Hell , in many religious traditions and folklore, is the place or condition of torture and punishment in the afterlife. Religions with linear divine histories often describe hell as a perpetual goal while religions with cyclic history often portray hell as the intermediate period between incarnations. Usually these traditions place hell in other dimensions or under the surface of the earth and often enter the entrance to hell from the land of the living. Other destinations include Heaven, Purgatory, Paradise, and Limbo.
Another tradition, which does not regard the afterlife as a place of punishment or reward, only describes Hell as the abode of the dead, the grave, the neutral place that lies beneath the surface of the Earth (for example, see Sheol and Hades).
Video Hell
Etymology
The modern English word hell comes from the Old English hel , helle (first proved about 725 AD to refer to the dead world of the dead) reaching the period pagan Anglo-Saxon, and finally from Proto-Germanic * halja , which means "someone who covers or hides something". This Germanic word also gives rise to similar forms in other Germanic languages, such as Old Frisian helle , hille , Old Saxon hellia , Middle Holland > helle (Old Dutch heli ), Old High German helle (Danish Modern, HÃÆ'¶lle ), Denmark, Norway and Sweden helmete
Some people theorize that the English word hell is from Old Norse hel . However, this is highly unlikely because hel appeared in Old English before the Viking invasion. Furthermore, the word has the same language in all other Germanic languages ​​and has a Proto-Germanic origin. Among other sources, Poetic Edda , compiled from traditional sources earlier in the 13th century, and Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, provides information about the beliefs of the Norse pagans, including a man named Hel, who is described as ruler over an underground location of the same name.
Maps Hell
Religion, mythology, and folklore
Hell appears in some mythology and religion. It is usually inhabited by demons and the souls of the dead. A tale of recurrent hell in folklore in some cultures is the allegory of a long spoon. Hell is often depicted in art and literature, perhaps the most famous in Dante Divine Comedy .
Punishment
Punishment in Hell usually corresponds to a sin committed during life. Sometimes this distinction is specific, with the accursed souls suffering for every sin committed (see for example Plato's myth of Er or Dante's The Divine Comedy ), but sometimes they are common, damned sinful people who are degraded into one or more Hell chambers or to the level of suffering.
In many religious cultures, including Christianity and Islam, Hell is often portrayed as a fiery, painful, abusive suffering that causes the guilty. Despite this general description of Hell as a place of fire, some other traditions describe hell as cold. Buddhists - and especially Tibetan Buddhists - descriptions of Hell have the same amount of Hell of heat and cold. Among the Christian descriptions, Dante's
Polytheism
Ancient Mesopotamia
The life of the Sumerian people is a gloomy dark cave located deep underground, where the population is believed to continue the "bleak version of life on earth". This gloomy domain is known as Kur, and is believed to be governed by the goddess Ereshkigal. All souls go to the same hereafter, and the actions of a person during life have no effect on how that person will be treated in the world to come.
The souls in Kur are believed to eat nothing but dry dust and the deceased relatives will ritually pour the offerings into the graves of the dead through clay pipes, allowing the dead to drink. However, the burial evidence shows that some people believe that the goddess Inanna, Ereshkigal's sister, has the power to reward her followers with special favors in the afterlife. During the Third Dynasty of Ur, it is believed that the treatment of a person in the afterlife depends on how he is buried; people who have been given a luxurious burial will be treated well, but those who have been given a poor burial will get a bad fee.
The entrance to the Kur is believed to be in the Zagros mountains in the far east. It has seven gates, where one soul must pass. Dewa Neti is a gatekeeper. Ereshkigal sukkal , or messenger, is the god Namtar. Galla is a class of devils believed to be in the underworld; their main purpose seems to have dragged the unfortunate man back to Kur. They are often referenced in magical texts, and some texts describe them as seven in number. Some of the remaining poems depict galla dragging the god Dumuzid into the underworld. Then Mesopotamia knew the underworld under the name of the Eastern Semitic: Irkalla. During the Akkadian Age, Ereshkigal's role as ruler of the underworld was assigned to Nergal, the god of death. The Akkadians tried to harmonize this double world government by making Nergal Ereshkigal's husband.
