Bicycle , also called cycle or bike , is a human-powered single-track vehicle, pedal driven, has two wheels attached to the frame, one behind another. Cyclists are called cyclists or cyclists.
Bicycles were introduced at the end of the 19th century in Europe, and by the beginning of the 21st century, more than 1 billion had been produced worldwide. These numbers far exceed the number of cars, both total and rank based on the number of individual models produced. They are the main means of transportation in many areas. They also provide a popular form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as children's toys, general fitness, military and police applications, courier services, bicycle racing and bike action.
The basic shape and typical upright configuration or "safety bike", has changed little since the first chain-driven model was developed around 1885. But many details have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and computer-aided design. It has allowed for the proliferation of special designs for many types of cycling.
The invention of bicycles has a profound effect on society, both in terms of culture and advancing modern industrial methods. Some of the components that ultimately play a key role in car development were originally created for use in bicycles, including ball bearings, pneumatic tires, chain-driven sprockets and tensioned wheels.
Video Bicycle
Etimologi
The word bicycle first appeared in English print on The Daily News in 1868, to describe "Bysicles and trysicles" on "Champs ElysÃÆ' Â © es and Bois de Boulogne". The word was first used in 1847 in a French publication to describe an unidentified two-wheeled vehicle, possibly a train. The design of the bike is an advance on velocipede, although the words were used with some degree of overlap for a while.
Other words for bikes include "bike", "pushbike", "cycle pedal", or "cycle". In Unicode, the code point for "bike" is 0x1F6B2. Entity & amp; # x1F6B2; in generating HTML ?.
Maps Bicycle
History
The "Dandy Horse", also called Draisienne or Laufmaschine, is the first human transportation tool that uses only two wheels together and was created by Baron Karl von Drais of Germany. It is considered a pioneer of modern bicycles; Drais introduced him to the public in Mannheim in the summer of 1817 and in Paris in 1818. His rider sat around a wooden frame supported by two in-line wheels and pushed the vehicle along with his legs at the wheel of the front wheel.
The first mechanically-driven two-wheeled vehicle may have been built by Kirkpatrick MacMillan, a Scottish blacksmith, in 1839, although the claim is often disputed. He was also associated with the first example of a cycling traffic violation, when a Glasgow newspaper in 1842 reported an accident in which an "anonymous man from Dumfries-shire... defeated a velocipede... from a clever design" dropped a little girl in Glasgow and fined five shillings.
In the early 1860s, France Pierre Michaux and Pierre Lallement took the bicycle design in a new direction by adding mechanical crank drives with pedals to the enlarged front wheel (velocipede). This is the first in mass production. Another French inventor named Douglas Grasso had a prototype of Pierre Lallement bikes that failed a few years earlier. Several inventions were followed using rear-wheel drive, the most famous being velocipede rod-driven by Scotsman Thomas McCall in 1869. That same year, the bicycle wheel with the wire radius was patented by Eugène Meyer from Paris. French vÃÆ' Â © locipÃÆ'¨de , made of iron and wood, evolved into "penny-farthing" (historically known as "ordinary bicycle", a retronym, because there is no other type). It featured a tubular steel frame mounted wire-spoked wheel with solid rubber tires. These bikes are difficult to drive because of their high seats and poor weight distribution. In 1868, Rowley Turner, the sales agent of the Coventry Sewing Machine Company (soon to become Coventry Machinery Company), took the Michaux cycle to Coventry, England. His uncle, Josiah Turner, and business partner James Starley, used this as the basis for the 'Coventry Model' in what became the first cycle factory in the UK.
The ordinary dwarf overcomes some of these errors by reducing the front wheel diameter and setting the seat farther back. This, in turn, requires tuning - is affected in many ways - to use the power of the pedal efficiently. Owning to pedal and steer through the front wheels remains a problem. British J. K. Starley (nephew of James Starley), J. H. Lawson, and Shergold solved this problem by introducing a chain of drives (derived by "bicyclette" unsuccessful from Englishman Henry Lawson), connecting the crank mounted on the frame to the rear wheels. These models are known as safety bikes, dwarf safety, or upright bikes for lower seat height and better weight distribution, though without pneumatic tires, smaller cyclists will be much rougher than larger wheelbikes. Starley's 1885 Rover, produced in Coventry is usually described as the first known modern bike. Immediately the seat tube was added, creating a diamond frame the modern double-triangle motorcycle.
