Cherokee Elimination , part of the Teardrop, refers to forced relocation between 1836 and 1839 Cherokees from their lands in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Alabama to the Territory of India (now Oklahoma ) in the Western United States, and resulting deaths along the way and at the end of the estimated movement of 4000 Cherokee.
Cherokee has come to call the Nu na da ul tsun yi event (the place where they are crying); another term is Tlo va sa (our deletion) - both phrases are not used at the time, and appear to come from Choctaw. Abolition of action (voluntary, reluctant or forced) occurs in other American Indian groups in South America, North, Central, Southwest, and Plains. The Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and (Muskogee) have been removed reluctantly. The Seminole in Florida responded to the abolition by the United States Army for decades (1817-1850) with guerrilla warfare, part of the intermittent Native American War that lasted from 1540 to 1924. Some Seminole remain in their home country of Florida, while others are transported to Native American territory in bondage.
The phrase "Footprints" is used to refer to similar events experienced by other Indian groups, especially among the "Five Tribal Legends". This phrase comes from a description of the voluntary elimination of the Choctaw Nations in 1831.
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Cara memulai
In the fall of 1835, the census was taken by civilian officials from the US Department of War to name the Cherokees located in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee, with 16,542 Cherokee, 201 inter-married white and 1592 slaves (total: 18,335 people ). The tension between the natives of Cherokee and the white population develops over land holdings rich in gold deposits and fertile soils that can be used for agricultural cotton. In October of that year, Principal Principal John Ross and an East visitor, John Howard Payne, were kidnapped from Ross' Tennessee home by a group of apostate Georgian militia. Released, Ross and the delegation of tribal leaders traveled to Washington, DC to protest these arbitrary acts, and to lobby for President Andrew Jackson's abolitionist policies. In an effort to reach a fun compromise Principal John Ross meets with President Jackson to discuss the possibility that Cherokee will surrender some of their land for money and land west of the Mississippi River. Jackson changed the deal so Ross suggested $ 20 million as a basis for negotiating the sale of land and finally agreed to let the US Senate decide on the sale price.
John Ross estimates the Cherokee Land value of $ 7.23 million. Conservative estimates by Matthew T. Gregg in 2009 put Cherokee's land value for the market in 1838 at $ 7,055,469.70, over $ 2 million for the $ 5 million the senate agreed to pay. In this power vacuum, US Agent John F. Schermerhorn assembled a group of dissident Cherokee at Elias Boudinot's home in the tribal capital, New Echota, Georgia. On December 29, 1835, this rump group signed an illegal Echota Agreement, which traded Cherokee land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River in the Indian Territory. This agreement was never accepted by the leadership of the chosen tribe or the majority of the Cherokee people. In February 1836, two councils convened in Red Clay, Tennessee and in the Valley City, North Carolina (now Murphy, North Carolina) and produced two lists of about 13,000 names written in Sequoyah's manuscript on Cherokee against the Treaty. The list was sent to Washington, DC and presented by Ross Chief to the Congress. However, a slightly modified version of the treaty was ratified by the US Senate by a single vote on May 23, 1836, and was signed into law by President Jackson. The agreement granted a grace period until May 1838 for the tribe to voluntarily transfer themselves to the Indian Territory.