Ancient Egyptian
With the advent of the Osiris cult during the Middle Kingdom, the "democratization of religion" offered to its followers the lowest prospects of everlasting life, with moral fitness being the dominant factor in determining one's suitability. At the moment of death one is faced with judgment by a court of divine forty-two judges. If they had lived a life consistent with the teachings of Goddess Maat, who represented true truth and life, the person was welcomed into the heavenly reed field. If proven guilty, the person is thrown to Ammit, "persecutor of the dead" and will be cursed to the lake of fire. The person taken by the perpetrator is the first subject to a terrifying punishment and then annihilated. This portrayal of punishment may have influenced the medieval perception of hell in hell through early Christian and Coptic texts. Purification for the righteous appears in the description of "Flame Island", in which man experiences victory over evil and rebirth. For the damned total destruction becomes a state of no waiting but no suggestion of eternal torture; weighing the hearts in Egyptian mythology can lead to destruction. The story of Khaemwese illustrates the torture of the rich, who did not do good deeds, when he died and compared them to the blessed state of the poor who had also died. Divine forgiveness of judgment always remains a major concern for the Ancient Egyptians.
The modern understanding of the Egyptian concept of hell depends on six ancient texts:
- The Book of Two Ways ( Rosetau's Book )
- Book of Amduat ( Hidden Space Book , The Book That Is In The Underworld )
- Gate Book
- The Book of the Dead ( Book Forward Today )
- The Book of Earth
- Underground Cave Book
Greek
In classical Greek mythology, under Heaven, Earth, and Pontus is Tartarus, or Tartaros (Greek ????????, a deep place). It is a deep, gloomy place, a hole or chasm used as a prison of torment and suffering within Hades (the whole underworld) with Tartarus being a component of hell. In Gorgias , Plato (c. 400 BC) writes that souls were judged after death and those who received punishment were sent to Tartarus. As a place of punishment, it can be considered hell. The classic Hades, on the other hand, are more similar to Old Testament Sheol.
Europe
The European Hell included Breton mythology "Anaon", Celtic mythology "Uffern", Slavic mythology "Peklo", Sami mythological hell and Finnish "tuonela" ("manala").
Asia
Asian Hell includes Bagobo "Gimokodan" and ancient Indian mythology "Kalichi" or "Naraka".
In the folklore among the Ainu people, hell is underground, and is described as an unattractive wet place reserved for sinners.
Also Diyu, Taoist Hell.
Africa
African Hell includes Haida mythology Hetgwauge and Swahili Hell mythology ( kuzimu ). Serer religion rejects the general idea of ​​heaven and hell. In Serer religion, acceptance by long-gone ancestors is as close as possible to any paradise that can be obtained. Rejection and becoming a wandering soul is a kind of hell for a passer-by. The soul of the dead must go to Jaaniw (the holy place of the soul). Only those who have lived their lives on earth according to the doctrine of Serer will be able to make this necessary journey and thus be accepted by the ancestors. Those who can not make the journey become lost and wandering souls, but they do not burn in "hellfire".
Native Americans
Hell in America includes the Aztec religion, Mictlan, Inuit religion, and Yanomami religion Shobari Waka. In the Maya religion, Xibalba (or Metnal ) is a dangerous underworld from nine levels. The entrance and exit of it is said to be steep, thorny and very scary. The healing ritual will sing the healing prayer to expel the disease to Xibalba . Most Popul Vuh describe the adventures of Heroes of the Heroic Warrior in their cunning fight with evil superintendent Xibalba .
The Aztecs believe that dead people travel to Mictlan , a neutral place found deep in the north. There is also the legend of the white flower, which is always dark, and is home to the gods of death, especially Mictlantecutli and his wife Mictlantecihuatl, which literally means "ruler of Mictlan". The trip to the Mictlan takes four years, and the travelers have to overcome a difficult test, such as through the mountains where the mountains crash into each other, a field where the wind carries a meat-peeling knife, and a river of blood with a frightening jagar.
