Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that provide necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to cells and transport the remnants of metabolic products from the same cells.
In vertebrates, it consists of blood cells that are suspended in the blood plasma. Plasma, which is 55% of the blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume), and contains proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (the plasma becomes the main medium for transporting excretory products), and the blood cells own. Albumin is the main protein in plasma, and serves to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure from the blood. Blood cells are mainly red blood cells (also called red blood cells or erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called leukocytes or leukocytes) and platelets (also called platelets). The most abundant cells in the blood of vertebrates are red blood cells. It contains hemoglobin, a protein containing iron, which facilitates the transport of oxygen by binding reversibly to this respiratory gas and greatly increases its solubility in the blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is mostly transported extracellularly as bicarbonate ions transported in the plasma.
The blood of the vertebrates is bright red when the hemoglobin is oxygenated and is dark red when deoxygenated. Some animals, such as crustaceans and molluscs, use hemosanin to carry oxygen instead of hemoglobin. Insects and some mollusks use a liquid called hemolymph instead of blood, the difference being that the hemolymph is not contained in the closed circulatory system. In most insects, this "blood" does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules like hemoglobin because their bodies are small enough for their tracheal system to supply enough oxygen.
Jawed vertebrates have an adaptive immune system, mostly based on white blood cells. White blood cells help fight infections and parasites. Platelets are important in blood clotting. Arthropods, using hemolymph, have hemocytes as part of their immune system.
Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the action of the heart pump. In animals with lungs, arterial blood carries oxygen from air inhaled to body tissues, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a metabolic waste product produced by cells, from tissues to the lungs to exhale.
The medical term related to blood often begins with hemo - or hemato - (also spelled haemo - and haemato - ) from the Greek word ???? ( haima ) for "blood". In terms of anatomy and histology, blood is considered a special form of connective tissue, given its origin in bone and the presence of potential molecular fibers in the form of fibrinogen.
Video Blood
Function
Blood performs many important functions in the body, including:
- Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobin, carried in red blood cells)
- Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in blood or bound to plasma proteins (eg, blood lipids))
- Eliminates waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid
- Immunological functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies
- Coagulation, response to damaged blood vessels, conversion of blood from liquid to semisolid gel to stop bleeding
- Messenger functions, including hormonal transport and network damage signals
- Core body temperature regulation
- Hydraulic function
Maps Blood
Constituents
Blood accounts for 7% of human body weight, with an average density of about 1060 kg/m 3 , very close to a pure water density of 1000 kg/m 3 . The average adult has a blood volume of about 5 liters (11 US pt), which consists of plasma and some cell types. These blood cells (also called cells or "formed elements") consist of erythrocytes (red blood cells, red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets (platelets). In volume, red blood cells constitute about 45% of all blood, plasma about 54.3%, and white cells about 0.7%.
Whole blood (plasma and cell) shows non-Newtonian fluid dynamics. If all human hemoglobin is free in plasma rather than contained in red blood cells, the circulatory fluid will be too thick for the cardiovascular system to function effectively.
Cell
One microliter of blood contains:
- 4.7 to 6.1 million (men), 4.2 to 5.4 million (women) erythrocytes: Red blood cells contain blood hemoglobin and distribute oxygen. Mature red blood cells do not have nuclei and organelles in mammals. Red blood cells (along with endothelial vessel cells and other cells) are also characterized by glycoproteins that determine different blood types. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred to as hematocrit, and is usually about 45%. The combined surface area of ​​all red blood cells from the human body will be approximately 2,000 times larger than the exterior surface of the body.
- 4,000-11,000 leukocytes: White blood cells are part of the immune system; they destroy and dispose of old or distorted cells and cellular debris, as well as attack infectious agents (pathogens) and foreign substances. Leukocyte cancer is called leukemia.
- 200,000-500.000 platelets: Also called platelets, they take part in blood coagulation (coagulation). Fibrin from the coagulation cascade creates a mesh above the platelet plug.