Maps Cherokee removal
Growth in cotton farming and agriculture
Until widespread use of cotton gin, short-staple cotton has become a difficult plant to grow and process because of the time-consuming process of removing the sticky seeds from each individual cotton. This process takes so long that it is hardly profitable to grow cotton. The increased ease of cotton production due to access to Cotton Gin, discovered in 1793 by Eli Whitney, using teeth to comb the fine fibers and dispose of all the seeds in a much more efficient way, led to a major increase in cotton production in the south near North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. Production increased from 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in 1850, making South Korea a King Cotton for its success. Matthew T. Gregg writes that "According to the census counters Cherokee 1835, 1,707,900 hectares in Cherokee State in Georgia can be cultivated." This land is a precious agricultural land, with an ideal climate and 200 days of free ice needed to grow cotton, and will be very important in supporting the monumental growth of the cotton industry, as it will improve transportation convenience because of the railroad. Cherokee Indians usually grow small family farms and only plant what is needed to survive with hunting and gathering. However, some people heed Silas Dinsmoor's advice. They took advantage of the increased demand for cotton and started processing it themselves, asking for cotton, cotton, and spinning cards from the United States Government. Because immigration increased considerably during the 1820s and 1830s, and by 1850 some 2.6 million people immigrated to the United States, the government saw that the land could be used for more than just small family crops and could provide a source of income for farmers who immigrated. to the south and require agricultural land. The Cherokee family that excessive cotton farming for sale poses a threat to settlers hoping to capitalize on the cotton industry by taking not only valuable agricultural land but also adding more cotton to the market that can reduce demand and prices, thus encouraging the pursuit of abolition treaties.
Georgia gold rush
The tension between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation was brought to crisis by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega, Georgia, in 1828, producing the Georgia Gold Rush, the first gold rush in US history. Gold speculators are hoping to start unauthorized entry in Cherokee land, and pressure is mounting on the Georgian government to fulfill the Compact of 1802 promises.
When Georgia moved to extend the state law on Cherokee tribal land in 1830, the matter went to the US Supreme Court. In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), the Marshall court ruled that Cherokee was not a sovereign and independent state, and therefore refused to hear the case. However, at Worcester v. State of Georgia (1832), the Court ruled that Georgia could not enforce the law in the Cherokee region, because only the national government - not the state government - has authority in Indian affairs.
President Andrew Jackson is often quoted against the Supreme Court with the words, "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him uphold it!" Jackson may never say this, but he is fully committed to the policy. He has no desire to use the power of the national government to protect Cherokee from Georgia, since he is already entangled with state rights issues known as the cancellation crisis. Under the Indian Deletion Act of 1830, the US Congress granted Jackson's authority to negotiate the abolition treaty, swapping land of India in the East for land west of the Mississippi River. Jackson used a dispute with Georgia to pressure Cherokee to sign a waiver agreement.
Georgia and Cherokee Nation
The rapidly growing US population of the early nineteenth century created tensions with native American tribes situated on the borders of states. While the state government does not want independent Indian pockets within the borders of the country, Indian tribes will not move or hand over their different identities.
With the Compact of 1802, the state of Georgia handed over to the national government its land claims west (which became the states of Alabama and Mississippi). Instead, the national government promised to finally make arrangements to relocate Indian tribes living in Georgia, thus giving Georgia control over all the land within its borders.
However, Cherokee, whose ancestral lands overlapped with the boundaries of Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Alabama, refused to move. They founded a capital in 1825 in New Echota (near Calhoun now, Georgia). Subsequently, headed by the principal chiefs of John Ross and Major Ridge, speakers of the Cherokee National Council, Cherokee adopted a written constitution on July 26, 1827, declaring the Cherokee Nation to become a sovereign and independent nation.
With this constitution, elections are held for the Principal. John Ross won the first election and became the leader and representative of the tribe. In 1828, the Cherokee government established a law that addressed the issue of dismissal. The law states that anyone who signs an agreement with the United States that is discussing Cherokee land without Cherokee government approval will be considered treasonous and can be put to death.
The lost land of Cherokee proved invaluable. Above these lands are alignments to street-front rights for railway and road communications between the eastern Piedmont slopes of the Appalachian Mountains, the Ohio River in Kentucky and the Tennessee River Valley in Chattanooga. This location is still a strategic economic asset and is the basis for the remarkable success of Atlanta, Georgia, as a regional transportation and logistics hub. Georgia's seizure of these lands from Cherokee guarded riches from the Cherokees.
Cherokee land in Georgia is inhabited by Cherokee for the simple reason that they are and still is the shortest and most accessible route among the only freshwater residential settlement locations on the southeastern tip of the Appalachian (Chattahoochee River), and passing through nature, mountains, and valleys that lead to the Tennessee River where it is now, Chattanooga. From Chattanooga there is and is a potential for year-round water transportation to St. Louis and west (via the Ohio and Mississippi rivers), or to the east as far as Pittsburgh, PA.