Abrahamic religions
Hell is seen by most Abrahamic traditions as a place or form of punishment.
Judaism
Early Judaism had no concept of Hell, though the concept of life after death was introduced during the Hellenistic period, apparently from the neighboring Hellenistic religion. It happens for example in the Book of Daniel. Daniel 12: 2 states, "And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth, shall awake, some to everlasting life, some to shame and everlasting contempt."
Judaism has no particular doctrine of the afterlife, but it has a mystical/Orthodox tradition to describe Gehinnom. Gehinnom is not a Hell, but it was originally a grave and later in a kind of Purgatory where one is judged by one's life, or rather, where one becomes fully conscious of his own shortcomings and his negative actions throughout his life. Kabbalah describes it as a "waiting room" (commonly translated as "entrance") for all souls (not just bad people). The majority of rabbinic thought states that people are not in Gehinnom forever; the longest one that could be there is said to be 12 months, but there are exceptions that are sometimes recorded. Some consider it a spiritual workshop in which the soul is purified for the eventual ascent to Olam Habah ( heb. ?????; lit. "The world to come", often seen as analogous to heaven). It is also mentioned in the Kabbalah, where the soul is described as broken, like a candle flame shining on another light: the part of the soul that rises to pure and the "unfinished" piece is reborn.
According to Jewish teachings, hell is not entirely physical; on the contrary, this can be compared to a very intense embarrassment. People are embarrassed by their misdeeds and this is the suffering that covers the bad deeds. When a person has deviated from the will of God, someone is said to be in Gehinnom. This is not meant to refer to some point in the future, but for now. The teshuva gate (back) is said to be always open, so one can adjust his will with God's will at all times. Being out of harmony with God's will is itself a punishment according to the Torah.
Many scholars of Jewish mysticism, especially the Kabbalah, mention the seven "compartments" or "dwellings" of hell, just as there are seven divisions of Heaven. This division has many different names, and the most frequently mentioned are as follows:
- Sheol (Hebrew: ??????? - "Underworld", "Hades"; "grave")
- Abaddon (Hebrew: ????????? - "calamity", "destruction")
- Be'er Shachat (Hebrew: ??????????, Be'er Shachath - "corruption hole")
- Tit ha-Yaven (Hebrew: ?????????? - "mud stuck")
- Sha'are Mavet (Hebrew: ????????????, Sha'arei Maveth - "death gate")
- Tzalmavet (Hebrew: ????????, Tsalmaveth - "shadow of death")
- Gehinnom (Hebrew: ?????????, Gehinnom - "Hinom Valley"; "Tartarus", "Purgatory")
In addition to the above, there are also additional terms often used to refer to Hell in general or to some areas in the underworld:
- Azazel (Hebrew: ????????, from ez ???: "goat" "go" - "goat goat", "scapegoat"; "removal of the whole", "curse")
- Dudael (Hebrew: ????????? - lit. "cauldron of God")
- Tehom (Hebrew: ?????? - "abyss"; "sea", "deep sea")
- Tzoah Rotachat (Hebrew: ?????? ????????, Tsoah Rothachath - "boiling dirt")
- Mashchit (Hebrew: ?????????, Mashchith - "ruin", "ruin")
- Dumah (Hebrew: ?????? - "silent")
- Neshiyyah (Hebrew: ????????? - "forgotten", "Limbo")
- Bor Shaon (Hebrew: ????????????? "Sound sound")
- Eretz Tachtit (Hebrew: ????? ??????????, Erets Tachtith - "lowest earth").
- Haguel (Ethiopic: ??? - "devastation", "lost", "waste")
- Ikisat (Ethiopic: ????? - "snake", "dragon"; "place of punishment in the future")
Tophet (Hebrew: ?????? or ??????, Topheth - "place of fire", "place of burning", "Place to spit ";" inferno ")
For more information, see Qliphoth.