Plasma
Approximately 55% of blood is blood plasma, a fluid which is a blood-liquid medium, which in itself is yellow-straw. The total blood plasma volume is 2.7-3.0 liters (2.8-3.2 liters) in the average human. It is essentially a dilute solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma protein, and a small amount of other ingredients. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in blood or bound to plasma proteins), and removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid.
Other important components include:
- Serum albumin
- Blood clotting factor (to facilitate freezing)
- Immunoglobulin (antibody)
- lipoprotein particles
- Various other proteins
- Various electrolytes (especially sodium and chloride)
The term serum refers to the plasma from which the freezing protein has been removed. Most of the remaining protein is albumin and immunoglobulin.
pH value
The blood pH is set to remain within a narrow range of 7.35-7.45, making it slightly basic. Blood that has a pH below 7.35 is too acidic, while a blood pH above 7.45 is too basic. (PCO 2 ), and bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) is carefully regulated by a number of homeostatic mechanisms, which use its effect mainly through the respiratory and urinary system to control acid-base and respiration balance. Arterial blood gas test measures this. Plasma also circulates hormones that transmit their messages to various tissues. The list of normal reference ranges for a wide range of blood electrolytes.
Blood on non-mammalian vertebrates
Human blood is typical of mammals, although precise details of cell numbers, size, protein structure, and so on, are somewhat different between species. In non-mammalian vertebrates, there are several major differences:
- The red blood cells of the non-mammalian vertebrates are flat and oval, and retain their cell nuclei.
- There are many variations in the type and proportion of white blood cells; for example, acidophil is generally more common than in humans.
- Unique platelets for mammals; in other vertebrates, small nucleated cells, spindle cells called platelets are responsible for blood clots instead. Physiology
- Volume failure
- Injury can cause blood loss through bleeding. A healthy adult can lose nearly 20% of blood volume (1Ã, L) before the first symptom, anxiety, begins, and 40% volume (2Ã, L) before shock comes in. Platelets are important for blood clotting and blood clot formation. , which can stop the bleeding. Trauma to internal or bone organs can cause internal bleeding, which can sometimes be severe.
- Dehydration can reduce blood volume by reducing blood water levels. This rarely causes shock (regardless of very severe cases) but can lead to orthostatic hypotension and fainting.
- Circulatory disorders
- Shock is an ineffective tissue perfusion, and can be caused by various conditions including blood loss, infection, poor cardiac output.
- Atherosclerosis reduces blood flow through the arteries, because the atheroma arteries narrow and narrow. Atheroma tends to increase with age, and its development can be exacerbated by many causes including smoking, high blood pressure, excess lipids in circulation (hyperlipidemia), and diabetes mellitus.
- Coagulation can form thrombosis, which can block the vessels.
- Problems with the composition of blood, the action of heart pumping, or the narrowing of blood vessels can have many consequences including hypoxia (lack of oxygen) from the tissues provided. The term ischemia refers to tissues that are not sufficiently diffused by blood, and infarction refers to tissue death (necrosis), which can occur when the blood supply has been blocked (or very inadequately).
- Anemia
- Insufficient red blood cell mass (anemia) can be caused by bleeding, blood disorders such as thalassemia, or nutritional deficiencies, and may require one or more blood transfusions. Anemia can also be caused by a genetic disorder in which red blood cells do not function effectively. Anemia can be confirmed by blood testing if the hemoglobin value is less than 13.5 gm/dl in men or less than 12.0 gm/dl in women. Some countries have blood banks to fill the demand for blood transfusions. A person receiving a blood transfusion should have a blood type corresponding to the donor.
- Sickle cell anemia
- Cell proliferation disorders
- Leukemia is a group of cancers in the tissues and blood-forming cells.
- Overproduction of non-cancerous red cells (polycythemia vera) or platelets (essential thrombocytosis) may be premalignant.
- Myelodysplastic syndrome involves ineffective production of one or more cell lines.
- Coagulation disorders
- Hemophilia is a genetic disease that causes dysfunction in one of the blood clotting mechanisms. This can allow nonessential injuries to be life-threatening, but more often cause hemarthrosis, or bleeding into joints, which can be crippling.
- Ineffective or inadequate platelets can also cause coagulopathy (bleeding disorder).
