Europe is traditionally defined as one of the seven continents. Physiographically, it is a northwestern peninsula of a larger land known as Eurasia (or larger Afro-Eurasia); Asia occupies the eastern part of this continuous land and all share a common continental shelf. The eastern border of Europe is depicted by the Ural Mountains in Russia. The southeastern border with Asia is not universally defined, but modern definitions are generally the Urals or, more rarely, the Emba River. The border continues into the Caspian Sea, the top of the Caucasus Mountains (or, more rarely, the Kura river in the Caucasus), and continues into the Black Sea. Bosporus, Sea of ​​Marmara, and Dardanelles close the Asian border. The Mediterranean Sea in the south separates Europe from Africa. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean. Iceland, though on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and closer to Greenland (North America) than the European mainland, is generally included in Europe for cultural reasons and therefore more than twice as close to mainland Europe than to mainland North America. There is an ongoing debate over where the geographical center of Europe falls.
Video Geography of Europe
Overview
Some geographical texts refer to the Eurasian continent given that Europe is not surrounded by the sea and the southeastern border has always been established for centuries.
In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas and nearby islands. The two largest peninsula are the mainland Europe and Scandinavia in the north, divided by each other by the Baltic Sea. Three small peninsula - Iberia, Italy, and the Balkans - emerged from the southern border of the mainland. The Balkan Peninsula is separated from Asia by the Black Sea and Aegean Sea. Italy is separated from the Balkans by the Adriatic Sea, and from Iberia in the Mediterranean Sea, which also separates Europe from Africa. To the east, the mainland of Europe extends like a mouthpiece, until the border with Asia is reached in the Ural Mountains and the Ural River, Caspian Sea and Caucasus Mountains.
Land acquisition in Europe shows considerable variation in a relatively small area. The southern region is mountainous, while moving northward, the plains descend from the Alps, the Pyrenees, and the high Carpathia, through the hilly plateau, into the vast plains to the north, which extend to the east. Highland arcs also exist along the northwest coast, beginning in southwest Ireland, continuing through the west and north of the United Kingdom, and along the mountains, the fjord-cut in Norway.
This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy have their own complex features, such as the European mainland itself, where reliefs contain many highlands, river basins and basins that complicate the general trend. Iceland and the British Isles are a special case. The first is the North Atlantic volcanic formation, while the latter consists of a plateau region that once joined the mainland until interrupted by rising sea levels.
Peninsula peninsula
Europe is sometimes called the "peninsula peninsula", to draw attention to the fact that Europe is a relatively small and long appendage to Asia, and that much of Europe is composed of a peninsula.
Partial list of European peninsula
- Absheron peninsula
- The Balkan Peninsula
- Cotentin Peninsula
- Crimea
- Fennoscandian Peninsula
- Kola Peninsula
- The Scandinavian Peninsula
- Iberian Peninsula
- The Italian Peninsula
- Jutland
- Kanin Peninsula
Maps Geography of Europe
Geology
The most important geological feature in Europe is the dichotomy between the highlands and mountains of southern Europe and the vast and sub-undersea plains below, ranging from Great Britain in the west to the Ural Mountains to the east. These two parts are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps/Carpathians. The northern plains are confined to the west by the Scandinavian mountains and the mountains of the British Isles. The main shallow bodies drowning the northern plains are the Celtic Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex, and the Barents Sea.
The northern plains contain the old geological continent of Baltica, and thus can be considered the "main continent", while the plateau and mountainous areas in the south and west are fragments of various other geologic continents.
European geology is highly variable and complex, giving rise to landscapes found throughout the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary.
Population
The figures for the European population vary according to the definition of the European limits used. The population within the standard physical geographical limits was 701 million in 2005 according to the United Nations. In 2000 the population was 857 million, using a definition that covers all the countries of continental Russia and Turkey. Population growth is relatively slow, and the average age is relatively high in relation to other continents in the world.