Further innovation enhanced comfort and delivered to the madness of the second bike, the 1890s Golden Age of Bicycles . In 1888, Scotsman John Boyd Dunlop introduced the first practical pneumatic tire, which soon became universal. Willie Hume demonstrated the supremacy of Dunlop tires in 1889, winning the first tyre race in Ireland and then England. Soon after, the rear freewheel was developed, allowing riders to shore. This refinement led to the invention of the 1890s railroad brakes. DÃÆ'Â Â © railleur gears and hand-operated hand-wired Bowden brakes were also developed during these years, but only slowly adopted by ordinary riders.
The Velocipede Svea with vertical pedal adjustment and hub locking was introduced in 1892 by Swedish engineer Fredrik LjungstrÃÆ'¶m and Birger LjungstrÃÆ'¶m. It attracted attention in the World Fair and was produced in several thousand units.
In the 1870s many cycling clubs flourished. They are popular in times when there were no cars in the market and the main mode of transportation was horse-drawn vehicles, such as horses and trains or horsecars. Among the earliest clubs are The Bicycle Touring Club, which has been in operation since 1878. At the turn of the century, cycling clubs flourished on both sides of the Atlantic, and touring and racing became very popular. The Raleigh Bicycle Company was founded in Nottingham, England in 1888. It became the world's largest bicycle manufacturing company, making more than two million bikes per year.
Bicycles and horse-drawn carriages are two mainstays of personal transport shortly before the car, and smooth road gradations in the late 19th century are stimulated by the broad commercial, production, and usage of these devices. More than 1 billion bicycles have been produced worldwide at the beginning of the 21st century. Bicycles are the most common vehicle of any kind in the world, and most models of any type of vehicle, whether human or motorized, are the Chinese Flying Pigeon, which exceeds 500 million. The next most vehicle, Honda Super Cub motorcycle, has more than 60 million units made, while most cars produced, Toyota Corolla, has reached 35 million and continues to grow.
Using
From the beginning and now, the bike has been used for many uses. Utilitarianly, bicycles are used for transportation, bicycle trips, and cycling utilities. It can be used as a 'work horse', used by postal carriers, paramedics, police, couriers, and general delivery services. Military use of bicycles includes communications, reconnaissance, troop movements, supply provisions, and patrols. See also: bicycle infantry.
These bikes are also used for recreational purposes, such as bicycle tours, mountain biking, physical fitness, and play. Bicycle competitions include racing, BMX racing, track racing, criterium, roller racing, sportsmanship and time trials. The main multi-stage professional events are Giro d'Italia, Tour de France, Vuelta a Espaà ± a, Tour de Pologne, and Volta a Portugal.
Bicycles can be used for entertainment and fun, such as organized mass cycling, artistic cycling, and BMX freestyle.
Technical aspects
Bicycles have undergone adaptation and continuous improvement from the beginning. These innovations continue with the advent of modern materials and computer-aided designs, enabling the development of special types of bicycles, improved bicycle safety, and ride comfort.
Type
Bicycles can be categorized in various ways: by function, by number of riders, by common construction, by gears or by means of propulsion. The more common types include utility bikes, mountain bikes, racing bikes, touring bikes, hybrid bikes, cruiser bikes, and BMX bikes. Less common are tandem, low riders, high bikes, fixed equipment, folding models, amphibious bicycles, cargo bikes, stumbling and electric bicycles.
Unicycles, tricycles and quadracycles are not entirely bicycles, because they each have one, three and four wheels, but are often referred to informally as "bike" or "cycle".
Dynamics
A bike stays upright as it moves forward with steering so as to keep its center of mass on wheels. This steering is usually provided by the rider, but under certain conditions may be provided by the bike itself.
The combined center of the bike and its rider should lean on a bend to navigate successfully. This lean is induced by a method known as countersteering, which can be performed by a rider who turns the handlebars directly by hand or indirectly by leaning the bike.
Short or high wheel spacing, during braking, can produce sufficient braking force on the front wheels to reverse longitudinally. The act of deliberately using this power to lift the rear wheel and balance on the front without flipping is a trick known as the stoppie, endo, or front wheelie.