New Echota Agreement
With Andrew Jackson's reelection in 1832, some of the most stubborn Cherokee opponents began to rethink their positions. Led by Major Ridge, his son John Ridge, and nephew Elias Boudinot and Stand Watie, they are known as "Ridge Party", or "Treaty Party". The Ridge Party believes that it is in Cherokee's best interests to get favorable terms from the US government, before white whites, state governments, and violence make things worse. John Ridge started unauthorized talks with the Jackson administration in the late 1820s. Meanwhile, in anticipation of Cherokee's abolition, the state of Georgia began holding the lottery to split Cherokee tribal land among white Georgians.
However, Principal Principal John Ross and the majority of the Cherokee people continue to insist against dismissal. The political maneuver began: Ross's chief abolished the tribal elections in 1832, the Council threatened to indict Ridges, and a prominent member of the prominent Party of Commune (John Walker, Jr.) was assassinated. Ridges responded by finally forming their own council, representing only a small fraction of the Cherokee people. It divided the Cherokees into two factions: those who followed Ross, known as the National Party, and those of the Party of Agreement, who voted for William A. Hicks, who had briefly succeeded his brother Charles R. Hicks as Cherokee Principal Principal for action as the titular leader of the pro-deal faction, with former National Council employee Alexander McCoy as his assistant.
John Ross stated in his letter to the congress, "With the provision of this instrument, we are deprived of our personal property, the infinite property of individuals We are stripped of every attribute of freedom and legitimacy for legal defense Our property may be looted before our eyes , violence can be done to our people, even our lives may be taken, and no one considers our complaint, we are nationalized, we are deprived of rights, we lose membership in the human family! have no land or house, or rest areas that can be called and this is influenced by the compact provisions that assume the sacred, sacred covenant calling We are overwhelmed! Our hearts are sick, our speech is paralyzed, when we reflect on the conditions in which we are placed, by the courageous practices of the principled man, who have managed their strategy with so much agility to impose to the United States Government, in the face of our sincere, serious, and repeated protests. "
In 1835, Jackson appointed Reverend John F. Schermerhorn as commissioner of the agreement. The US government proposes to pay Cherokee State $ 4.5 million (among other considerations) to remove themselves. These terms were rejected in October 1835 by a meeting of the Cherokee Nation Council at Red Clay. Chief Ross, trying to bridge the gap between his reign and Ridge Party, went to Washington with a party that included John Ridge and Stand Watie to open new negotiations, but they were denied and told to deal with Schermerhorn.
Meanwhile, Schermerhorn held a meeting with pro-demotion board members in New Echota, Georgia. Only five hundred Cherokee (out of thousands) responded to the call, and, on December 30, 1835, twenty-one supporters abolished Cherokee (Major Ridge, Elias Boudinot, James Foster, Testaesky, Charles Moore, George Chambers, Tahyeske, Archilla Smith, Andrew Ross (brother of Chief John Ross), William Lassley, Caetehee, Tegaheske, Robert Rogers, John Gunter, John A. Bell, Charles Foreman, William Rogers, George W. Adair, James Starr, and Jesse Halfbreed), sign or leave marks "X" on the New Echota Agreement after those in attendance voted unanimously for approval. John Ridge and Stand Watie signed an agreement when it was brought to Washington. Chief Ross, as expected, refused.
This treaty hands over all Cherokee land east of the Mississippi in exchange for five million dollars to be cashed per capita, an additional half a million dollars for educational funding, a continual degree of land in the Indian Territory equal to surrender, and full compensation for all property left in the East. There is also a clause in the signed agreement that allows Cherokee so desirable to remain a citizen where they live on 160 hectares (0.65 km 2 ) land, but that then hit by President Jackson.
Despite protests by the National Council of Cherokee and Head of Ross's Main Section that the document was a fraud, Congress ratified the treaty on May 23, 1836, with just one vote.