Christianity
The Christian doctrine of hell comes from parts of the New Testament. The word hell does not appear in the Greek New Testament; not one of three words used: the Greek words Tartarus or Hades , or the Hebrew word Gehinnom .
In the Septuagint and the New Testament, the author uses the Greek term Hades to Hebrew Sheol, but often with the Jewish concept rather than the Greek concept in mind. In the Jewish concept of Sheol, as expressed in Ecclesiastes, Sheol or Hades is a place where there is no activity. However, since Augustine, Christians believe that the souls of the dead rested peacefully, in the case of Christians, or suffered, in the case of condemned men, after death until the resurrection.
While these three terms are translated in KJV as "hell" these three terms have three very different meanings.
- Hades has similarities to Old Testament terms, Sheol as "the place of the dead" or "grave". So, it is used in references to both the righteous and the wicked, as both end up there.
- Gehenna refers to the "Valley of Hinnom", which is a garbage dump outside of Jerusalem. It is a place where people burn their garbage and thus there is always a burning fire there. The bodies that are considered dead in sin without the hope of salvation (like those who commit suicide) are thrown there to be destroyed. Gehena is used in the New Testament as a metaphor for the last place of punishment for the wicked after the resurrection.
- TartarÃÆ'³? (the verb "throwing into Tartarus", used of the fall of the Titans in Illiad 14.296) occurs only once in the New Testament in II Peter 2: 4, where it is parallel to the use of the noun form in 1 Enoch as the place of angel detention that fell. It does not mention the human soul sent there in the afterlife.
The Roman Catholic Church defines Hell as "a definite state of self-isolation from communion with God and blessed." One finds himself in Hell as a result of dying in mortal sins without repentance and receiving the merciful love of God, being separated forever from him by his own free choice immediately after death. In the Roman Catholic Church, many other Christian churches, such as Baptists and Episcopalians, and some Greek Orthodox churches, Hell are taught as the final destiny of those who have not been found worthy after the general resurrection and final judgment, where they will be punished forever for sin and separated permanent from God. The nature of this judgment is inconsistent with many Protestant churches that teach salvation stemming from receiving Jesus Christ as their savior, while the Greek and Catholic Orthodox Church teaches that judgment depends on faith and deeds. However, many Liberal Christians throughout the Liberal Protestant and Anglican churches believe in universal reconciliation (see below) although it may be contrary to a more evangelical view in their denominations.
Some modern Christian theologians adhere to the doctrine of permanent immortality. Conditional permanence is the belief that the soul dies with the body and does not live until the resurrection. Like other Jewish writings from the Second Temple period, the New Testament text distinguishes two words, both translated "Hell" in the older English Bible: Hades , "graves", and Gehenna
Christian mortalism is a doctrine that all men and women, including Christians, must die, and not continue and are unconscious after death. Therefore, annihilationism includes the doctrine that "bad guys" are also destroyed rather than tortured forever in traditional "hell" or oceans of fire. Mortalism and Christian anihilism are directly related to the doctrine of permanent immortality, the idea that the human soul is not eternal unless it is given eternal life at the second coming of Christ and the resurrection of the dead.
Bible scholars who see this problem through the Hebrew text have rejected the teaching of innate immortality. The rejection of the immortality of the soul, and the advocacy of Christian mortalism, is the hallmark of Protestantism since the early days of the Reformation with Martin Luther himself rejecting the traditional notion, although his views did not lead to orthodox Lutheranism. One of the most famous English opponents of the immortality of the soul is Thomas Hobbes who describes the idea as "contagion" of Greek in Christian doctrine. The modern supporters of conditional immortality include some in the Anglican church like N.T. Wright and as a Seventh-day Adventist denomination, Bible Students, Jehovah's Witnesses, Christadelphians, Living Church of God, International Church of God, and several other Protestant Christians, and recent Roman Catholic teachings. It is not the Roman Catholic dogma that anyone is in hell. Also, the 1993 Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) seems to allow space for new understanding. In 1033 it states: 'The state of the definitive self-exclusion of fellowship with God and blessed is called "hell"'. Then in 1035 the use of quotation marks may imply the metaphorical nature of the description, and the words that follow are certainly open to interpretation: "... they suffer the punishment of hell," eternal fire. "The ultimate punishment of hell is the eternal separation of God" (CCC 1035).