Performance
This bike is amazingly efficient in terms of biology and mechanics. Bicycles are the most efficient means of human transportation in terms of the energy one has to spend for a certain distance. From a mechanical standpoint, up to 99% of the energy delivered by the rider to the pedal is transmitted to the wheels, although the use of gear mechanisms can reduce this to 10-15%. In terms of the weight ratio of the bikes can carry the total weight, it is also an efficient means of cargo transportation.
A man traveling on a low to moderate speed bike about 16-24 km/h (10-15 mph) uses only the power required to walk. Air resistance, which is proportional to the square of speed, requires dramatically higher power output as speed increases. If the rider sits upright, the rider's body creates about 75% of the total bike/rider combination obstacles. Drag can be reduced by placing the rider in a more aerodynamic and efficient position. Drags can also be reduced by closing the bike with aerodynamic fairing. The fastest recorded speeds on flat surfaces were 144.18 km/h (89.59 mph)
In addition, the carbon dioxide produced in the production and transportation of food required by cyclists, per mile of travel, is less than 1/10 generated by energy efficient cars.
Section
Frame
Most modern bikes have a frame with upright seating that looks like the first chain-driven bike. This upright bike almost always features a diamond frame , a truss consisting of two triangles: the front triangle and the back triangle. The front triangle consists of a head tube, an upper tube, a bottom tube, and a seat tube. The headgear contains a headset, a set of pads that allows the fork to turn smoothly for steering and balance. The top tube connects the head tube to the seat tube at the top, and the bottom tube connects the head tube to the bottom bracket. The rear triangle consists of a seat tube and a fixed pair of chains and a fixed seat. The chain still runs parallel to the chain, connecting the bottom bracket to the rear pause, where the axle for the rear wheels is held. The seat still connects the top of the seat tube (at or near the same point as the top tube) to the tip of the rear fork.
Historically, the female bike skeleton has a top tube connected in the center of the seat tube instead of the top, so the lower standing height at the expense of structural integrity is impaired, as this places a strong bending load in the seat tube, and the bicycle frame members are usually weak in supple. This design, referred to as a step-by-frame frame or as an open frame, allows the rider to rise and fall in a dignified manner while wearing a skirt or dress. While some female bikes continue to use this frame style, there is also a variation, mixte , which divides the top tube laterally into two thin upper tubes that cut off the seat tube on each side and connect to the rear fork over. Ease of stepping is also appreciated by those who have limited flexibility or other joint problems. Because of its persistent image as a "female" bike, a step-by-step frame is not common for larger frames.
These popular steps are partly due to practical and partial reasons for the social customs of the day. For most of the history the popularity of women's bikes has been wearing long skirts, and the lower frame accommodates this better than the top tube. Furthermore, it is considered "unnatural" for women to open their legs up and down - in more conservative times, cycling women are at all regarded as immoral or impolite. These practices are similar to the old practice of horseback riding horses.
Another style is a supine bike. It is inherently more aerodynamic than the upright version, because the rider can lean back into support and operate the pedal that is around the same level as the seat. The fastest bike in the world is a supine bike but this type of competition was banned in 1934 by Union Cycliste Internationale.
Historically, materials used in bicycles have followed the same pattern as in airplanes, the goal being high strength and low weight. Since the late 1930s alloy steel has been used for frames and fork tubes in higher quality machines. In 1980 the technique of aluminum welding has increased to the point that aluminum tubes can be safely used instead of steel. Since then, aluminum alloy frames and other components have become popular because of its light weight, and most mid-range bikes are now mostly aluminum alloys. The more expensive bikes use carbon fiber because of its significantly lighter weight and manufacturing capability, allowing designers to render bikes both rigid and in accordance with the lay-up manipulation. Almost all professional racing bikes now use carbon fiber frames, because they have the best weight to weight ratio. Typical modern carbon fiber frames can weigh less than 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds).
Other exotic frame materials include titanium and sophisticated alloys. Bamboo, a natural composite material with a high strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness has been used for bicycles since 1894. The latest version uses bamboo for main frame with joints and glued metal parts, priced as exotic models.
Drivetrain and gearing
The drivetrain starts with a cranking pedal, which is held on the axis by the bottom bracket. Most bikes use chains to transmit power to the rear wheels. A small number of bicycles use a shaft drive to transmit power, or a special belt. Hydraulic bike transmission has been built, but currently it is inefficient and complex.
Since cyclists' legs are most efficient in a narrow range of paddling speeds, or rhythms, the variable gear ratio helps cyclists to maintain optimal paddling speed while covering varying terrain. Some, especially utilities, bicycles use hub gears with between 3 and 14 ratios, but most use the railleur dÃÆ' Â © system in general more efficiently, with which chains are moved between different wheels called chainrings and sprockets to choose ratios. A rail system usually has two trains, or mechs, one in front to pick a chain and the other in the back to pick a sprocket. Most bikes have two or three links, and from 5 to 11 sprockets on the back, with the number of theoretical gears calculated by multiplying front with back. In fact, many gears overlap or require the chain to run diagonally, so the number of gears that can be used is less.
The alternative to chaindrive is to use a sync belt. It's toothed and cooperate like a chain - popular with commuters and long-distance cyclists they need a bit of care. They can not be shifted in cassette tapes, and are used either as single speed or with hub wheels.
A variety of dental and gear ranges are suitable for different people and cycling styles. Multi-speed bikes allow the selection of teeth according to the circumstances: cyclists can use high teeth when cycling downhill, medium teeth when cycling on a flat road, and low gears when cycling uphill. In the lower teeth every turn of the pedal leads to fewer rear wheel rotations. This allows the energy needed to move the same distance to be distributed over more pedal spins, reducing fatigue while climbing a ramp, with heavy loads, or against strong winds. The higher teeth allow the cyclist to make fewer pedal spins to maintain the given speed, but with more effort per turn of the pedal.
With the chain drive transmission, a chainring attached to the crank pushes the chain, which in turn rotates the rear wheel through the rear sprocket (tape) or freewheel). There are four gearing options: two-speed hub wheels integrated with ring chain, up to 3 chain rings, up to 11 sprockets, hub gears mounted to the rear wheels (3-speed up to 14-speed). The most common options are a back hub or multiple chain chains combined with multiple sprockets (a combination of other options is possible but less common).
Steering
The handles rotate the fork and the front wheels through the rod, which rotates inside the headset. Three general style handlebar. Straighteners , norms in Europe and elsewhere until the 1970s, arched slowly back toward the rider, offering a natural grip and a comfortable upright position. Drop the handlebars "fall" as they bend forward and downward, offering the best curing force of a cyclist from a more aerodynamic "squatting" position, as well as a more upright position where the hand holds the brake lever of the mount, front, or upper flat for a more upright posture. Mountain bikes generally have a 'straight handlebar' or 'pulling bar' with varying degrees of sweep backwards and centimeters upward, and a wider width that can provide better handling due to increased impact on the wheels.
Seating
The saddle also varies with the preference of the rider, from the cushion preferred by the short-range rider to the narrow saddle that allows more room for the swing of the foot. Convenience depends on driving position. With comfortable bikes and hybrids, cyclists sit high on chairs, their weight is directed to the saddle, so the wider and more cushioned saddle is preferred. For a racing bike in which the rider bends, the weight is more evenly between the handlebars and saddle, flexed hips, and the narrower saddle and the more difficult the more efficient. Different saddle designs exist for male and female cyclists, accommodating different gender anatomy and wide measurement of bone sitting, although the bike is usually sold with the most suitable saddle for men. The suspension seat and seat seats provide comfort by absorbing surprises but can add to the overall weight of the bike.
A recumbent bike has a reclining chair like a chair that some riders find more comfortable than a saddle, especially riders who suffer from certain types of chairs, back, neck, shoulders, or wrist pain. The recumbent bike may have a rudder under a chair or on a chair.
Brake
The bicycle brake may be a rim brake, where friction pads are compressed against wheel rims; brake hub, where this mechanism is contained within the wheel hub, or disc brakes, where the pads work on the rotor attached to the hub. Most road bikes use brake rim, but some use disc brakes. Disc brakes are more common for mountain bikes, tandem and bike on the back than on other types of bikes, due to increased strength, coupled with increased weight and complexity.
With hand brakes operated, force is applied to the brake lever mounted on the handlebars and transmitted via Bowden or hydraulic lines to the friction pads, which put pressure on the braking surfaces, causing friction that slows the bike down. Rear brake hubs can be operated by hand or pedal driven, as in the rear pedal brake coaster popular in North America until the 1960s.