Deletion process
Cherokee removal process takes place in three stages. It began with the voluntary abolition of those in favor of the treaty, who were willing to receive government support and move west themselves within two years after the signing of the New Testament of Echota in 1835. Most Cherokees, including Chief John Ross, were angry and unwilling to move, and they react with the opposition. They do not believe the government will take any action against them if they choose to stay. However, US troops were sent, and the phase of forced abolition began. The Cherokee family was ruthlessly driven to the internment camps, where they were guarded for the summer of 1838. The true western transport was delayed by intense heat and drought, but in the fall, the Cherokees reluctantly agreed to haul themselves west on under the supervision of Ross's Head at the reluctant phase of relief.
Voluntary deletion
The deal gives Cherokee two years to be willing to emigrate to the Indian Territory. However, President Andrew Jackson sent General John E. Wool to begin the process of gathering all those who would accept the government's provisions and prepare them for deletion. Upon arrival, the persistent opposition to the agreement was clear to General Wol because his terms were rejected by almost everything he contacted, and no one seemed to voluntarily remove themselves. Due to the persistent opposition, preparations did not begin for several months, which greatly disappointed General Wool, who reported that the Indians "almost universally opposed the treaty." During this time, efforts are also being made by pro-abduction supporters in the Cherokee to persuade others to accept the government's subsistence and therefore yield to the inevitable. The treaty party convened the Cherokee meeting on September 12, 1836 to do so, but the meeting was canceled because John Ross's call was next for another meeting against the first goal in everything. Ross urged people to continue to reject government leaflets, stressing that the receipt of such gifts also meant the acceptance of the agreement. Seeing that all attempts to influence their brethren were fruitless, some Cherokees (mostly members of the Ridge faction) suspended their delays and received government funding for subsistence and transportation. The estimated total of 10,000 Cherokees volunteered to move west, leaving about 1,000 siblings behind, who continue their resistance. Many travel as individuals or families, but there are some organized groups:
- John S. Young, Conductor; through a river boat; 466 Cherokee and 6 Creek, leaving March 1, 1837; arrived 28th March 1837; including Major Ridge and Watie Stand.
- B.B. Cannon, Conductor; by land; 355 people (15 deaths); leaving Oct.15, 1837; arrived Dec.29, 1837; including James Starr.
- Rev. John Huss, Conductor, land; 74 people; leaving Nov.11, 1837; arrival unknown.
- Robert B. Vann, leader; 133 people; leaving Dec.1, 1837; arrived 17th March 1838.
- Lt. Edward Deas, Conductor; by ship; 252 people (2 deaths); leaving April 6, 1838; arrived May 1, 1838.
- 162 people; leaving May 25, 1838; arrived 21st of October 1838.
- 96 people; the remaining date is unknown; arrived 1st June 1838.
- Lt. Edward Deas and John Adair Bell, Co-Conductor, ashore, 660 people left October 11, 1838; 650 arrived January 7, 1839.
There are guide rollers for groups # 1, 3 - 6 and conductor daily journals for groups # 2 and 5 among Indian Bureau of Affairs records in the National Archives. Regardless of the government's persuasion, only a few hundred voluntarily accept the terms of the Agreement for Removal.
Forced removal
Many white Americans are angry with the legality of dubious agreements and ask the government not to force the Cherokee to move. For example, on April 23, 1838, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a letter to Jackson's successor, President Martin Van Buren, who urged him not to cause "such great anger over the Cherokee Nation."