- The condition of hypercoagulation (thrombophilia) occurs due to defects in the regulation of platelet or clump factor function, and may cause thrombosis.
- Blood infection disorders
- Blood is an important infection vector. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact with blood, semen or other body secretions from an infected person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Because blood-borne infections, blood-stained objects are treated as biohazards.
- Bacterial infections in the blood are bacteremia or sepsis. Viral infection is viremia. Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood-borne parasitic infections.
- Blood Cell and Red cell Antigen. Book online free on NCBI Bookshelf ID: NBK2261
- Blood in In Our Time
- Blood Photomycrograph
Cardiovascular system
Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the action of the heart pump. In humans, blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle from the heart through the arteries to the peripheral tissues and back into the right atrium of the heart through the veins. Then enter the right ventricle and pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back into the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. The blood then goes into the left ventricle to circulate again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from air inhaled throughout the body's cells, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a product of metabolic waste by cells, to the lungs to exhale. However, one exception includes the pulmonary artery, which contains deoxygenated blood in the body, while the pulmonary vein contains oxygenated blood.
Additional backflow can be generated by skeletal muscle movement, which can suppress the veins and push the blood through the valves in the veins to the right atrium.
The famous blood circulation was described by William Harvey in 1628.
Production and degradation of blood cells
In vertebrates, various blood cells are made in the bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis, which includes erythropoiesis, red blood cell production; and myelopoiesis, the production of white blood cells and platelets. During childhood, almost every human bone produces red blood cells; as adults, the production of red blood cells is limited to larger bones: the body of the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, pelvis, and upper arm bones and legs. In addition, during childhood, the thymus gland, found in mediastinum, is an important source of T lymphocytes. Blood protein components (including clotting proteins) are produced primarily by the liver, while hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and aqueous fractions regulated by the hypothalamus and nourished by kidney.
Healthy erythrocytes have a plasma life about 120 days before they are degraded by the spleen, and Kupffer cells are at heart. The liver also cleans some proteins, lipids, and amino acids. The kidneys actively remove waste products into the urine.
Oxygen Transport
Approximately 98.5% of oxygen in arterial blood samples in healthy human breathing air at sea level pressure is chemically combined with hemoglobin. About 1.5% are physically dissolved in other blood fluids and are not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is the main transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species (for exceptions, see below). Hemoglobin has an oxygen-binding capacity of between 1.36 and 1.40 ml of O 2 per gram of hemoglobin, which increases the total oxygen capacity of the blood sevenfold, than if oxygen is solely brought about by 0.03 ml solubility O 2 per liter of blood per mmHg of partial pressure of oxygen (about 100 mmHg in artery).
With the exception of the appropriate pulmonary and umbilical arteries and veins, the arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart and deliver it to the body via arterioles and capillaries, where oxygen is consumed; after that, the venules and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Under normal conditions in adult humans at rest, hemoglobin in the blood leaving the lungs is about 98-99% saturated with oxygen, reaching oxygen delivery between 950 and 1150 ml/min to the body. In healthy adults at rest, oxygen consumption is about 200-250 ml/min, and deoxygenated blood back to the lungs is still about 75% (70 to 78%) saturated. Increased oxygen consumption during ongoing exercise reduces oxygen saturation from venous blood, which may reach less than 15% in trained athletes; although respiratory rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood may drop up to 95% or less under these conditions. This low oxygen saturation is considered harmful to the individual at rest (for example, during surgery under anesthesia). Continuous hypoxia (oxygenation of less than 90%), harmful to health, and severe hypoxia (less than 30% saturation) can be fatal.
The fetus, receiving oxygen through the placenta, is subjected to much lower oxygen pressure (about 21% of the level found in the adult lungs), so the fetus produces another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen (hemoglobin F) for function. in this condition.