Track bikes do not have brakes, as all riders ride in the same direction around a track that does not require sharp decelerations. Track riders can still slow down because all the bike tracks are fixed-gear, meaning no freewheel. Without freewheel, sliding is not possible, so when the rear wheel moves, the crank moves. To slow down, motorists apply resistance to the pedals, acting as a braking system that can be as effective as a conventional rear-wheel brake, but not as effective as a front-wheel brake.
Suspension
Bicycle suspension refers to the system or system used to suspend the rider and all or part of the bike. It serves two purposes: to keep the wheels in continuous contact with the ground, improve control, and isolate riders and luggage from roar because of rough surfaces, increasing comfort.
Bicycle suspensions are used primarily on mountain bikes, but are also common on hybrid bicycles, as they can help overcome problematic vibrations from bad surfaces. Suspension is very important on the bike on its back, because while the upright biker can stand on the pedal to achieve some of the benefits of suspension, the supine rider can not.
Basic mountain bikes and hybrids usually have a front suspension only, while the more sophisticated ones also have a rear suspension. Bicycles tend to have no suspension.
Wheels and tires
The wheel shaft fits to the end of the fork in the frame and fork. A pair of wheels can be called wheelset, especially in the context of ready-to-build "off the shelf", performance-oriented wheels.
Tires vary widely depending on the intended purpose. Bicycles use tires of 18 to 25 millimeters wide, most often completely smooth, or slippery, and inflated to high pressure for quick rolling on smooth surfaces. Off-road tires are usually between 38 and 64 mm (1.5 and 2.5 inches) wide, and have a tread to grip under muddy conditions or metal buttons for ice.
Accessories
Some components, which are often optional accessories on sport bikes, are standard features on electric bikes to improve usability, comfort, security, and visibility. Mudguards, or fenders, protect cyclists and moving parts from sprays while driving through wet areas and chainguards protect clothes from oil on chains while preventing clothing from being trapped between the chain and crankset gear. Kick stands keep the bike upright when parked, and the bike lock prevents theft. Front-mounted buggy, front or rear luggage or luggage racks, and panniers mounted on one or both wheels can be used to carry equipment or cargo. The pegs can be tied to one, or both hub wheels to help the rider perform certain tricks, or allow a place for an extra rider to stand, or rest. Parents sometimes add a child seat mounted on the back, an additional saddle mounted on a crossbar, or both to transport children. Training wheels are sometimes used while learning to ride.
Toe-clips and toestraps and clipless pedals help keep the foot locked in the proper pedal position and allow the cyclist to pull and push the pedal. Technical accessories include cyclocomputer to measure speed, distance, heart rate, GPS data etc. Other accessories include lamps, reflectors, mirrors, shelves, trailers, bags, water bottles and cages, and bells. Bicycle lights, reflectors, and helmets are required by law in some geographical areas depending on the legal code. It's more common to see bicycles with bottle generators, dynamos, lights, fenders, shelves and bells in Europe. The cyclist also has a special form of clothing that fits and high visibility.
Bicycle helmets can reduce injuries in the event of a collision or accident, and legally appropriate helmets are required by motorists in many jurisdictions. Helmets can be classified as accessories or as clothing items.
Bicycle coaches are used to enable cyclists to cycle while the bike stays quiet. They are often used for heating before racing or indoors when driving conditions are not favorable.
Bicycles can also be equipped with obstacles to pull trailers to carry cargo, children, or both.
Standard
A number of formal and industry standards exist for bicycle components to help make parts available for exchange and to maintain minimum product safety.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has a specialized technical committee for cycles, TC149, which has a scope of "Standardization in their cycle fields, components and accessories with special reference to terminology, testing methods and requirements for performance and safety, and interchangeability".
The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) also has a special Technical Committee, TC333, which defines European standards for cycles. Their mandate states that EN cycle standards must be aligned with ISO standards. Some CEN cycle standards were developed before ISOs published their standards, leading to a strong European influence in this area. The European cycle standards tend to describe minimum safety requirements, while the ISO standard has historically aligned section geometry.
Maintenance and repair
Maintenance of adequate tire inflation is the most frequent and troubling concern for cyclists and many ways and methods are used to maintain pneumatic integrity. Thick tires, thick tubes, tire liners (from a few devices that can not be mounted between the tires and tubes), the kneading liquid sealing compound into the tube, and the automotive-style patch kit are all used to reliably contain typical tire pressures from 40 up 60 pounds per square inch required for bicycle operation. Light and light bike tires are particularly vulnerable to further penetration and deflation caused by heads of goats and other burs, which are known as stickers everyday. Bicycle tire inflation for higher pressure than usual for automotive use requires special pumps. The complexity of bicycle tire maintenance and repair can cause many people not to consider bicycles for transportation or recreation.
Some bicycle parts, especially hub-based gear systems, require considerable torque to disembly and therefore need professional services. Self-service and assisted care and repair may be available.
- Some cyclists choose self-service: they maintain their own bikes, perhaps as part of their fun in a cycling hobby or just for economic reasons.
- There are several hundred Community Bicycle Organizations with help around the world. At the Community Bicycle Organization, lay people bring bicycles in need of repair or maintenance; volunteers teach them how to take the necessary steps.
- Full service is available from a bike mechanic at a local bike shop. In the area available, some cyclists buy roadside assistance from companies such as the Better World Club or the American Automobile Association.
Tools
There are special bicycle tools to use both in store and on the street. Many cyclists carry tools. This may include a tire patch kit (which, in turn, may contain a combination of hand pump or CO 2 Pumps, tire levers, spare tubes, self-adhesive tapes, or tube patch materials, adhesives, metal (for roughing the surface of the tube for patched). Specifically, thin wrenches are often required to retain various parts of tightened screws, in particular, "cones" ball bearings that are often lubricated, and sometimes even French chalk beams.), wrenches, hex keys, screwdrivers, and chain tools. There are also multi-special cycling tools that combine many of these tools into one compact device. More specialized bicycle components may require more complex tools, including exclusive tools specific to the given manufacturer.
Social and historical aspects
This bike has a great influence on human society, both in the field of culture and industry.
In everyday life
Around the turn of the 20th century, bicycles reduced the density in downtown homes by allowing workers to travel from the wider dwellings on the outskirts of the city. They also reduce dependence on horses. Bicycles allow people to travel for holidays to the country, because the bikes are three times more energy efficient when walking and three to four times faster.
In cities built around the world, urban planning uses cycling infrastructure such as bikeways to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution. A number of cities around the world have implemented schemes known as bicycle distribution systems or community bike programs. The first was the White Bicycle plan in Amsterdam in 1965. Followed by a yellow bike at La Rochelle and a green bike in Cambridge. The initiative complements the public transport system and offers alternatives to motorized traffic to help reduce congestion and pollution. In Europe, especially in the Netherlands and parts of Germany and Denmark, commuter bikes are common. In Copenhagen, a cyclists organization runs a Cycling Embassy promoting cycling for commuting and sightseeing. The United Kingdom has a tax relief scheme (IR 176) that allows employees to purchase new free bike taxes for use on the go.
In the Netherlands all train stations offer free bicycle parking, or safer parking for a small fee, with larger stations also offering bicycle repair shops. Cycling is so popular that parking capacity can be exceeded, while in some places like Delft, capacity is usually exceeded. In Trondheim in Norway, Trampe bike lifts have been developed to encourage cyclists by providing assistance on steep hills. Buses in many cities have cyclists mounted on the front.
There are cities in some countries where bicycle culture has been an integral part of the landscape for generations, even without much official support. That is the case of ÃÆ' lhavo, in Portugal.
In cities where bicycles are not integrated into the public transport system, commuters often use bicycles as an element of mixed mode travel, where bicycles are used to travel to and from train stations or other rapid transit forms. Some students who travel a few miles drive from house to campus parking lot, then ride bicycles to class. Folding bikes are useful in this scenario, as they are less practical when brought up. Los Angeles moved a few seats on some trains to make more room for bicycles and wheelchairs.
Some US companies, especially in the technology sector, are developing innovative and cycle-friendly cycle designs in the workplace. Foursquare, whose CEO Dennis Crowley "padded into the field... [when he] collected money from venture capitalists" on a two-wheeled vehicle, picked a new location for his New York headquarters "based on cycling would be easy". Parking in the office is also an integral part of central planning. Mitchell Moss, who runs the Rudin Center for Transportation Policy & amp; Management at New York University, said in 2012: "Cycling has become the mode of choice for highly educated tech workers".