However, as of May 23, 1838, the deadline for voluntary abolition was approached, President Van Buren commissioned General Winfield Scott to head up the forced displacement operation. He arrived at New Echota on May 17, 1838, as commander of the US Army and a state militia of about 7,000 soldiers. Scott downplayed the ill-treatment of Native Americans, ordered his troops to "show all possible goodness to the Cherokee and detain every soldier causing injury or humiliation to a man, woman, or child of Cherokee." They began collecting Cherokee in Georgia on May 26, 1838; Ten days later, operations began in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Alabama. Men, women and children were discharged at gunpoint from their homes for three weeks and gathered together in concentration camps, often with very little of their possessions. About 1,000 Cherokees take refuge in the mountains to the east, and some people who own private property also escape evacuation. Private John G. Burnett later wrote "Future generations will read and condemn the act and I hope the children will remember that private soldiers like me, and like the Cherokee four who were forced by General Scott to shoot the Indian Chief and his sons, have to carry out orders our boss.We have no choice in this matter. "
This story may be a chaotic version of the episode when a Cherokee named Tsali or Charley and three others killed two soldiers in the North Carolina mountains during the round-up. The two Indians were then tracked down and executed by Chief Euchella band from Cherokee in exchange for an agreement with the Army to avoid their own dismissal. The Cherokee then moved ashore to the point of departure at Ross's Landing (Chattanooga, Tennessee) and Gunter Landing (Guntersville, Alabama) on the Tennessee River, and forced into flatboats and steamers "Smelter" and "Little Rock". Unfortunately, the drought carries a low water level in the river, which requires frequent dismantling of ships to avoid river and shelf obstacles. The Army-directed disposal was characterized by many deaths and desertions, and part of the Cherokee Disposal proved a failure and General Scott ordered the suspension of further dismissal. The groups operated by the Army are:
- Lt. Edward Deas, Conductor; 800 departed on 6 June 1838 by boat; 489 arrived on 19 June 1838.
- Lt. Monroe, Conductor, 164 people leaving June 12, 1838; arrival unknown.
- Lt. R.H.K. Whiteley, ca. 800 people abandoned 13 June 1838 by ship, arriving August 5, 1838 (70 deaths).
- Captain Gustavus S. Drane, Conductor, 1072 left June 17, 1838 by boat, 635 arrived 7 September 1838 (146 deaths, 2 births).
Rolls of mills for groups # 1 and 4 are in the records of the Indian Affairs Bureau and # 2 in the records of the Continental Army Order (East Division paper, General Winfield Scott) in the National Archives. There is a daily journal of conductors for groups # 1 and 3 among the Special Files of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Internal Camp
Death and desertion in the Army boat detachment caused Gen Scott to suspend the Army Elimination effort, and the remaining Cherokee was put in eleven internment camps, mostly located near Ross' Landing (now Chattanooga, TN) and in Red Clay, Bedwell Springs, Chatata, Mouse Creek, Rattlesnake Springs, Chestoee, and Calhoun (site of the former Cherokee Agency) located within Bradley County, TN and one camp (Fort Payne) in Alabama.
Cherokee remained in camp during the summer of 1838 and was stricken with dysentery and other diseases, which caused 353 deaths. A group of Cherokes petitioned General Scott to delay until the cooler weather made the trip less dangerous. This is given; Meanwhile, Chief Ross, who eventually received defeat, managed to have the rest of the transfer submitted to the Cherokee Board's oversight. Despite some reservations in the US government for additional fees, General Scott was awarded a contract to remove the remaining 11,000 Cherokee under the supervision of Principal Ross, at the cost to be paid by the Army, which infuriated President Jackson and shocked many..
Reluctant relief
Chief John Ross made sure to confirm and secure his position as leader of the removal process by negotiating with other Cherokee leaders, who gave him full responsibility for this daunting task. He then wasted no time in drafting a plan, where he arranged 12 wagon trains, each with about 1,000 people and performed by tribal veterans full of blood or mixed blood who were educated. Each train wagon is assigned a doctor, an interpreter (to help doctors), commissioners, managers, wagon masters, timsters, and even grave diggers. Chief Ross also bought a "Victoria" steamer where the leader's family and his tribe could travel comfortably. Lewis Ross, the Chair's brother, is the prime contractor and provides food, rations, and clothing for the wagon train. Although this arrangement is an improvement for all concerned, illness and exposure still take a lot of life. This is part of the Removal which is usually identified as "Tear Trail".
The detachments were forced to travel through various lines, crossing Kentucky, Illinois, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, and even Missouri to Oklahoma's final destination. One of the main routes starts in Chattanooga, TN and takes the northwest route through eastern Kentucky and southern Illinois before heading southwest near the center of Missouri. The whole journey is approximately 2,200 miles. The Cherokee experiences frost temperatures, snow storms, and pneumonia. Hard paths and intense weather conditions feed on about 4,000 people, although estimates vary.