Transportation of carbon dioxide
CO 2 is carried in the blood in three different ways. (The exact percentage varies depending on whether it's arterial or venous blood). Most (about 70%) are converted to bicarbonate ions HCO -
3 by carbonic anhydrase enzyme in red blood cells by CO H 2 O -> H 2 CO 3 -> H HCO -
3 ; about 7% dissolved in plasma; and about 23% are bound to hemoglobin as carbamino compounds. Hemoglobin, the major oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells, carries oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, CO 2 bound to hemoglobin does not bind to the same site as oxygen. Instead, it joins the N-terminal group on four globin chains. However, due to the allosteric effect on the hemoglobin molecule, the binding of CO 2 reduces the amount of oxygen attached to the given partial pressure of oxygen. The decrease in carbon dioxide binding in the blood due to elevated oxygen levels is known as the Haldane effect, and is important in transporting carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs. A partial pressure increase of CO 2 or lower pH will lead to oxygen discharge from hemoglobin, known as the Bohr effect. Hydrogen ion transport
Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin binds most of the hydrogen ion because it has a much greater affinity for more hydrogen than oxyhemoglobin.
Lymphatic System
In mammals, the blood is in equilibrium with the lymph, which continues to form in tissue from the blood by capillary ultrafiltration. The lymph is collected by a small lymphatic vessel system and directed to the thoracic duct, which flows into the left subclavian vein where the lymph recombines with the systemic blood circulation.
Thermoregulation
Blood circulation transports heat throughout the body, and adjustment to this flow is an important part of thermoregulation. Increasing blood flow to the surface (for example, during warm weather or heavy exercise) causes warmer skin, resulting in faster heat loss. Conversely, when external temperatures are low, blood flow to the extremities and skin surface is reduced and to prevent heat loss and is circulated to the vital organs of the body, is special.
Blood flow rate
Blood flow rates vary greatly between different organs. The liver has the most blood supply with an estimated flow of 1350 ml/min. The kidneys and brain are the second and third most-supplied organs, with 1100 ml/min and ~ 700 ml/min, respectively.
The relative rate of blood flow per 100 g of tissue differs, with the kidneys, adrenal glands and thyroid being the first, second, and third tissue most widely given.
Hydraulic function
Blood flow restriction can also be used in special tissues to cause swelling, resulting in tissue erection; for example erectile tissue in the penis and clitoris.
Another example of the hydraulic function is the jumping spider, where the blood forced into the foot under pressure causes them to straighten for a strong leap, without the need for a large muscular foot.
Invertebrata
In insects, blood (more properly called hemolymph) is not involved in the transport of oxygen. (The so-called tracheal openings allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly into the tissues.) Insect blood moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products in open systems.
Other invertebrates use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory protein found in nature. Hemocyanin (blue) contains copper and is found in crustaceans and molluscs. It is estimated that the tunicata (sea squirts) may use vanabins (proteins containing vanadium) for respiratory pigments (bright green, blue, or orange).
In many invertebrates, this oxygen-carrying protein is soluble in the blood; in their vertebrates are contained in special red blood cells, allowing higher concentrations of respiratory pigments without increasing viscosity or damaging blood-filtering organs such as the kidneys.
Giant tube worms have an unusual hemoglobin that allows them to live in an extraordinary environment. This hemoglobin also carries sulfides which are usually fatal in other animals.
Color
Blood dye ( hemochrome ) is largely due to the proteins in the blood responsible for oxygen transport. Different groups of organisms use different proteins.
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the principal determinant of blood color in vertebrates. Each molecule has four heme groups, and its interactions with various molecules change the right color. In vertebrates and other creatures that use hemoglobin, the blood of the arteries and capillary blood is bright red, because oxygen gives a strong red color to the heme group. Deoxygenated blood is a darker red color; It is present in a blood vessel, and can be seen during a blood donor and when a venous blood sample is taken. This is because the spectrum of light absorbed by hemoglobin differs between oxygenated and deoxygenated states.
Blood in carbon monoxide poisoning is bright red, because carbon monoxide causes the formation of carboxyhemoglobin. In cyanide poisoning, the body can not use oxygen, so the venous blood remains oxygenated, increasing the redness. There are several conditions that affect the heme groups present in hemoglobin that can make skin look blue - a symptom called cyanosis. If the heme is oxidized, methemoglobin, which is more brownish and can not transport oxygen, is formed. In rare conditions of sulfhemoglobinemia, arterial hemoglobin is partially oxygenated, and appears dark red with a bluish tint.