Bicycles offer important transportation modes in many developing countries. Until now, bicycles have become a staple of everyday life in all Asian countries. They are the most commonly used transportation method for going to work, school, shopping, and life in general. In Europe, bicycles are commonly used. They also offer a level of exercise to maintain individual health.
Bikes are also celebrated in the visual arts. An example of this is the Bicycle Film Festival, a film festival held around the world.
Poverty alleviation
Experiments conducted in Uganda, Tanzania and Sri Lanka on hundreds of households have shown that bicycles can increase the income of poor families by 35%. Transportation, when analyzed for cost-benefit analysis for rural poverty alleviation, has provided one of the best returns in this regard. For example, road investment in India is 3-10 times more effective than almost all investments and other subsidies in rural economies in the 1990s. What's the way at the macro level to improve transportation, bike support at the micro level. Bicycles, in that sense, can be an important poverty alleviation tool in poor countries.
Emancipation of women
Safety bikes give women unprecedented mobility, contributing to their emancipation in Western countries. When bicycles become safer and cheaper, more women have access to personal freedom generated by bicycles, so bikes come to symbolize New Women in the late nineteenth century, especially in England and the United States. Bicycle craze in the 1890s also led to a movement for so-called rational wear, which helped free women from bodice and ankle-high skirts and other tight clothing, replacing the surprising bloomers.
Bikes are recognized by 19th century feminists and suffragists as "freedom machines" for women. American Susan B. Anthony said in an interview New York World on February 2, 1896: "I think it has done more to liberate women than anything else in the world I rejoice every time I see Women rise with the wheel gives him a sense of independence and independence as he takes his seat, and leaves him away, an unshakable female image. "In 1895, Frances Willard, president of the Christian Covenant Union, wrote Wheel in the Wheel: The Way I Learned Bicycle Rides, with Multiple Reflections on the Path , a page illustrated for 75 pages. memoirs praised "Gladys", his bicycle, for his "exhilarating effect" on his health and political optimism. Willard uses cycling metaphors to encourage other actors to act.
Economic implications
Bicycle manufacturing proves to be a training ground for other industries and leads to the development of metalworking techniques, both for the frame itself and for special components such as ball bearings, washing machines, and sprockets. These techniques then allow skilled and mechanical metal workers to develop components used in early cars and aircraft.
Wilbur and Orville Wright, a pair of entrepreneurs, ran the Wright Cycle Company that designed, produced and sold their bikes during the boom of the 1890s.
They also served to teach industrial models that were later adopted, including mechanization and mass production (later copied and adopted by Ford and General Motors), vertical integration (also later copied and adopted by Ford), aggressive advertising (as much as 10% of all advertisements in the US magazine in 1898 by a bicycle maker), lobbied for a better path (which has the side benefit of acting as an advertisement, and increased sales by providing more places to drive), all practiced by the Pope. In addition, the bike maker adopted an annual model change (later ridiculed as planned obsolescence, and is usually credited to General Motors), which proved very successful.
The early bicycles were a striking example of consumption, adopted by the fashionable elite. In addition, by serving as a platform for accessories, which in the end can be more expensive than the bike itself, it paves the way for people like Barbie dolls.
Bicycles help create, or enhance, new business types, such as bicycle courier, traveling tailor, riding academy, and racing arena. Their board tracks are then adapted into early motors and racing cars. There are new inventions, such as speech fasteners, and special lights, socks and shoes, and even cameras, such as the Poco Eastman Company. Perhaps the best known and most widely used of these inventions, adopted well beyond cycling, is Charles Bennett's Web Bike, later called the athlete's rope.
They also make a move away from public transport that will explode with the introduction of the car.
Company J. K. Starley became Rover Cycle Company Ltd. in the late 1890s, and then became the Rover Company when it started making cars. Morris Motors Limited (in Oxford) and? Koda also started a bicycle business, just as the Wright brothers did. Alistair Craig, whose company eventually emerged to become Ailsa Craig's machine manufacturer, also started from bicycle manufacturing, in Glasgow in March 1885.
In general, US and European cycle producers are used to collect cycles of their own frames and components made by other companies, although very large companies (such as Raleigh) are used to make almost every part of the bike (including bottom brackets, axles, etc.). ) In recent years, bicycle makers have greatly changed their production methods. Now, almost no one produces their own frames.