Other denominations
The official belief of the Seventh-day Adventist Church supports annihilationism. They rejected the purgatory of the Catholics and taught that the dead lay in the grave until they were raised for the final judgment, both the righteous and the wicked awaiting the resurrection at the Second Coming. Seventh-day Adventists believe that death is a state of unconscious sleep until awakening. They base this belief on biblical texts such as Ecclesiastes 9: 5 which says "the dead know nothing", and 1 Thessalonians 4: 13-18 which contains a description of the dead raised from the grave at the second coming. These verses, it is said, show that death is only a period or a form of sleep.
Adventists teach that the resurrection of the righteous will occur at the second coming of Jesus, while the resurrection of the wicked will occur after the millennium of Revelation 20. They reject the traditional doctrine of hell as a state of eternal conscious abuses, believing otherwise that the wicked will be destroyed permanently after the millennium.
Adventist view of death and hell reflects the underlying beliefs: (a) conditional conservation (or conditionalism), which is contrary to the immortality of the soul; and (b) holistic (or monistic) Christian anthropology or human nature, which is against the bipartite or tripartite views.
Jehovah's Witnesses argue that the soul ceases to exist when the person dies and hence the Hell (Sheol or Hades) is a state of no existence. In their theology, Gehenna is different from Sheol or Hades because there is no hope for the resurrection. Tartarus is considered a metaphorical state of fallen angels falling between the time of their moral downfall (Genesis chapter 6) to their post-millenial destruction along with Satan (Revelation 20).
Universalist Christians believe in universal reconciliation, the belief that all human souls (even demons and fallen angels) will eventually be reconciled to God and received in Heaven. This view is held by some Unitarian-Universalists.
According to Second Coming of Christian Advent of Emanuel Swedenborg, hell is there because the bad guys want it. They, not God, introduce evil to mankind.
Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teach that hell is a state between death and resurrection, where unrepentant spirits while on earth must suffer for their own sins (Doctrine and Covenants 19 : 15-17).
Islam
In Islam, jahannam (in Arabic: ????) (related to the Hebrew gehinnom ) is a place filled with blazing fire, various other torture for those who have been cursed in the hereafter. After Judgment Day, must be occupied by unbelievers of God, those who have violated their law, or reject His messenger. "Islamic enemies" were sent to Hell soon after their death.
Like Zoroastrian, Muslims believe that on Judgment Day, all souls will pass over the bridge over hell (Chinvat Bridge in Zorastrianism, As-Sir? T in Islam) which destined for hell will become too narrow and fall from their new dwelling. Hell resembles Christian versions of Hell because it is under the sky and full of fire, but this is primarily a place of punishment, created by God, and not a demon region to fight against the sky above.
The holy book of Islam, the Qur'an, gives many literal descriptions of the condemned in the burning hell, comparing them to heaven like heaven ( jannah ) enjoyed by pious believers. The suffering in Hell is physical and spiritual, and varies according to the condemned sins. In the Qur'an, God firmly declares that the majority of mankind and Jin will be cursed eternally in the fiery Jahannam.
Heaven and Hell are each divided into seven different levels, with occupants assigned to each depending on their actions - good or bad - during their lifetime. The gates of Hell are guarded by Maalik, who is the leader of the angels assigned as the guardians of hell, also known as Zabaaniyah . While hell is usually described as hot, there is one hole ( Zamhareer ) characterized in Islamic tradition as an unbearable cold, with snowstorms, ice, and snow.
Polytheism is a very sad sin because entering Paradise is forbidden for a polytheist because his place is Hell; and the lowest hell hole ( Hawiyah ), intended for hypocrites who profess to believe in God and their messengers but in their hearts do not. Not all Muslims and scholars agree whether hell is an eternal goal or whether some or all of the condemned will ultimately be forgiven and allowed into heaven.
BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ' Faith
In the BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ' Faith, conventional descriptions of Hell and Heaven are considered as symbolic representations of spiritual conditions. The writings of Bahá¡'A illustrate the closeness to God to be heaven, and conversely, the remoteness of God as hell.
Eastern Religion
Buddhism
In "Devaduta Sutta", 130th discourse of Majjhima Nikaya, Buddha taught about hell in clear detail. Buddhism teaches that there are five (sometimes six) natural rebirths, which can then be subdivided into degrees of suffering or pleasure. Of these realms, the realm of hell, or Naraka , is the lowest realm of rebirth. From the realm of hell, the worst is Av? Ci or "endless suffering". The disciple of the Buddha, Devadatta, who tried to kill the Buddha on three occasions, and created a schism in the monastic order, is said to have been reborn in the Avici Hell.
However, like all natural rebirths, rebirth in the realm of Hell is not permanent, although suffering can last for thousands of years before being born again. In the Lotus Sutra, the Buddha teaches that ultimately even Devadatta will become Pratyekabuddha himself, emphasizing the temporary nature of the Hell realm. Thus, Buddhism teaches to flee from the relentless migration of rebirth (both positive and negative) through the attainment of Nirvana.
Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha, according to Ksitigarbha Sutra, makes a great oath as a young girl not to attain Nirvana until all beings are liberated from the Hell Realms or another unkind rebirth. In popular literature, Ksitigarbha travels to Hell realm to teach and free sentient beings from their suffering.
Hinduism
The early Vedic religion had no concept of hell. ? g-veda mentions three realms, bh? r (earth), svar (sky) and bhuvas or antarik? a (middle area, ie air or atmosphere). In the later Hindu literature, especially the books of law and the Puranas, more of the mentioned realms, including nature similar to Hell, called naraka (in Devan? Gar?: ???). Yama as the first man born (along with his twin brother, Yam?), Based on his priorities, becomes the male ruler and judge over their departure. Initially he lived in Heaven, but then, especially medieval, tradition mentions his palace in naraka.
In the law books (sm? Tis and dharma-s? Tras, like Manu-Ti? Ti), naraka is the place of punishment for sin. This is a lower spiritual plane (called naraka-loka ) where the spirit is judged and some karma affects the next life. In Mahabharata there is a mention of the Pandavas and the Korawa both going to Heaven. At first Yudhisthir went to heaven where he saw Duryodhana enjoying heaven; Indra tells him that Duryodhana is in heaven when he performs the duties of Kshatriya. Then he showed Yudhisthir's hell where his brothers looked. Later it is known that this is a test for Yudhisthir and that his brothers and the Kauravas are all in heaven and living happily in the abode of the divine god. Hell is also described in various Puranas and other scriptures. The Garuda Purana gives a detailed description of Hell and its features; it lists the number of penalties for most crimes, such as modern criminal law.
It is believed that those who commit sins go to Hell and must be punished according to the sins they commit. God of Yamar? Ja, who is also the god of death, leads Hell. The detailed account of all the sins committed by an individual is kept by Chitragupta, who is the record keeper in Yama court. Chitragupta recites the sins committed and Yama orders the appropriate punishment to be given to the individual. These penalties include dipping boiling oil, burning fire, torturing using various weapons, etc. In various hells. Individuals who complete their quota of punishment are reborn according to their karmic balance. All created beings are not perfect and thus have at least one sin into their records; but if a person in general leads a godly life, one rises to svarga, a temporal pleasures similar to paradise, after a brief period of redemption in Hell and before the next reincarnation, in accordance with the law of karma.
According to the iron world Brahma Kumaris (kalyug, stage of the world cycle) is considered hell.