The veins near the skin surface look blue for various reasons. However, the factors that contribute to this change in color perception are related to the light scattering properties of the skin and the processing of visual input by the visual cortex, rather than the true color of venous blood.
Wrinkles in the genus Prasinohaema have green blood due to the accumulation of waste products biliverdin. Hemocyanin
Most mollusk blood - including cephalopods and gastropods - as well as some arthropods, such as horseshoe crabs, is blue, because it contains copper-containing hemocyanin protein at a concentration of about 50 grams per liter. Hemocyanin is colorless when deoxygenated and dark blue when oxygenated. Blood in the circulation of these creatures, which generally live in cold environments with low oxygen tension, is gray to pale yellow, and turns dark blue when exposed to oxygen in the air, as seen when they bleed. This is due to the change of color of hemosianin when oxidized. Hemocyanin carries oxygen in the extracellular fluid, which is different from the intracellular oxygen transport in mammals by hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Chlorocruorin
Annelid worm blood and some marine polychaetes use chlorocruorin to transport oxygen. The color is green in a dilute solution. Hemerythrin
Hemerythrin is used for the transport of oxygen in the syphilis of marine invertebrates, priapulids, brakiopods, and annelid worms, magelona. Hemerythrin is purple-purple when oxygenated.
Hemovanadin
Blood of several ascidian and tunicata species, also known as marine squirts, contains proteins called vanadins. These proteins are based on vanadium, and give the creatures a vanadium concentration in their bodies 100 times higher than the surrounding sea water. Unlike hemosanin and hemoglobin, hemovanadin is not an oxygen carrier. When exposed to oxygen, however, vanadins turn into mustard yellow.
Pathology
General medical disorders
Haematological disorders
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Substances other than oxygen can bind to hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause permanent damage to the body. Carbon monoxide, for example, is very dangerous when carried to the blood through the lungs through inhalation, because carbon monoxide binds irreversibly to hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, resulting in fewer free hemoglobin to bind oxygen, and fewer oxygen molecules can be transported throughout the blood. This can cause a silent suffocation. A fire that burns in a closed room with poor ventilation poses a very dangerous danger, as it can create a buildup of carbon monoxide in the air. Some carbon monoxide binds hemoglobin when smoking tobacco.
Medical care
Blood products
Blood for transfusion is obtained from human donors with blood donors and stored in blood banks. There are many different blood types in humans, the ABO blood type system, and the most important system of blood group Rhesus. Blood transfusions from inappropriate blood groups can cause severe complications, often fatal, so crossings are made to ensure that compatible blood products are transfused.
Other blood products administered intravenously are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate, and specific coagulation factor concentrates.
Intravenous Administration
Many forms of drugs (from antibiotics to chemotherapy) are given intravenously, because they are not easily or adequately absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
After severe acute blood loss, a liquid preparation, commonly known as plasma expansion, may be administered intravenously, either saline solution (NaCl, KCl, CaCl 2 etc.). In physiological concentrations, or colloid solutions , such as dextran, human serum albumin, or fresh frozen plasma. In this emergency situation, plasma expander is a more effective life-saving procedure than blood transfusion, because transfused red cell metabolism does not resume immediately after transfusion.
Bloodletting
In modern evidence-based medicine, bloodshed is used in the management of some rare diseases, including hemochromatosis and polycythemia. However, bloodshed and leeches were an unvalidated general intervention used until the 19th century, as many illnesses were mistaken for excess blood, according to Hippocratic medicine.
History
According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word "blood" comes from the oldest English language, circa 1000Ã, CE. This word comes from the Middle English, which comes from the Old English word blÃÆ'Â'd , which is similar to the Old High German bluot , which means blood. The modern German word is (das) Blut.
Classical Greek Drugs
FÃÆ'  ¥ hrÃÆ'Â|us (a Swedish doctor who designs erythrocyte sedimentation rates) suggests that the Ancient Greek system of humorism, in which the body is thought to contain four different body fluids (related to different temperaments), is based on blood observations. freezing in a transparent container. When blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour, four different layers can be seen. A dark clump forms at the bottom ("black bile"). Above the clot is a layer of red blood cells ("blood"). On top of this is a whitish layer of white blood cells ("sputum"). The upper layer is a clear yellow serum ("yellow bile").
Human blood
The ABO blood type system was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. Jan JanskÃÆ'½ was credited with the first blood classification into four types (A, B, AB, and O) in 1907, which are still in use today. In 1907 the first blood transfusion was performed using the ABO system to predict compatibility. The first non-direct transfusion was conducted on March 27, 1914. The Rhesus factor was discovered in 1937.
Cultural and religious beliefs
Because of the importance of life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships through birth/offspring; "linked by blood" should be linked to ancestors or offspring, rather than marriage. It is very close to the bloodline, and speeches such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", and "blood brother".
Blood is given special emphasis in Judaism and Christianity, because Leviticus 17:11 says "the life of beings is in the blood." This phrase is part of the Levitical law that forbids drinking blood or eating meat with intact blood instead of pouring.
References to the myth of blood can sometimes be related to the nature of life-giving blood, seen in events such as childbirth, in contrast to blood injury or death.
Indigenous Australians
In many traditions of Aboriginal Australians, ocher (mainly red) and blood, both of which contain high iron and are considered Maban, are applied to the dancers' bodies for rituals. As Lawlor states:
In many Aboriginal rituals and ceremonies, the red ocher is rubbed over the bodies of the naked dancers. Secretly, a sacred male ceremony, the blood extracted from the veins of participants' arms is exchanged and rubbed into their bodies. Red ocher is used in the same way in secret ceremonies. Blood is also used to tie bird feathers to people's bodies. Bird feathers contain highly sensitive proteins magnetically.
Lawlor commented that the blood used in this mode is held by these people to familiarize the dancers into the invisible energetic realm of Dreamtime. Lawlor then connects this invisible energy field and magnetic field, because iron is magnetic.
European paganism
Among Germanic tribes, blood is used during their sacrifices; Bla³³ . Blood is thought to have its trigger force, and, after deduction, the blood is sown on the wall, on the statue of the god, and on the participant itself. This blood sprinkling action is called blóssian in Old English, and terminology is borrowed by the Roman Catholic Church to to bless and blessing . The word Hittite for blood, ishar is a word of a word for "oaths" and "bonds", see Ishara. Ancient Greeks believed that the blood of the gods, ichor , was a poisonous substance for humans.
As a legacy of German Law, the cruelty, ordeal in which the bodies of the victims should begin to bleed in the face of murderers, were used until the early 17th century.
Christianity
In Genesis 9: 4, God forbid Noah and his sons to eat blood (see Noahide's Law). This order continues to be observed by the Eastern Orthodox.
It is also found in the Bible that when the Angel of Death came to the Hebrew house that the firstborn would not die if the angel saw the blood of the sheep wiped in the doorway.
In the Jerusalem Council, the apostles forbade certain Christians to consume blood - this is documented in Acts 15:20 and 29. This chapter explains the reason (especially in verses 19-21): It was to avoid the Jews who were the victims. Christians, because the Book of the Law of Moses forbids the practice.
The Blood of Christ is the means for the atonement of sin. Also,?... the blood of Jesus Christ [Son] He cleanses us from all sin. "(1 John 1: 7),"... To him [God] who loves us, and washed us from our sins. in his own blood. "(Revelation 1: 5), and" And they beat him (Satan) with the blood of the Lamb [Jesus Christ], and by the word of their testimony... "(Revelation 12:11).
Some Christian churches, including Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Eastern Assyrian Church teach that, when sanctified, the Eucharistic wine really becomes the blood of Jesus for the worshipers to drink. So in the consecrated wine, Jesus is present spiritually and physically. This teaching is rooted in the Last Supper, as it is written in the four Gospels of the Bible, in which Jesus declares to his disciples that the bread they eat is his body, and that wine is his blood. "This cup is new evidence in my blood, which is poured out for you." (Luke 22:20) .