Many newer or smaller companies simply design and market their products; production is actually done by Asian companies. For example, about 60% of the world's bikes are now being made in China. Despite a shift in production, as countries like China and India become richer, their own use of bicycles has declined due to increased affordability of cars and motorcycles. One of the main reasons for the proliferation of Chinese-made bicycles in overseas markets is lower labor costs in China.
In line with the European financial crisis, in Italy in 2011 the number of bicycle sales (1.75 million) has just surpassed the number of new car sales.
Environmental impact
One of the deep economic implications of the use of a bicycle is that it frees the user from oil consumption. (Ballantine, 1972) Bicycles are a cheap, fast, healthy and environmentally friendly mode of transportation. Ivan Illich stated that bicycle use extends the physical environment that can be used for people, while alternatives such as cars and highways are degraded and limit the environment and mobility of people. Currently, two billion bicycles are used worldwide. Children, students, professionals, laborers, civil servants and seniors pedal around their communities. They all experience the freedom and natural opportunity to exercise that bicycles easily provide. Bikes also have the lowest carbon intensity on the way.
Religious implications
The proper Islamic bike for Iranian women is a hot topic of discussion on Sunnis and Shia Islam.
Manufacturing
The global bicycle market is $ 61 billion in 2011. In 2009 130 million bikes were sold each year globally and 66% of them were made in China.
Legal requirements
At the beginning of its development, like a car, there are restrictions on the operation of the bicycle. Along with advertising, and to get free publicity, Albert A. Pope is litigated on behalf of cyclists.
The 1968 Vienna Convention on United Nations Traffic Roads considers a bicycle as a vehicle, and a person who controls a bicycle (whether it is actually riding a horse or not) is considered an operator. Traffic codes from many countries reflect this definition and require that bikes meet certain legal requirements before they can be used on public roads. In many jurisdictions, it is a violation to use a bike that is not in a highway condition.
In most areas, the bike must have headlamps and rear when driven after dark. Because some dynamo-driven generators or lights only operate when moving, the rear reflector is often also mandatory. Because bikes are moving a bit noisy, some countries insist that bikes have a warning bell to use when approaching pedestrians, equestrians, and other cyclists, although sometimes a car horn can be used when a 12-volt battery is available.
Some countries require child and/or adult cyclists to wear helmets, as this can protect the rider from head trauma. Countries that require adult cyclists to wear helmets include Spain, New Zealand and Australia. The use of compulsory helmets is one of the most controversial topics in the world of cycling, with supporters arguing that it reduces head injuries and is thus an acceptable requirement, while opponents argue that by making bikes appear more dangerous and impractical, reducing the number of motorists bikes on the streets, creating overall negative health effects (fewer people cycling for their own health, and cyclists remaining more open through reverse security in numerical effects).
Theft
Bicycles are a popular target for theft, because the value and ease of resale. The number of bikes stolen each year is difficult to quantify because a large number of crimes are not reported. About 50% of participants in the Montreal International Journal of Sustainable Transportation survey were subjected to lifetime bicycle theft as active riders. Most bikes have a serial number that can be recorded to verify identity in case of theft.
Longest bike
The world's longest bike is made by Santos and the University of South Australia. It measures the length of 41.42 m (135 feet 10.7 inches).
See also
- List of bike types
- Bike outline
- Outline biking
- Bicycle sharing system
- World Bicycle Day
References
Quote
Source
- Herlihy, David V. (2004). Bicycle: History . Yale Press University. ISBN: 978-0300120479.
- Norcliffe, Glen (2001). Journey to Modernity: Bicycle in Canada, 1869-1900 . Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN: 978-0-8020-8205-3.
Further reading
- Max Glaskin, Cycling Science: How Drivers and Machines Work Together January 2013, Chicago Press University, ISBN 9780226921877
- Raymond Huttier. Le roman de la bicyclette, du cÃÆ'  © la  © rifÃÆ'¨re au vÃÆ'  © lo moderne . (Bicycle History) 139 p. illustrÃÆ'  ©. Susse edition, Paris. 1951.
External links
- Various Traffic Advisor Leaflets produced by the UK Department of Transportation that includes cycling.
- The History of Bicycles and Other Cycles at the Canadian Museum of Science and Technology
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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