The boiling frog is a fairy tale that describes a slow-boiled frog alive. The premise is that if the frog suddenly boils down into boiling water, it will jump out, but if the frog is put in warm water then boiled slowly, it will not feel the danger and will be cooked to death. This story is often used as a metaphor for the inability or unwillingness of people to react or realize the emerging threats.
While some nineteenth-century experiments suggest that the underlying premise is true if warming is gradual enough, according to contemporary biologists the premise is wrong: gradually heated frogs will leap out. Indeed, thermoregulation by changing location is an important survival strategy for frogs and other ectotherms.
Video Boiling frog
Experiments and analysis
As part of the advancement of science, several experiments observed the frog reaction with water heated slowly in the 19th century. In 1869, while conducting experiments to locate souls, the German physiologist Friedrich Goltz showed that the brain-shrinked frog would remain in slowly heated water, but an intact frog sought to escape from water when it reached 25 °. C.
Another 19th-century experiment was intended to show that frogs are not trying to escape from water that is heated gradually. Experiment 1872 by Heinzmann is said to show that normal frogs will not attempt to escape if water is heated slowly enough, which was boosted in 1875 by Fratscher.
In 1888, Sedgwick said the contradiction between the results of these experiments was a consequence of the different heating levels used in the experiment: "The truth seems to be that if warming is gradual, there is no reflex movement to be produced even under normal conditions, frogs, if it is faster , but occurs at a level as it is called 'staged', it will not secure a normal frog response under any circumstances â € "Goltz has raised the water temperature from 17.5  ° C to 56  ° C in about ten minutes, or 3.8  ° C per minute, in his experiments, while Heinzmann heats the frog for 90 minutes from about 21 Ã,  ° C to 37.5 Ã,  ° C, levels less than 0.2 Ã,  ° C per minute In the "On the Variation of Reflex Excitability in Frogs caused by Temperature Changes" (1882) William Thompson Sedgwick writes: "in one experiment by the Bible the temperature was raised at a rate of 0.002  ° C per second, and ak it was found dead at the end of 2½ hours without moving. "
Modern scientific sources report that the alleged phenomenon is not real. In 1995, Professor Douglas Melton, from the department of Biology at Harvard University, said, "If you put a frog in boiling water, it will not jump out It will die.If you put it in cold water, it will jump before it becomes. hot - they do not sit still for you. "Dr. George R. Zug, curator of reptiles and amphibians at the National Museum of Natural History, also rejected the suggestion, saying that" If frogs have the means to get out, it will definitely come out. "
In 2002 Dr. Victor H. Hutchison, Professor Emeritus of Zoology at the University of Oklahoma, with a research interest in amphibian thermal relations, said that "Legend is completely wrong!" He described how the maximum critical thermal for many species of frogs has been determined by contemporary research experiments: since water is heated to about 2 Ã,  ° F, or 1,1Ã, C, per minute, frogs become more active when trying to escape, and finally jumps out if the container allows it.
Maps Boiling frog
Usage
As a metaphor
The frog boiling story is generally offered as a metaphor that reminds people to realize even gradual change if they suffer undesirable consequences in the end. This can be used to support slippery slope arguments as a warning to creeping normality. It is also used in business to reinforce changes that need to be phased in to be accepted. In contrast, the phrase "boiling frog syndrome" is sometimes used as an abbreviation to invoke the pitfalls trap.
Stories have been told over and over and used to describe a very varied viewpoint. Among them: in 1960 about sympathy for the Soviet Union during the Cold War; in 1980 about the impending collapse of civilization anticipated by survivors; in the 1990s about the slowness in responding to climate change and staying in a rough relationship. It has also been used by libertarians to warn about the slow erosion of civil rights.
In the 1996 novel The Story of B, environmental writer Daniel Quinn spent a chapter on boiling frog metaphors, using them to describe human history, population growth and food surplus. Pierce Brosnan's character Harry Dalton mentions it in the 1997 disaster film Dante's Peak referring to the warning signs of a volcanic revival. Al Gore used a version of the story in the New York Times opera, in his presentation and the 2006 film An Inconvenient Truth to illustrate the ignorance of global warming. In the film version, frogs were saved before being hurt. The use of this story is referred by writer/director Jon Cooksey in the comedy comedy of his 2010 comedy How to Boil a Frog .
Law professor and legal commentator Eugene Volokh commented in 2003 that regardless of the actual behavior of frogs, the boiling frog's story serves as a metaphor, comparing it to an ostrich metaphor with a head in the sand. Nobel Economics writer and New York Times writer Paul Krugman used his story as a metaphor in the July 2009 column, while showing that real frogs behave differently. Journalist James Fallows has been advocating since 2006 for people to stop telling the story, describing it as "stupid canard" and "myth". However, following the Krugman column, he declared "peace in front of a poached frog" and said that using the story is fine as long as you show it is not literally true.
In philosophy
In philosophy, the story of a boiling frog has been used as a way to explain the paradox of the sorbit. It describes the sand piles from which individual grains are removed one at a time, and asks if there is a certain point when it can no longer be defined as a stack.
See also
References
References cited
- Sedgwick, William (July 1888). "Study From Biology Laboratory". Baltimore, Maryland: N. Murray, Johns Hopkins University.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments