Body language is a type of nonverbal communication in which physical behavior, compared to words, is used to express or convey information. Such behaviors include facial expressions, posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and space use. Body language exists in animals and humans, but this article focuses on the interpretation of human body language. It is also known as kinesika.
Body language should not be equated with sign language, because sign language is a full language like spoken language and has their own complex grammar system, and is able to show the basic properties that exist in all languages. Body language, on the other hand, has no grammatical system and should be interpreted broadly, rather than having an absolute meaning corresponding to a particular movement, so it is not a language like sign language, and is simply referred to as "language" Due to popular culture.
In a community, there is an interpretation of certain behaviors that are agreed upon. Interpretations may vary from country to country, or culture to culture. On this note, there is controversy about whether body language is universal. Body language, part of nonverbal communication, complements verbal communication in social interaction. Even some researchers conclude that nonverbal communication accounts for most of the information transmitted during interpersonal interactions. It helps to build relationships between two people and organize interactions, but can become ambiguous.
Video Body language
Physical expression
Facial expressions
Facial expressions are integral when expressing emotions through the body. The combination of eyes, eyebrows, lips, nose, and cheek movements helps to create a different mood from an individual (eg happy, sad, depressed, angry, etc.).
Several studies have shown that facial expressions and body expressions (body language) are congruent when interpreting emotions. Behavioral experiments also show that recognition of facial expressions is influenced by perceived body expression. This means that the brain processes facial and other facial expressions simultaneously. Subjects in this study showed accuracy in assessing emotions based on facial expressions. This is because faces and bodies are usually seen together in their natural proportions and the emotional signals of the face and body are well integrated.
For example, the lack of wrinkles around the eyes shows a potentially fake smile. At one point, researchers believe that making a genuine smile is almost impossible on orders. When you smile with joy, they wrinkle. When you pretend, they do not. If someone tries to look happy but actually does not, you will not see wrinkles. Recently, a study from Northeastern University researchers found that people can do a pretty good job by faking Duchenne's smile, even when they are not feeling very happy.
Posture
Emotions can also be detected through posture. Studies have shown that posture is more accurate when emotions are compared with different or neutral emotions. For example, someone who feels angry will portray dominance over another, and their posture will show a tendency towards approach. Compare this with someone who fears: they will feel weak, obedient and their posture will show a tendency to dodge, the opposite of an angry person.
Sitting or standing posture also indicates a person's emotions. Someone who sits behind their chair, leaning forward with their heads nodding along with a discussion that shows that they are open, relaxed and generally ready to listen. On the other hand, a person whose legs and arms are crossed with kicking feet implies that they feel impatient and emotionally detached from the discussion.
In a standing discussion, a person standing with an akimbo gun with a pointed foot toward the speaker can show that they are attentive and interested in the conversation. However, a small difference in this posture can be very meaningful. Standing with an akimbo arm is considered rough in Bali.
Gestures
Movement is a movement made with body parts (eg hands, arms, fingers, head, feet) and they may be voluntary or unconscious. Arm gestures can be interpreted in several ways. In a discussion, when someone stands, sits or even walks with folded hands, this is usually not a friendly attitude. It can mean that they have a closed mind and most likely will not listen to the speaker's point of view. Other types of arm movements also include arms crossed over the other, indicating insecurity and lack of confidence.
According to Barbara Pease and Allan Pease, author of "The Definitive Book of Body Language", everyone is doing shoulder movements. Shrugging is a good example of a universal movement that is used to show that a person does not understand what you are saying. "It's a double movement that has three main parts," they went on. "The palm of the hand is open to show nothing is hidden in the hand, bending over the shoulders to protect the throat from attack, and raising eyebrows, which is a universal and obedient remark."
Hand gestures often signify the well-being of the person who made it. A relaxed hand shows confidence and self-confidence, while the clenched hands can be interpreted as signs of stress or anger. If someone wring their hands, it shows nervousness and anxiety.
Finger movement is also commonly used to imitate someone's speech and indicate the welfare state of the person who made it. In certain cultures, pointing using one's finger is considered acceptable. However, pointing to a person can be seen as aggressive in other cultures - for example, people who share Hindu beliefs consider offensive pointing fingers. Instead, they point with their thumbs. Likewise, upward cue gestures can indicate "OK" or "good" in countries like the US, France, and Germany. But this same attitude is insulting in other countries like Iran, Bangladesh, and Thailand, where it is the same as showing the middle finger in the US.
In most cultures, the Head of Nodes is used to denote 'Yes' or agreement. This is a stunted form of bending - the person symbolically goes to bend but stops short, producing nods. Bending is obedient, so the Head Node shows us following other people's perspective. Research conducted with deaf, dumb and blind people indicates that they also use these cues to indicate 'Yes', so it appears to be a sign of innate handover.
Handshake
The handshake is a regular welcome ritual and is usually done when meeting, greeting, offering congratulations or after completion of the deal. They usually show the level of trust and emotional level in people. The study also categorizes several handshake styles, such as kneading fingers, bone crusher (shaking hands too strong), limp fish (shaking hands too weak), etc. Shake hands are popular in the US and are suitable for use between men and women. However, in Muslim culture, men should not shake hands or touch women in any way and vice versa. Likewise, in Hindu culture, Hindu men may never shake hands with women. Instead, they greet women by placing their hands as if praying.
A strong and friendly handshake has long been recommended in the business world as a way to make a good first impression, and it is supposed to come from ancient times as a way of showing strangers that you have no weapons.
Breathe
Body language related to breathing and breathing patterns can be an indication of one's mood and state of mind; Because of this, the relationship between body language and breathing is often perceived in contexts such as business meetings and presentations. Generally, deeper breathing using diaphragms and stomach is interpreted more as conveying a relaxed and confident impression; conversely, shallow breathing, too quickly is often interpreted as conveying a more nervous or anxious impression.
Some business advisors, such as those promoting neuro-linguistic programming, recommend reflection of one's breathing patterns to convey the impression of mutual understanding.
Different physical movements
Covering one's mouth signifies the suppression of feelings and perhaps uncertainty. It can also mean that they think hard and may not be sure what to say next. What you communicate through your body language and nonverbal signals affects how others see you, how well they like and respect you, and whether they trust you or not.
Unfortunately, many people send a confusing or negative nonverbal signal without even realizing it. When this happens, the connection and trust are both damaged.
Maps Body language
Other subcategories
Oculesics
Oculesics, a subcategory of body language, is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, vision, and nonverbal communication related to the eyes. As a social or behavioral science, oculesics is a form of nonverbal communication that focuses on decreasing the meaning of eye behavior. It is also important to note that Oculesics are culturally dependent. For example, in traditional Anglo-Saxon cultures, avoiding eye contact usually depicts a lack of trust, certainty, or honesty. However, in Latino culture, direct or old eye contact means you challenge an individual with whom you speak or that you have a romantic interest in that person. Also, in many Asian cultures, prolonged eye contact can be a sign of anger or aggression.
Haptics
Haptics, the Body Language subcategory, is a study of touches and how they are used in communication. Thus, shaking hands, holding hands, slapping backs, turning, brushing someone or patting someone, all have meaning.
Based on the Body Language Project, touching is the most developed feeling at birth and formulates our initial view of the world. Touching can be used for sincerity, for entertainment while playing, teasing, for expressing strength and keeping bonds among people, such as with babies and mothers. Touching can bring different emotions and also show the intensity of those emotions. Touching no other cues can signify anger, fear, disgust, love, gratitude and sympathy depending on the length and type of touch being made. Many factors also contribute to the meaning of touch such as touch length and location on the body where touch occurs.
Research also shows that people can accurately decode different emotions by simply watching others communicate through touch.
Heslin outlines five haptic categories:
Functional/professional that express task orientation
Donald Walton states in his book that touching is the expression of the peak of proximity or confidence between two people, but not often seen in business or formal relationships. Touching emphasizes how special the message is sent by the initiator. "If the word of praise is accompanied by a touch on the shoulder, it is the gold star on the ribbon," Walton wrote.
Social/polite expressing ritual interactions
A study by Jones and Yarbrough considers communication with touch as the most intimate and involving form that helps people to maintain good relationships with others. For example, Jones and Yarbrough explained that strategic touches are a series of ordinary touches with hidden or hidden motives that make them seem to use touch as a game to get someone to do something for them.
Friendship/warmth expressing idiosyncratic relationships
Love/intimacy that expresses emotional attachment
Public touch can serve as a 'tie mark' that shows others that your partner is "taken". When a couple hold hands, hug each other, this is a 'tie mark' that shows to others that they are together. The use of 'tie signs' is more commonly used by couples in dating and courtship stages than among married couples according to Burgoon, Buller, and Woodall.
Sexual/passionate expressing sexual intentions.
The number of touches that occur in cultures also depends culturally.
Proxemics
Another important area in the world of nonverbal body language is the spatial relationship, also known as Proxemics. Introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966, proxemia is the study of the measured distances between people when they interact with each other. In the book, Body Language , Julius Fast mentions that the signal we send or receive to others through body language is a reaction to another person's invasion of our personal area, linking Proxemics to an important part of Body Language..
Hall also comes with four different zones where most men operate:
Intimate distance to embrace, touch, or whisper
- Close phase - less than 6 inches (15 cm)
- Far phase - 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)
Personal distance for interactions between good friends or family members
- Close phase - 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm)
- Far phase - 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 122 cm)
Social distance for interactions between contacts
- Close phases - 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)
- Remote phase - 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)
Public Spacing is used for public speaking
- Cover phase - 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m)
- Remote phase - 25 feet (7.6 m) or more.
In addition to physical distance, the level of intimacy between its adherents can be determined by the "socio-petal socio-fugal axis", or "the angle formed by the axis of the listener's shoulders".
Changing the distance between two people can convey a desire for intimacy, expressing a lack of interest, or increasing/decreasing dominance. It can also affect the body language used. For example, when people talk they like to face each other. If forced to sit side by side, their body language will try to compensate for the lack of eye contact with the eyes by leaning on shoulder-to-shoulder.
It is important to note that as with other Body Language types, the proximity range varies with culture. Hall suggested that "physical contact between two people... can be very true in one culture, and really taboo in another country". In Latin America, people who may be strangers may engage in very close contact. They often greet each other by kissing her cheek. North Americans, on the other hand, prefer to shake hands. When they make physical contact with trembling hands, they still maintain some physical space among others.
Sound tone
Sound tone is a combination of spoken language and body language.
The way in which something is said can influence how it should be interpreted. Shouting, smiling, irony, and so on can add a layer of meaning that is not pure body language or speech.
Universal vs. custom culture
Scholars have long debated whether body language, especially facial expression, is universally understood. In Darwin's theory of evolution, he postulates that the facial expressions of emotion are inherited. On the other hand, experts question whether culture influences the emotional expression of a person's body. Broadly speaking, theories can be categorized into two models:
The cultural equality model
The model of cultural equality predicts that "individuals must be equally accurate in understanding the emotions of ingroups and outgroup members" (Soto & Levenson, 2009). This model is rooted in Darwin's theory of evolution (1872), in which he notes that humans and animals have the same postural emotional expression as anger/aggression, happiness, and fear. This similarity supports the evolutionary argument that social animals (including humans) have a natural ability to convey emotional signals with one another, ideas shared by some academics (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974, Linnankoski, Laakso, Aulanko, & Leinonen, 1994). Where Darwin notes the similarity in expression between animals and humans, the Model of Cultural Equality records similarities in cross-cultural expressions in humans, although they may be completely different.
One of the strongest evidence supporting this model is a study conducted by Ekman and Friesen (1971), in which members of a preliterate tribe in Papua New Guinea reliably recognize the facial expressions of people from the United States. Culturally isolated and without exposure to US media, there is no possibility of cross-cultural transmission to Papuan tribes.
Cultural excellence model
On the other hand, the cultural profit model predicts that individuals of the same race "process visual characteristics more accurately and efficiently than other racial faces". Other factors that enhance accurate interpretation include familiarity with nonverbal accents.
There are many studies that support both models of cultural equality and cultural profit models, but reviewing the literature suggests that there is a general consensus that seven emotions are universally recognized, regardless of cultural background: happiness, surprise, fear, anger, humiliation, annoyance, and sadness.
Recently, scholars have shown that the expression of pride and shame is universal. Tracy and Robins (2008) concluded that the expression of pride includes an expanded posture with a back tilt head, with a face of low intensity and a non-Duchenne smile (raised the corners of the mouth). The expression of shame includes the concealment of the face, either by turning it over or covering it by hand.
Apps
Essentially, body language appears as an unconscious and unconscious phenomenon that adds to the communication process. However, there are areas where the conscious use of body language - both in action and in understanding - is useful. The use of body language has also seen an increase in application and commercial use, with a large number of published books and guides designed to teach people how to become aware of body language, and how to use them to their advantage in certain scenarios.
The use of body language can be seen in various fields. Body languages ​​have seen applications in instructional instruction in areas such as second language acquisition and also for improving the teaching of subjects like mathematics. The use of related body language is a substitute for verbal language for people who do not have the ability to use it, be it because of deafness or aphasia. Body language has also been applied in the process of detecting fraud through micro expression, both in law enforcement and even in the poker world. Sometimes, Language Barrier can be a problem for foreigners. Therefore, body language will be very useful for use in communication.
Instructional instruction
Second language acquisition
The importance of body language in the acquisition of a second language is inspired by the fact that to successfully learn the language is to achieve discourse, strategic, and sociolinguistic competence. Sociolinguistic competence includes understanding body language that helps the use of a particular language. This is usually also strongly influenced by culture. Thus, the conscious ability to recognize and even perform such body language is necessary to achieve fluency in language beyond the level of discourse.
The importance of body language for the use of verbal language is the need to eliminate ambiguity and redundancy in understanding. Pennycook (1985) suggests limiting the use of non-visual materials to facilitate second language teaching to improve this communication aspect. He calls this not only bilingual but also 'bi-kinesic'.
Improved teaching
Body language can be a useful aid not only in teaching a second language, but also in other fields. The idea behind its use is as nonlinguistic input. This can be used to guide, guide, or encourage a student to the right answer. These are usually paired with other verbal methods guiding students, either through confirmation checks or use of modified languages. Tai in his 2014 paper lists three major characteristics of body language and how they affect teaching. The features are intuition, communication, and suggestions.
- The intuitive features of body language used in teaching are examples of language, especially individual words, through the use of appropriate body language. For example, when teaching about the word "crying", the teacher can imitate the person who is crying. This allows a deeper impression that can lead to a better understanding of a particular word.
- Communicative feature is the ability of body language to create an environment and atmosphere capable of facilitating effective learning. A holistic environment is more productive for learning and acquisition for new knowledge.
- A suggestive feature of body language uses body language as a tool to create opportunities for students to gain additional information about a particular concept or word by pairing it with the body language itself.
Detecting deceptions
Law enforcement
Body language has been seen used in the field of law enforcement. The relevance of body language in this field can be seen in many Federal Bureau of Law Enforcement Bulletins (FBI) that have included it in their articles. The application of body language in law enforcement goes both ways. Law enforcement members can use body language to capture clues that are not spoken by suspects or even victims, allowing a more measurable and more comprehensive assessment of people. The other side of body language is the language of the researchers themselves. The body language of law enforcement members can affect the accuracy of eyewitness accounts.
Poker
Poker games not only involve an understanding of probability, but also the competence of reading and analyzing the opponent's body language. The key component of poker is to be able to "cheat" your opponent. To find this cheating, players must have the ability to recognize their opponents' "tick". Players should also pay attention to signs that the opponent is doing well.
Kinesika
Kinesik is the study and interpretation of nonverbal communication related to the movement of body parts or the body as a whole; in layman's terms, it is a study of body language. However, Ray Birdwhistell, who is considered the founder of this field of study, never used the term body language , and did not consider it appropriate. He argues that what can be conveyed by the body does not meet the definition of linguistic language.
Birdwhistell points out that "the human movement is different from those of other animals because they are polysemic, that they can be interpreted to have many different meanings depending on the communicative context in which they are produced". And, he "rejects the idea that 'body language' can be deciphered in some absolute mode." He also points out that "every body movement must be interpreted broadly and along with every other element in communication".
However, body language is still more widely used than kinesics .
See also
- Mirror neuron
- Imitation
- Literal and figurative languages ​​
- Metaphor
- Mimoplastic Art
- Smiley
- Paul Ekman
- Allan Pease
- Face Action Coding System
- Nonverbal learning disorders
- The autism spectrum
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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