop gave the example: "people flopped to the ground before their rulers, kissed their footprints, literally 'licked dust,' as termed." "Almost everywhere, where an inferior meets a boss, we observe a kiss of respect, Roman slaves kissing their master's hands, their students and their soldiers from their respective teachers and captains." People also kissed the earth to rejoice back to their homeland after a long absence, as when Agamemnon returned from the Trojan War.
Friendship kiss
This kiss is also commonly used in American and European culture as a farewell between friends or acquaintances. The friendly kiss up to now usually only happens among women, but today it is also common between men and women, especially if there is a big difference in age. According to Nyrop, until the 20th century, "rarely or never occurs between men, with the exception, however, of the royal figure," although he noted that in ancient times "friendly kisses are very common between us and humans." men as well as between people of the opposite sex. "In a guild, for example, it is common for members to greet each other" with a warm handshake and a dazzling kiss, "and, at the end of the meal, people thanked and kissed both the host and the host.
Cultural significance
About ten percent of the world does not smell for various reasons, including that they feel dirty or for superstitious reasons. For example, in some parts of Sudan it is believed that the mouth is the gateway to the soul, so they do not want to invite their death or their souls to be taken. Professor of psychology Elaine Hatfield noted that "the kiss is far from universal and is even considered inappropriate by many societies." Although kissing is widespread, in some parts of the world it is still taboo to be publicly kissed and often banned in movies or in other media.
South Asia
On-screen lip-kissing was not an ordinary occurrence in Bollywood until the 1990s, although it has been present since the inception of Bollywood. This may appear contradictory because the kissing culture is believed to originate and spread from India.
West Asia
There is also a taboo about who can be kissed in some Muslim-majority societies governed by religious law. In Iran, a man who kisses or touches a woman who is not his wife or relative can be punished.
East Asia
Donald Richie commented that in Japan, as in China, although kissing takes place in erotic situations, in public "the kiss is invisible", and "touching the lips is never a culturally coded act that has existed for so long in Europe and America. " The early Edison film, The Widow Jones, May Irwin-John Rice Kiss (1896), created a sensation when shown in Tokyo, and people crowded to see its enormity. Likewise, the Rodin The Kiss statue was not shown in Japan until after the Pacific War. Also, in the 1900s, the Manchus along the Amur River regarded public kisses in disgust. In a similar situation in Chinese tradition, when Chinese people see Western women kissing in public, they think she is a prostitute.
Contemporary practice
In modern Western culture, kissing on the lips is usually an expression of affection or warm greeting. When the lips are pressed together for a long time, usually accompanied by a hug, it is an expression of romantic and sexual desire. The practice of kissing with your mouth open, letting others suck their lips or move their tongues into their mouths, called French kissing. "Making love" is often the teenager's first experience of sexuality and their game involving kisses, like Spin the Bottle, facilitates the experience. People may kiss the children on the forehead to comfort them or cheeks or lips to show affection.
In modern Eastern cultures, etiquette varies depending on the region. In West Asia, kissing on the lips between men and women is a common form of greeting. In South and East Asia, it may often be a speech between women, however, between men, it is unusual. Kissing a baby on the cheek is a common form of affection. Most kisses between men and women are on the cheeks and not on the lips unless they are romantically involved. And the sexual forms of kisses among lovers include the whole range of global practice.
Kissing in the movie
The first romantic kiss on display was in a silent American movie in 1896, beginning with The Kiss Movie. The kiss lasted 30 seconds and caused many people to rail against decadence in a new medium of silent film. Writer Louis Black writes that "it is the United States that carries the kiss of the Dark Ages." However, it was met with strong resistance by public defenders of morality, especially in New York. A critic states that "it's really disgusting, that kind of thing demands police interference."
Young movie lovers begin to imitate romantic stars on screen, such as Ronald Colman and Rudolph Valentino, the latter known for ending passionate scenes with kisses. Valentino also begins his romantic scene with the woman by kissing his hand, traveling to his arm, and then kissing him on the back of his neck. Female actresses often turn into stars based on their passionate screen depictions. Actresses such as Nazimova, Pola Negri, Vilma BÃÆ'¡nky and Greta Garbo, became idol screens as a result.
Eventually the film industry was forced by law to follow the orders of the Production Code established in 1934, overseen by Will Hays and supported by the church. According to the new code, "exaggerated and lusty kisses, arousal hugs, suggestive postures and gestures are not shown." As a result, the kiss scene becomes short, with the scene cut off, leaving the audience's imagination to take over. Under that code, the kissing actors should keep their feet on the ground and should stand or sit.