- Daniel Colston, Conductor (Conrad's first choice hair became sick); Asst. Conductor Jefferson Nevins; 710 people left Oct.5, 1838 from Agent camp and 654 people arrived at Woodall Place in Indian Territory on January 4, 1839 (57 deaths, 9 births, 24 deserters).
- Elijah Hicks, Conductor; White Path (died near Hopkinsville, Kentucky) and William Arnold, Asst. Conductor; 809 people left Oct.4, 1838 from Camp Ross at Gunstocker Creek and 744 people arrived on 4 January 1839 at Mrs. Webber in the Territory of India.
- Rev. Jesse Bushyhead, Conductor; Roman Nose, Asst. Conductor; 864 left October 16, 1838 from Camp Chatata Creek and 898 arrived February 27, 1839 in Fort Wayne, Ind. Ty. (38 deaths, 6 births, 151 deserters, 171 additions).
- Capt. John Benge, Conductor; George C. Lowrey, Jr. Asst. Conductor; 1,079 people left the Fort Payne camp, Alabama 1 October 1838 and 1,132 arrived on 11 January 1839 at Mrs. Webber, Region of India. (33 deaths, 3 births).
- Situ, Conductor; Pdt. Evan Jones, Asst. Conductor; 1,205 people left October 19, 1838 from Camp Savannah Creek and 1,033 arrived February 2, 1839 (in the Beatties' Prairie, Indian Territory. (71 deaths, 5 births).
- Capt. Old Fields, Conductor; Pdt. Stephen Foreman, Asst. Conductor; 864 people left October 10, 1838 from the Candy Creek camp and 898 arrived February 2, 1839 in the Beatties' Prairie (57 deaths, 19 births, 10 deserters, 6 additions).
- Moses Daniel, Conductor; George Still, Sr. Asst. Conductor; 1,031 people left from camp Agents on Oct.23, 1838 and 924 arrived March 2, 1839 at Mrs. Webber's (48 deaths, 6 births).
- Chuwaluka (a.k.a. Bark), Conductor; James D. Wofford (fired for drunkenness) and Thomas N. Clark, Jr. Asst. Conductor; 1,120 left Oct.27, 1838 from Camp Rats Creek and 970 arrived 1 March 1839 in Fort Wayne.
- Judge James Brown, Conductor; Lewis Hildebrand, Asst. Conductor; 745 left October 31, 1838 from Camp Ootewah Creek and 717 arrived March 3, 1839 at Park Hill.
- George Hicks, Conductor; Collins McDonald, Asst. Conductor; 1,031 left Nov. 4, 1838 from Camp Rats Creek and 1,039 arrived March 14, 1839 near Fort Wayne.
- Richard Taylor, Conductor; Walter Scott Adair, Asst. Conductor; 897 left Nov. 6, 1838 from Camp Ooltewah Creek and 942 arrived 24 March 1839 at Woodall's place (55 deaths, 15 births). Missionary Pdt. Daniel Butrick accompanied the detachment, and his daily journal was published.
- Peter Hildebrand, Conductor; James Vann Hildebrand, Asst. Conductor; 1,449 left camp 8 November 1838 Ocoe and 1,311 arrived on 25 March 1839 near where Woodall.
- "Victoria" Detachment - John Drew Conductor; John Golden Ross, Asst. Conductor; 219 departed November 5, 1838, the agents' camp and 231 arrived March 18, 1839 Tahlequah.
There are collectors of rolls for four (Benge, Chuwaluka, G. Hicks, and Hildebrand) from 12 wagon carts and payroll officials for all 13 detachments between the personal paper of Principal John Ross at the Gilcrease Institute in Tulsa, OK.