Rivers
Europe's longest river of approximate length:
Lakes and inland seas
Big islands
Iceland, Faroe Islands, Great Britain, Ireland, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Cyprus, Ionian Islands, Crete, Aegean Islands, Àlanda, Gotland, Saaremaa, Svalbard, HinnÃÆ'¸ya, Senja, Zealand , Fyn and North Jutland Island.
See also List of European islands by region and List of European islands by population
Plain and lowland
- Eastern European Plains, Europe's largest landscape feature
- Lowland of Northern Europe
- Plains of Pannonia
- Meseta Central is a highland (plateau) in central Spain (occupies about 40% of the country)
- Po Valley, also known as Plain of Padan, between the Alps and the Apennines
Range of mountains
Some of the main mountains in Europe are:
- The Ural Mountains, which form the boundary between Europe and Asia
- The Caucasus Mountains, which also separates Europe and Asia, and is the namesake of the Caucasian race
- Carpathian Mountains, main mountains in Central and South Europe
- Alps, in Central Central Europe
- Apennines, run through Italy
- the Pyrenees, the natural border between France and Spain
- Cantabrian Mountains, which crosses northern Spain
- The Scandinavian Mountains, the mountains that cross the Scandinavian Peninsula, including the KjÃÆ'¸len mountains
- Dinaric Alps, mountains in the Balkans
- Balkan Mountains, mountains in the central Balkans
- Scottish Highlands (including Cairngorms) in the UK.
Mainland area in various classes of European mountain terrain (classification of UNEP-WCMC):
Temperature and precipitation
The high mountain areas of Europe are colder and have higher rainfall than the lower regions, as do the mountainous areas in general. Europe has less rainfall in the east than in central and western Europe. The temperature difference between summer and winter gradually increased from the northwest coast of Europe to inland Europe, from Ireland, with a temperature difference of only 10 ° C from the warmest to the coldest month, to the northern regions of the Caspian Sea, with temperature differences 40 Â ° C. The average range is January from 13 Â ° C in southern Spain and the southern Greek islands to -20 Â ° C in the northeastern part of Russia Europe. The desert climate is found in parts of Europe in Kazakhstan and southern eastern Spain.
Western Europe and parts of Central Europe generally fall into the temperate climate of maritime (Cfb), the southern most part is the Mediterranean climate (mostly Csa, smaller areas with Csb), the north-central and eastern part of central Russia is largely humid continental climate (Dfb) and the northern part of the continent is a subarctic climate (DFC). In the extreme north (northern Russia, Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is the tundra climate (Et). Range mountains, such as the Alps and Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with great variations by altitude and latitude.
Landlocked country
The landlocked countries of Europe are: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Liechtenstein (double dormant), Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, The Vatican. In addition, two zones of frozen conflicts that some Artsakh and Transnistria recognized were also landlocked.
Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, and Macedonia are landlocked agglomerations from eight countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, stretching from Geneva to Skopje. Other landlocked countries are "self-contained" landlocked, not bordering on others like Europe (emphasis is needed, as Kazakhstan is bordered by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, forming a vast land in Central Asia)
Countries that comprise only islands or parts of the island
- Cyprus
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Malta
- United Kingdom
Countries that restrict or reach other continents
- Luxembourg
- Monaco
- San Marino
- Vatican City
- Andorra
Countries whose capital is not the most populous
Note : The capital of Italy, Rome, is the largest city in the country if only the municipality ( comune ) is considered. Greater Milan is the largest Metropolitan Region in Italy.
Brussels is considered the largest city in Belgium, according to Brussels-Capital Region residents. The population of the City of Brussels is ~ 175,000. Antwerp is the largest city in the country.
List of countries by the number of other countries they border
See also
- European grid
- The European Union
- Northern Europe
- Western Europe
- Central Europe
- Eastern Europe
- Southern Europe
- The extreme point of Europe
- Intermediate Region
- Extreme point of the European Union
- Country bordering the EU
- The extreme point of Eurasia
- Afro-Eurasian extremes
- Russian Explorer
Note
External links
- Media related to European Geography on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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