The heyday of romantic kisses on the screen occurred early in the sound era, during the Golden Age of Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s. Body language began to be used to complement the romantic scene, especially with the eyes, the talent added to the fame of Greta Garbo. Author Lana Citron writes that "men are considered to be kissers and recipients, and if the roles are reversed, women are considered vampires..." According to Citron, Mae West and Anna May Wong are the only Hollywood actresses who have never been kissed on screen. Among the films that are considered to have the most romantic kiss are Going with the Wind , From Here to Immortality , Casablanca , and To Have and Not yet .
Sociologist Eva Illouz notes that a survey conducted in 1935 showed that "love is the most important theme represented in film." Similar surveys during the 1930s found that 95% of films have romance as one of their storylines, so-called movie critics "a romantic formula. "
In early Japanese films, kisses and sexual expression are still controversial. In 1931, a director slipped the kiss scene through the censorship (which was a friend), but when the movie opened in Tokyo's downtown theater, the screening was stopped and the movie was confiscated. During the American Occupation in Japan, in 1946, an American censor needed a film to include a kiss scene. A scholar said that censorship suggests "we believe that even Japanese do something like kissing when they love each other Why did not you put it in your movie?" Americans encourage such scenes to force the Japanese to disclose public acts, feelings that are considered highly personal. Since Pearl Harbor, Americans feel that Japan is "secretly", claiming that "if the Japanese kiss personally, they should do it in public as well."
Non-sexual kiss
In some Western cultures, it is considered a good fortune to kiss someone on Christmas or New Year's Eve, especially under a sprig of mistletoe. Newlyweds usually kiss at the end of the wedding ceremony.
Female friends and close relationships and acquaintances usually offer a reciprocal kiss on the cheek as a speech or farewell. Where cheek kisses are used, in some countries a kiss is a habit, while in another kiss on each cheek is the norm, or even three or four kisses on the cheeks alternately. In the United States, air kisses are becoming more common. This involves a kiss in the air near the cheek, with the cheek touching or not. After the first date, it is common for couples to give each other a quick kiss on the cheek (or lips where it is the norm) when parting, to show that a good time has been possessed and is likely to show interest in other meetings..
A symbolic kiss often occurs in Western culture. Kisses can be "blown" to the other by kissing the fingertips and then blowing the fingertips, pointing them toward the receiver. It is used to convey compassion, usually when parted or when the couple is physically distant but can see each other. A blowing kiss is also used when someone wants to convey affection to many people or spectators. The term flying kiss is used in India to describe a blown kiss. In a written correspondence the kiss has been represented by the letter "X" at least since 1763. A stage kiss or screen can be performed by actually kissing, or falsified by using the thumb as a barrier to the lips and spinning so that the audience can not to fully see his acting.
Some literature shows that a significant percentage of humans do not kiss. It has been claimed that in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Polynesia and possibly in some native American cultures, kisses are relatively unimportant until European colonization. But historically, kissing culture is thought to have started and spread from the East, especially India.
With Andaman, kissing is only used as a sign of affection for children and has no sexual tone.
In kisses traditional Islamic culture is not allowed between unmarried men and women or closely related to blood or marriage. Kiss on the cheek is a very common form of greeting among members of the same sex in most Islamic countries, such as the pattern of southern Europe.
Legality of public kiss
In 2007, two people were fined and jailed for a month after kissing and hugging in public in Dubai. In 2008, the Media Development Authority in Singapore fined the StarHub cable company after broadcasting an ad showing two women kissing.
In India, the appearance of public affection is a crime under Section 294 of the Indian Criminal Code, 1860 with imprisonment up to three months, or a fine, or both. This law is used by police and lower courts to harass and prosecute couples who engage in intimate acts, such as kissing in public. However, in a number of important cases, the higher court rejected the claim that public kissing is obscene.
In religion
Kissing is a habit during the biblical period mentioned in Genesis 27:26, when Isaac kissed his son, Jacob. Kisses are used in many other contexts in the Bible: honor kisses, in Esther 5: 2; conquest, in 1 Samuel 10: 1; reconciliation, in 2 Samuel 14:33; from the newsletter, in Ruth 1:14; consent, in Psalms 2:12; humble gratitude, in Luke 7:38; welcome, in Exodus 18: 7; love and joy, in Genesis 20:11. There is also a spiritual kiss, as in Canticles 1: 2; sensual kiss, as in Proverbs 7:13; and a hypocritical kiss, as in 2 Samuel 15: 5. It is customary to kiss the mouth in biblical times, as well as beards, which are still practiced in Arab culture. Kissing the hand is not biblical, according to Tabor. The kiss of peace is an apostolic custom, and continues to be one of the rites in the service of the Roman Catholic Eucharist.
In the Roman Catholic Mass, the bishop or priest commemorates and kisses the altar, worshiping, upon arriving at the altar during the entrance procession before Mass and after leaving the resting place at the close of Mass; if a deacon helps, he bows low before the altar but does not kiss it.