Death and number
The number of people who died as a result of the Trail of Tears has been estimated varying. American doctors and missionaries, Elizur Butler, who traveled by wagon Daniel Colston, estimated 2,000 deaths in Army camps and Army extermination and perhaps 2,000 on the path; a total of 4,000 deaths remain the most quoted figures, although he admits this is an estimate regardless of government or tribal records. A 1973 scientific demographic study estimated 2,000 total deaths; another, in 1984, concluded that a total of 6,000 people died. The number 4000 or quarter of this tribe is also used by the Smithsonian anthropologist, James Mooney. Since 16,000 Cherokees were counted in the 1835 Census, and about 12,000 emigrated in 1838, ergo 4000 was required accounting for. Note that some 1500 Cherokee remain in North Carolina, more in South Carolina, and Georgia, so higher mortality is unlikely. In addition, nearly 400 Creek or Muskogee Indians who had been avoided before, escaped to the Cherokee Nation and became part of the final Abolition.
The calculation of the exact number of casualties during Removals is also related to the difference in the cost account put forward by Head of John Ross after the Abolition that the Army is considered to be increasing and possibly fraudulent. Ross claims the quota for 1600 Cherokee more than counted by an Army officer, Captain Page, in Ross' Landing as the Cherokee group left their homeland and another Army officer, Captain Stephenson, at Fort Gibson counted them when they arrived in the Indian Territory. Ross accounts are consistently higher than Army dealers. The Van Buren Administration refused to pay Ross, but the Tyler government eventually approved the disbursement of more than $ 500,000 to the Presidential Chief in 1842.
In addition, some Cherokees travel from east to west more than once. Many deserters from the Army boat detachment in June 1838 then emigrated in twelve Ross wagon trains. There is inter-group transfer, and then join and desertion are not always recorded. Jesse Mayfield was a white man with the Cherokee family gone twice (first voluntarily in the release of BB Cannon in 1837 to the Indian Territory; unhappy there, he returned to the Cherokee Nation; and in October 1838 was the Wagon Master for Bushyhead Detachment). An army abductor agent discovered that a Cherokee named Justis Fields traveled with government funds three times under a different alias name. Blood named James Bigby, Jr. traveled to the Indian Territory five times (three as government translator for different detachments, as Commissioner for Colston detachment, and as an individual in 1840). In addition, small amounts of blood and white blood mixed with the Cherokee family petitioned to be citizens of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, or Tennessee and thus no longer considered Cherokee.
During the trip, it is said that people will sing "Amazing Grace", using his inspiration to improve morale. Traditional Christian hymns have previously been translated into Cherokee by missionary Samuel Worcester with the help of Cherokee. This song has become a kind of song for the Cherokee people.
Aftermath
The moved Cherokee initially settled near Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The political turmoil resulting from the New Echota Agreement and the Footprint of Air Tears led to the assassination of Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot; of those targeted for the killing of the day, only Watie's Stand who escaped from his assassins. Cherokee's population finally recovered, and today Cherokee is the largest American Indian group in the United States.
There are some exceptions to remove. Cherokee people who live in private land, owned individually (not communally owned tribal land) can not be erased. In North Carolina, about 400 Cherokees led by Yonaguska live on land along the Oconaluftee River in the Great Smoky Mountains owned by a white man named William Holland Thomas (who has been adopted by Cherokee as a boy), and therefore not subject to dismissal. , and this joins a small group of about 150 people along the Nantahala River led by Utsala. Together with groups living in Snowbird and others along the Cheoah River in a community called Tomotley, the North Carolina Cherokee became the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation, amounting to about 1000. According to the scroll taken a year after the abolition (1839), there is an approximately approximately 400 from Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Alabama, and this also joined EBCI.
The Trail of Tears is generally regarded as one of the most regrettable episodes in American history. To commemorate the event, the US Congress set the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail in 1987. It stretches across nine states as far as 2,200 miles (3,500 km).
In 2004, during the 108th Congress, Senator Sam Brownback (the Republic of Kansas) introduced a joint resolution (Senate Together Resolution 37) to "offer apologies to all Indigenous people on behalf of the United States" for "bad policies". by the United States Government on Indian Tribes. It was ratified in the US Senate in February 2008.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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