Most forms of Protestantism, especially the Wesleyan or Presbyterian school, teach that wine is nothing more than a symbol of the blood of Christ, spiritually but not physically present. Lutheran theology teaches that the body and blood come together "in, with, and under" the bread and wine of the Eucharistic feast.
Judaism
In Judaism, animal blood should not be consumed even in the smallest amount (Leviticus 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in the Jewish dietary law (Kashrut). Blood is cleansed of meat by rinsing and soaking in water (to loosen the lumps), marinating and then rinsing with water again several times. Eggs should also be examined and blood spots are removed before consumption. Although the blood of the fish is biblical kosher, it is forbidden to consume fish blood to avoid the appearance of breaking the biblical ban.
Other rituals involving blood involve the closing of the poultry and the game after the slaughter (Leviticus 17:13); the reason given by the Torah is: "For the life of an animal is in his blood" (ibid. 17:14). In relation to man, Kabbalah elaborates on this verse that the soul of a person's beast is in the blood, and that physical desire comes from it.
Likewise, the mystical reason for the sacrifice of the salvation temple and the slaughtered flesh is to remove the lust of blood like the animal of that person. By removing the animal's blood, the animal's energy and the life-force contained in the blood are removed, making the meat fit for human consumption.
Islam
The consumption of foods containing blood is prohibited by Islamic dietary laws. This comes from a statement in the Qur'an, sura Al-Ma'ida (5: 3): "Forbidden to you (for food) is: dead flesh, blood, pork, and calling names other than God."
Blood is considered unclean, then there is a special method to obtain physical hygiene status and ritual after bleeding occurs. Special rules and restrictions apply to menstruation, bleeding after delivery and irregular vaginal bleeding. When an animal has been slaughtered, the animal's neck is cut in a way to ensure that the spine is not cut off, then the brain can send commands to the heart to pump blood there for oxygen. In this way, blood is removed from the body, and the meat is generally now safe to cook and eat. In modern times, blood transfusions are generally not considered to be against the rules.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Based on their interpretation of the scriptures such as Acts 15:28, 29 ("Keep away from the blood."), Many Jehovah's Witnesses do not consume blood or receive whole blood transfusions or its main components: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (platelets ), and plasma. Members may personally decide whether they will receive medical procedures involving their own blood or substances that are further fractionated from the four main components.
East Asian Cultures
In Southeast Asian popular culture, it is often said that if a man's nose produces a small stream of blood, he experiences sexual desire. It often appears in Chinese and Hong Kong films as well as in Japanese and Korean culture parodied in anime, manga, and drama. Characters, mostly men, will often show with nosebleeds if they have just seen a naked person or a small dress, or if they have erotic or fantasy thinking; this is based on the idea that a man's blood pressure will jump dramatically when aroused.
Vampire legend
Vampires are mythical creatures who drink direct blood for food, usually with a preference for human blood. Cultures around the world have this kind of myth; such as the legend of 'Nosferatu', a man who attains the curse and immortality by drinking the blood of others, comes from Eastern European folklore. Fleas, leeches, female mosquitoes, vampire bats, and various other natural creatures consume the blood of other animals, but only bats are associated with vampires. It has nothing to do with the vampire bat, which is a new world creature found well after the origin of European myth.
Apps
In applied science
Blood residues can help a forensic investigator identify a weapon, reconstruct a criminal act, and associate a suspect with a crime. Through the analysis of blood stain patterns, forensic information can also be obtained from the spatial distribution of blood stains.
Blood residual analysis is also a technique used in archeology.
In art
Blood is one of the body fluids that have been used in art. In particular, performances from Vienna's Actionhouse Hermann Nitsch, Istvan Office, Franko B, Lennie Lee, Ron Athey, Yang Zhichao, Lucas Abela and Kira O 'Reilly, along with Andres Serrano's photography, have included blood as a prominent visual element.. Marc Quinn has made a statue using a blood clot, including a cast of his own head made with his own blood.
In genealogy and family history
The term blood is used in genealogical circles to refer to a person's ancestor, origin, and ethnic background as in the word blood line . Another term in which blood is used in family history is blue blood , noble blood , mixed blood and relative blood .
See also
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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