Among the primitive cultures it is common to throw kisses into the sun and to the moon, as well as images of the gods. Kissing the hand was first heard among the Persians. According to Tabor, a kiss of respect - a character not shown in the Bible - may be on the forehead, and expressive of high respect.
- In Ancient Rome and some modern Pagan beliefs, worshipers, when passing statues or images of gods or goddesses, would kiss their hands and waved them toward the gods (adoration).
- The sacred kiss or kisses of peace is a traditional part of most Christian liturgies, though often replaced by current hugs or handshakes in Western culture.
- In the Gospels of Matthew and Mark (Luke and John omitting this) Judas betrayed Jesus with a kiss: an example of a kiss tainted with betrayal. This is the basis of the term "Judas kiss".
- Catholics will kiss the rosary beads as part of the prayer, or kiss their hands after making the sign of the cross. It is also common to kiss the wound on the cross, or another image of the Passion of Christ.
- Pope John Paul II will kiss the ground upon arrival in the new country.
- Visitors to the Pope have traditionally kissed his feet.
- Catholics usually kiss the cardinal's ring or bishop.
- Catholics traditionally kiss the hands of a priest.
- Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Christians often kiss icons around the church when they enter; they will also smell the cross and/or the priest's hand in certain other customs in the Church, such as confession or receiving blessings.
- Hindus sometimes kiss the floor of a temple.
- Local knowledge in Ireland shows that kissing Blarney Stone will bring gift chat .
- The Jews will kiss the Western wall of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, and other religious articles during the Torah-like prayer, usually by touching their hands, Tallis, or Siddur (prayer) into the Torah and then kissing him. Jewish law prohibits kissing members of the opposite sex, except for certain couples and close relatives. See Negiah.
- Muslims may smell Black Stone during Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). Many Muslims also kissed the Shrines of Ahlulbayt and Sufis.
Biology and evolution
In the animal's natural world there are many analogies to kissing, Crawley says, such as "bird bills, dove cataglottism and some insect antennal game." Even among higher animals such as dogs, cats and bears, similar behavior is noted.
Anthropologists have not reached the conclusion whether a kiss is learned or a behavior of instinct. It may be related to behavioral treatments also seen among other animals, or arise as a result of mothers making disciples of food for their children. Non-human primates also exhibit kissing behavior. Dogs, cats, birds and other animals exhibit licking, nuzzling, and grooming behavior among themselves, as well as against humans or other species. This is sometimes interpreted by observers as a kind of kiss.
Kissing in humans is postulated to evolve from the direct regurgitation of mouth-to-mouth food (kiss-fed) from parent to offspring or male to female (dating eat) and has been observed in many mammals. The similarity in the method between kiss-eating and deep human kisses (eg French kisses) is quite pronounced; in the former, the tongue is used to push food from the mother's mouth to the child with the child receiving the food and the mother's tongue in the sucking motion, and the last one being the same but forgiving the food being practiced. In fact, through observations in various species and cultures, it is certain that kissing and premastication actions are likely to evolve from similar eating-based eating behaviors.
Physiology
Kissing is a complex behavior that requires significant muscle coordination involving a total of 34 facial muscles and 112 postural muscles. The most important muscle involved is the orbicularis muscle oris, used to pursed lips and informally known as muscle kiss. In the case of French kisses, the tongue is also an important component. Lips have many nerve endings that make them sensitive to touch and bite.
Health benefits
Compassion in general has the effect of reducing stress. Kissing has been particularly studied in controlled experiments and found that increasing the frequency of kisses in marriage and cohesive relationships results in perceived stress reduction, increased relationship satisfaction, and decreased cholesterol levels.
Transmission of disease
Kissing on the lips can cause transmission of several diseases, including infectious mononucleosis (known as "kissing disease") and herpes simplex when infectious virus is present in the saliva. Research shows that HIV contraction through kiss is highly unlikely, although there are documented cases in 1997 of HIV infection by kissing. Both infected women and men suffer from gum disease, so the transmission occurs through male blood, not through saliva.
See also
References
Further reading
Kirshenbaum, Sheril (2011). The Science of Kissing: What Our Lips Say Us . Grand Central Publishing. ISBN: 978-0-446-55990-4.
External links
- Ã, "Kiss". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 15 (issue 11). 1911.
- Media related to Kisses on Wikimedia Commons
- Kissing in Strange Place - slideshow by Life magazine
- Put your sweet lips... (History of the kiss), Keith Thomas, The Times , June 11, 2005
- Kiss of Life, Joshua Foer, The New York Times , February 14, 2006
- Why do humans kiss each other when most animals do not ?, Melissa Hogenboom, BBC Earth, July 2015
- How Kiss Works, History and Kiss Anatomy, Tracy V. Wilson, HowStuffWorks
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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