Jainism
In Jain cosmology, Naraka (translated as Hell) is the name given to the world of a suffering existence. However, Naraka is different from the hell of the Abrahamic religions as the soul is not sent to Naraka as a result of divine judgment and punishment. In addition, the length of stay in Naraka is not lasting, although it is usually very long and measurable in billions of years. The soul is born into Naraka as a direct result of previous karma (action of body, speech and mind), and is there for a limited period until its karma has achieved maximum results. After his karma is exhausted, he may be reborn in one of the higher worlds as a result of his previously immature karma.
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Hell Beings are the kind of souls that are in these hells. They were born in hell with a sudden manifestation. The creatures of hell have a body vaikriya (protean body that can change itself and take various forms). They have a fixed life span (ranging from ten thousand to billions of years) in each hell where they live. According to Jain's scripture, Tattvarthasutra, here are the causes of birth in hell:
- Kills or causes pain with a strong desire.
- Excessive attachment to worldly matters and pleasures by continuing to commit cruel and cruel acts.
- A life of gratitude and uncontrollability.
Sikhism
In Sikh thought, Hell and Heaven is not a place to live in the afterlife, they are part of the spiritual topography of man and there is no other way around. They refer to the good and evil stages of life each and can be lived now and here during our existence in the world. For example, Arjan's Teacher explains that people who are entangled in emotional ties and doubts live in hell on Earth, that their life is hell.
Taoism
Ancient Taoism has no concept of hell, because morality is seen as a man-made distinction and there is no concept of an immaterial soul. In his native country of China, where Taoism adopts the teachings of other religions, popular beliefs underpin the Taoist hell with many gods and spirits that punish sin in dire ways.
Chinese people's faith
Diyu is the domain of the dead in Chinese mythology. This is very loosely based on the concept of Naraka Buddha combined with traditional Chinese afterlife beliefs and various popular expansions and re-interpretations of these two traditions. Ruled by Yanluo Wang, the King of Hell, Diyu is an underground-level maze and space where souls are taken to atone for their worldly sins.
Combining ideas from Taoism and Buddhism as well as traditional Chinese folk religion, Diyu is a kind of purgatory that serves not only to punish but also to renew spirits ready for the next incarnation. There are many gods associated with the place, whose names and purposes are the subject of much conflicting information.
The exact number of levels in the Chinese Hell - and their associated gods - differs according to Buddhist or Taoist perceptions. Some talk about three to four 'Courts', others as many as ten. Ten judges are also known as the 10 Kings of Yama. Each Court discusses different aspects of redemption. For example, murder is punished in one Court, adultery in another court. According to some Chinese legends, there are eighteen levels in Hell. Punishment also varies according to belief, but most legends speak of a very imaginative space in which the wrongdoers are sawed in two, beheaded, thrown into a manure pit or forced to climb a tree decorated with a sharp knife.
However, most legends agree that once the soul (usually referred to as the 'ghost') has redeemed their deeds and repented, he was given a Drink Cloaking by Meng Po and sent back into the world to be born again, perhaps as an animal or a poor or sick person, for further punishment.
Other traditions
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism has historically suggested some possible fate for the bad guys, including destruction, purification in the molten metal, and eternal punishment, all of which have stood in the writings of Zoroaster. Zoroaster's eschatology includes the belief that wicked souls will remain in hell until, after the arrival of three saves at a thousand-year interval, Ahura Mazda reconciles the world, destroys evil and raises the tormented souls to achieve perfection.
The holy Gathas mention the "House of Lies" to them "which is evil territory, evil deeds, bad words, evil Self, and evil thoughts, Liars." However, the most famous Zoroastrian text to describe hell in detail is the Book of Arda Viraf. It describes the specific penalty for certain sins - for example, trampled by livestock as a punishment for neglecting the need for working animals. Other descriptions can be found in Holy Scriptures (Hadhokht Nask), Religious Considerations (Dadestan-i Denig) and Spirit of Wisdom Spiritual (Mainyo-I-Khard) .
Wicca
In Wicca, there is no such thing as hell because most Wiccan do not believe in the concept of punishment or reward. Although Wiccan views differ among different denominations, Wiccan tends to prefer to see the God of the Horn and the Goddess as a gentle god.
In popular culture
In his book Divine Commedia , defined in 1300), Dante Alighieri uses the concept of taking Virgil as his guide through Inferno (and later, in both the Canticle, up the mountain Purgatorio). Virgil himself was not condemned in Hell in Dante's poetry, but rather as an idolater, confined to Limbo just on the edge of Hell. Geography of Hell is very detailed in this work, with nine concentric circles leading deeper into Earth and deeper into the punishments of Hell, until, in the center of the world, Dante finds Satan himself trapped in the frozen lake of Cocytus. A small tunnel crosses Satan and exits to the other side of the world, at the base of Purgatory Volcano.
John Milton's Paradise Lost (1667) opens with fallen angels, including their leader, Satan, awakened in Hell after being defeated in a war in heaven and the action returns there at some point throughout the poem. Milton describes Hell as the abode of demons, and the passive prison from which they plan their revenge to Heaven through the corruption of mankind. The 19th century French poet, Arthur Rimbaud, alludes to this concept also in the title and theme of one of his major works, A Season In Hell . Rimbaud's poem describes his own suffering in poetic form as well as other themes.
Many great epics of European literature include episodes that take place in Hell. In the Roman poem epic Virgil, The Aeneid, Aeneas descended to Dis (hell) to visit his father's spirit. The underworld is only vaguely described, with an unexplored path leading to the punishment of Tartarus, while another leads through Erebus and the Elysian Field.
The idea of ​​Hell has had an impact on writers such as Jean-Paul Sartre who wrote the 1944 drama No Exit about the idea that "Hell is someone else." Though not a religious man, Sartre was fascinated by his interpretation of a state of Hellish suffering. CS Lewis's
Piers Anthony in his series The Incarnation of Immortality illustrates the example of Heaven and Hell through Death, Fate, Underworld, Nature, War, Time, Good God, and Demons. Robert A. Heinlein offers a yin-yang version of Hell where there is still some goodness inside; most clearly in his book Works: A Comedy of Justice . Lois McMaster Bujold used his Father, Mother, Son, Daughter, and His five gods' Death in the Chalion Curse with the example of hell as a formless mess. Michael Moorcock is one of the many who offer Chaos-Evil- (Hell) and Uniformity-Both- (Heaven) as an equally unacceptable extreme to be held in balance; especially in the series Elric and Eternal Champion . Fredric Brown wrote a number of short stories of fantasy about Satan's activities in Hell. Cartoonist Jimmy Hatlo created a series of cartoons about life in Hell called The Hatlo Inferno , which runs from 1953 to 1958.
See also
- Call of fear
- Shit
- Divine Levy
- Terrible Hell
- The Hell Problem
- Well to Hell lies
References
Further reading
- Boston, Thomas. Hell . Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1-84685-748-5
- Bunyan, John. Some Sighs from Hell (Or The Groans of the Damned Soul) . Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1-84685-727-0
- Edwards, Jonathan. God's Justice in the Damn of Sinners . Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1-84685-672-3
- Gardiner, Eileen. Vision of Heaven and Hell before Dante. New York: Italica Press, 1989. ISBN: 0-934977-14-3
- Loftus, John W. (2008). "No!". Why I became an atheist . Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. p.Ã, 387. ISBNÃ, 978-1-59102-592-4.
- Metzger, Bruce M. (ed) (1993). Michael D. Coogan, ed. The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0-19-504645-5. CS1 maint: Additional text: author list (link)
External links
- Hell on In Our Time
- Hell's cultural history in The Fortnightly Review
- Atheist Foundation of Australia - 666 words about hell.
- The perspective of Jehovah's Witnesses
- Die, Yamaraja, and Yamadutas terminal jitters
- the example of Hells Buddhist
- Swedenborg, E. Heaven and Wonders and Hell. From Things Heard and Seen (Swedenborg Foundation, 1946)
- Hell Map on "Hell and Heaven" subject, Persuasive Cartography, PJ Mode Collection, Cornell University Library
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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